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THE 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


AND 

WEATHER  BOOK 


FOR    THE    YEAR  1857, 


BEING  THE  EIGHTY-SECOND  YEAR  OF  THE  INDEPEND- 
ENCE OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA. 


CONTAINING,  IN  ADDITION  TO  THE  CALENDAR,  A  EECOED  OF  THH 
STATE  OF  THE  THERMOMETER  FOE  EVERY    DAY  IN  TTIE  YEAS 
ENDING  DECEMBER  1ST,  1S5G,  A  COMPLETE  DIARY  FOB 
THE  YEAR  1857,  WITH  A  GBEAT  AMOUNT  OF 
TABLES,  AND  USEFUL  INFORMATION 
GENERALLY. 


NEW  YORK: 

MASON"  BROTHERS. 


PREFACE. 

The  best  Preface  to  a  book  like  this  is  its  index.  A  glance  at  that 
part  of  this  volume  will  show  that,  small  as  it  is  in  size,  and  low  as 
is  its  price,  it  contains  a  vast  amount  and  variety  of  matter  which 
must  be  of  great  use  and  interest  to  every  body. 

The  most  valuable  portion  of  the  matter  relative  to  the  weather 
has  been  prepared  by  Mr.  E.  Meeiam,  of  Brooklyn  Heights.  The 
fame  of  Mr.  Meriam's  ability  and  accuracy  in  meteorological  matters 
has  extended  far  and  wide.  The  fact  that  it  is  by  him  will  be  a 
sufficient  guaranty  of  its  accuracy. 

It  is  the  intention  to  continue  the  "  New  York  Almanac  and 
Weather  Book"  from  year  to  year,  a  new  volume  being  published 
each  December  for  the  year  ensuing. 

At  once  an  Almanac  and  a  Dbry ;  a  complete  record  of  the  Tem- 
perature of  every  day  of  the  year;  a  complete  manual  of  the 
Weather,  with  a  world  of  useful  information  beside — convenient  for 
the  pocket,  and  drawing  so  tiifling  a  sum  therefrom,  who  will  not 
have  a  copy? 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1S5G,  by 
MASON  BROTHERS, 
In  the  Clerk's  Office  for  the  Southern  District  of  New  York. 


Electrotyped  by  T.  B.  Smith,  82  &  84  Beekman  SU 
Frintcd  by  C.  A.  Alvord,  15  Yandewater  St. 


CONTENTS. 


Pace 

Academy,  The  Free  .   151 

Accidents  (from  the  use  of  Camphene)   114 

Do.,      (while  Gunning)   109 

Do.,     (Lightning)   96 

Do.,      (from  the  neglect  of  the  Ferry    Company  to 

put  up  life-saving  gates)   104 

Ae'rolites   93 

America,  Chronological  History  of   1S3 

Do.,    Mean  Temperature  of,  compared  with  that  of  Europe  78 

Angles,  Table  of,  made  by  Points  of  Compass   170 

Apothecaries1  Weight  222 

Army,  U.  S.,  Strength  of   192 

Assay  Office,  U.  S   170 

Asteroids,  The   53 

Astor  Library,  The   157 

Atmosphere,  The   64 

Avoirdupois  "Weight  '   221 

Banks,  Boston   163 

Do.,    New  York  City   158 

Do.,   Philadelphia.."   164 

Do.,   for  Savings,  in  New  York  City   100 

Bell  Towers  in  do.         do.    147 

Bible  Society,  The  American   157 

Bloomingdale  Asylum  for  the  Insane   153 

Breezes,  Sea  and  "Land   79 

Bremen  Pvix  Dollars  reduced  to  Dollars  and  Cents. . .    209 

Brick-work,  Table  for  Calculating   223 

Calendar,  The   59 

Do.,     of  the  Jews   GO 

Cartmen,  Rates  of  m  lTfi 

Chronological  Cvcles-   59 

Cirro-cumulus,  or  Sonder  Cloud     C3 

Cirro-stratus,  or  "Wan  e  Cloud   69 

Cirrus,  The,  or  Curl  Cloud   6(> 

City  Government  of  New  York.   137 

Cloth  Measure   220 

Clouds   65 

Coins,  Value  of  Foreign  20S-209 

Colored  Orphans1  Asylum   155 

Comparative  Measures  of  Length   220 

Comparison  of  the  Year  1857  with  Ancient  Eras   59 


iv 


CONTENTS. 


Cooper  Institute,  The   152 

Councilmen,  Board  of   137 

Cubic  Measure   221 

£umulo-cirro-stratus,  or  Rain  Cloud   71 

Cumulo-stratus,  or  Wane  Cloud   69 

Cumulus,  The,  or  Slacken  Cloud   66 

Custom  House,  The  New  York   174 

Day  and  Night,  Length  of  ,   224 

Day  Stations  of  Policemen   145 

Deaf  and  Dumb  Institutes  -   154 

Departments,  Heads  of   133 

Dew   72 

Dispensary,  The  New  York   156 

Distances  in  New  York  City,  Table  of   210 

District  (or  Justices')  Courts   143 

Drowned,  Apparently,  Directions  for  Restoring  Persons   122 

Drv  Measure     221 

Earthquakes— 1855,  1856    100 

Eclipses  in  the  Year  1857    57 

Education,  Board  of   143 

England,  Exchange  on   209 

English  Sterling  reduced  to  Dollars  and  Cents   108 

Ferries  from  New  York  City   147 

Fire  Department  of  the  City  of  New  York   170 

Do.  Engine  F orce  t>f,  in  each  District.  .   171 

Do.    do.,      Stations  of   172 

.  Do.  Signals  in  the  City  of  New  York   172 

Fogs     72 

Foreign  Weights  and  Measures   223 

French  Fraucs  reduced  to  Dollars  and  Cents  .   208 

Frost,  Hoar  '   77 

Gregorian  Year,  The   61 

Hackney  Coach  Fares   175 

Hail   76 

Hospitals,  The  New  York   152 

Hudson  river,  Opening  and  Closing   123 

Icebergs   95 

Immigration  to  the  United  States   208 

Do.,   Progress  and  Extent  of   205 

Instances,  Remarkable,  of  Extreme  Heat  and  Cold   129 

Institutions  for  the  Blind   154 

Institutions  of  the  City  of  New  York   150 

Insurance  Companies  in  Boston   164 

Do.          do.       in  New  York  City   161 

Do.          do.       in  Philadelphia   165 

Justices'  Courts   148 

Latitude  and  Ldngitude  of  Principal  Places  iu  the  United  States  194 

Length  of  Day  and  Night   224 

Libraries  in  New  York  \  169 

Life  Insurance  Companies  in  New  York  City   162 


CONTENTS.  V 

Lightning  Accidents— 1855, 1S56   96 

Do.       at  Sea  96-106 

Do.       Fire  Balls   107 

Liquid  Measure   221 

Marine  Hospital,  The   156 

Do.    Insurance  Companies  in  New  York  City   168 

Do.         do.         do.         in  Philadelphia   165 

Mayor,  The,  of  New  York  , .  137 

Measure,  Cloth   220 

Do.,     Comparative   220 

Do.,     Cubic   221 

Do.,     Dry   221 

Do.,    Liquid   219 

Do.,     Long   217 

Do.,    Nautical   219 

Do.,     Surveyors'   219 

Do.,     Square   220 

Do.,    Wine   221 

Mercury   5S 

Mercantile  Library   157 

Metals,  in  their  order  of  Ductility   222 

Meteors  and  Aerolites— 1S55,  1856   93 

Meteorological  Facts,  Brief   65 

Milky  Way,  The   58 

Military  Establishment  of  New  York  State   212 

Mist,  Falling   77 

Mint,  U.S   136 

Morning  and  Evening  Stars   58 

Movable  Feasts  and  Fasts,  1S57   59 

Naturalization,  Laws  of   181 

Nautical  Measure   219 

Newspapers  in  the  United  States   226 

New  York  City  Banks   158 

Do.     do.    Description  of   144 

Do.     do.    History  of   131 

Observatory  of  Mr.  E.  Meriam   84 

Public  Observatories  and  Telescopes  in  United  States   200 

Private         do.                 do.                 do   200 

Foreign        do.                 do.                  do   201 

Officers  under  City  Government,  with  their  Salaries   13S 

Official  Directory."   141 

Orphan  Asylum   155 

Do.      do.,     Colored   155 

Parks  in  New  York  City. . . .   144 

Phenomena,  &c,  for  1857   63 

Piers,  Location  of  in  New  York   180 

Planets,  Periodical  Revolutions  of  the   62 

Police,  Captains  of,  with  their  Salaries   140 

Policemen,  Day,  Stations  of   145 

Police  Station  Houses   147 


VI  CONTENTS. 

Population  of  Cities  ?2n 

Do.      of  the  United  states   56 

Do.      of  the  Globe   148 

Presidents  and  Vice-Presidents  of  the  United  States  ,   193 

Prognostications  of  a  Cold,  also  of  a  Warm  Winter   58 

Do.  from  the  appearance  of  Clouds   81 

Do.  from  the  direction  and  force  of  the  Wind   82 

Do.  of  the  Rainbow   83 

Do.  of  the  Weather,  from  the  Moon's  Age   83 

Do.  from  the  color  of  the  Sky,  and  the  appearance 

of  the  Heavenly  bodies   61 

Public  Porters,  Laws  to  Regulate. . ;   ITS 

Public  Squares  in  New  York  City   1  H 

Bain  -.   74 

Do.,  Depth  of,  1855, 185S   9  3 

Do.,  Signs  of     75 

Railroads  in  the  United  States   182 

Religious  Denominations  in  United  States   237 

Revenue  and  Expenditure  of  the  United  States  for  185G   210 

Schools  for  Colored  Children   ICS 

Do.,         do.  do.,    Primary   183 

Do.,  Primary.  

Do.,    Ward   17o 

Seamen's  Retreat,  The   15'3 

Seasons,  Beginnings  of  the   57 

Do.,    Duration  of  the   57 

Sea  and  Land  Breezes   70 

Sleet   74 

Snow   74 

Stratus,  or  Fall  Cloud   63 

Surveyors'  Measure   210 

Table  showing  number  of  days  from  any  day  In  one  month  to 

the  same  day  in  another   227 

Telescopes,  The  Great  Craicr   2  1 

Do.,      The  Reflecting  

Telegraph  Companies   140 

Temperature,  Equilibriums  and  Equilibrations  of.   92 

Temperature,  Highest  and  Lowest  Degrees  of,  for  every  day  in 

month  of  December,  1855. . .  86 


Do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

January, 

1S56.. 

.  86 

Do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

February, 

.  87 

Do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

March, 

u 

.  87 

Do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

April, 

.  88 
.  88 

Do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

May, 

M 

Do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

June,  " 

II 

.  89 

Do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

July, 

H 

.  89 

Do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

August, 

■ 

.  90 

Do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

September, 

.  90 

Do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

October, 

.  91 

Do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

November, 

.  91 

CONTENTS.  Vll 

Page 

Temperature,  Hourly  Record  of,  for  December,  1S55   53 

Do.  do.         do.  January,    1856   9 

Po.  do.         do.  February,    "    13 

Do.  do.         do.  March,         "    17 

Do.  do.         do.  April,  "    21 

Do.         do.         do.  May,  "    25 

Do.         do.         do.  June,  "    29 

Do.  do.         do.  July,  "    83 

Do.         do.         do.  August,       "    87 

Do.  do.         do.  September,  "    41 

Do.         do.         do.  October,      "    45 

Do.         do.         do.  November,  "    49 

Terms,  Hot  and  Cold   62 

Thalers  reduced  to  Dollars  and  Cents  208 

Thunderbolts,  Aerolites   93 

Thunder  and  Lightning   94 

Thunder  Storms,  Safety  during   122 

Tide  Table   61 

Tract  Society,  The  American   157 

Trov  Weight   222 

True  Time   62 

Trust  Companies  in  New  York   161 

United  States,  Government  of  136 

United  States,  History  of   183 

Variations  in  the  Temperature  of  Water   77 

Vessels  Struck  by  Lightning — 1S55, 1856   96 

Weights  and  Measures,  Foreign . . .  .•   223 

Do.  do.,       United  States   219 

Do.   of  Cubic  Foot  of  various  substances   222 

Whale  Fishery,  Value  of   210 

Wharfage,  Eates  of,  at  Port  of  New  York   175 

Winds,  Characteristic  qualities  of   80 

Do.,  Cold  and  Dry   80 

Do.,   do.   and  Moist   80 

Do.,  Hot  and  Dry   80 

Do.,  do.  and  Moist   80 

Do.,  Trade   79 

Do.,  Velocity  and  Force  of   2H3 

Do.,  Table   224 

Zodiacal  Light   58 


ist  month.    JANUARY,  1857.      31  days. 


MOON'S 
PHASES. 

BOSTON. 

N.  YORK. 

BALTI- 
MORE. 

rH4RiFs  SnnonMe- 
tov     !'  iidian,or 
i  noonmnrk. 

First  Quart  3 
Full  Moon.  10 
Third  Qr.  17 

New  Moon.  !25 

Hf  30  mo. 
4  24  mo. 
0  6  mo. 
6  42  ev. 

18  mo. 
4  12  mo. 
11  54  ev. 
6  30  ev. 

aj  *8  mo. 

4  2  mo. 
11  44  ev. 

6  20  ev. 

H.  M.  D. 

6  51  mo.  1 
3  48  morH  9 
11  30  ev.  17 
6  6  ev.  [j  25 

H.  M.  s. 
12  4  4 
12  7  36 
12  10  32 
12  12  44 

— 

CALENDAR  FOR  1 

N.  YORK  CITY; 

7j 

Philadel*,  Conn.,  1 

a 

N.  Jersey.  Peim.,  1 

c 

O 

Ohio, 
and  Illi 

Indiana, 

an 

nois. 

>. 

>> 

Sun 

Sun  | 

Moon 

H.W,  , 

B. 

22 

RISES. 

SETS.) 

SETS. 

N.  Y.  1 



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n  m. 

H.  M. 

H.  M. 

1 

1 

22  53  39 

7  25 

4  43 

10  45 

morn 

2 

F 

00  10 

£^  Do  i-Jj 

7  25 

4  44 

11  55 

0  39 

3 

S 

22  47  19 

7  25 

4  45 

morn 

1  25 

4 

s 

AT 

22  41  0 

7  25 

4  46 

1  8 

2  15 

5 

22  34  14 

7  25 

4  40 

2  24 

3  11 

G 

T 

OO  Oft 
£.6  iXi  DJ 

7  25 

4  47 

3  40 

4  18 

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1 

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22  19  19 

7  25 

4  48 

4  50 

5  27 

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1 22  11  14 

7  25 

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F 

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8  46 

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s 

21  44  20 

7  24 

4  52 

6  19 

9  35 

M 

21  34  31 

7  24 

4  53 

7  28 

10  19 

1 

21  24  17 

7  23 

4  54 

8  33 

11  1 

1  J. 

V  > 

21  13  37 

7  23 

4  55 

9  36 

11  40 

rp 

21    2  35 

7  22 

4  57 

10  36 

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1  ft 

F 

20  51  8 

7  22 

4  5S 

11  30 

0  53 

1  i 

Q 

□ 

20  39  15 

7  21 

4  59 

morn 

1  28 

S 

20  27  2 

7  20 

5  1 

0  38 

2  4 

19 

M 

20  14  25 

7  20 

5  2 

1  38 

2  47 

20 

T 

20   1  24 

7  19 

5  3 

2  41 

3  43 

21 

W 

19  4S  1 

7  18 

5  4 

3  46 

4  55 

22 

T 

19  34  10 

7  18 

5  5 

4  48 

6  10 

■2:: 

F 

19  20  8 

7  17 

5  6 

5  49 

1  7  21 

24 

S 

19   5  39 

7  16 

5  7 

6  41 

8  14 

25 

s 

18  50  49 

7  16 

5  8 

sets 

9  2 

2<; 

M 

18  35  41 

7  15 

5  9 

6  5 

9  44 

27 

T 

IS  20  10 

7  14 

5  11 

7  20 

10  22 

28 

W 

18    4  20 

7  13 

5  12 

8  34 

11  3 

29 

T 

17  48  10 

7  13 

5  13 

9  47 

11  42 

3( 

17  31  41 

7  12 

5  15 

10  59 

morn 

31 

,1 

II 17  14  51 

7  11 

5  16 

morn 

0  22 

CALENDAR  FOR 
WASHINGTON, 
and  serving  for , 
Maryland,  Va.,1 
Kentucky,  Mo., 
and  California. 


Sun  j  Sun 

II  RISES.  SETS. 


I  Moon 
.&S. 


7  19 
7  19 
7  19 
7  19 
7  19 
7  19 
7  19 
7  19 
7  19 
7  19 
7  18 
7  18 
7  18 
7  17 
7  17 
7  16 
7  16 
7  16 
7  15 
7  14 
7  14 
7  13 


H  M. 

4  49 
4  50 
4  51 
4  52 
4  52 
4  53 
4  54 
4  55 
4  56 
4  57 
4  58 

4  59 

5  0 


5  1 
5  2 
5  3 
5  4 
5  6 
5  7 
5  8 
5  9 
5  10 


7  12  5  11 


V 
7  11 


5  12 
15  13 
5  14 
5  15 
5  16 

5  17 

6  19 
5  20 


H.  M. 

10  24 

11  34 
morn 

0  46 

1  56 

3  10 

4  25 

5  36 

6  42 
rises 

6  38 

7  34 

8  4S 

9  43 

10  47 

11  44 
morn 

0  43 

1  44 

3  11 

4  3 

4  52 

5  36 

6  17 
sets 

5  36 

6  47 

7  53 
9  9 

10  18 

11  30 


TABLE  OF  TE 3£PER ATUKE— HOTJKL Y  OBSERVATIONS. 

By  E.  MERIA3I,  Brooklyn  Heights,  L.  L 
For  JANUARY,  1856. 


MORXIXG  HOUR3.  EVENING  HOURS. 

1 12  3  4  5  6  7  8  91011  12'  12  I  4  §  6  7  8  910  1lTi 


1 

20 

2) 

2 ' 

20 

19  19  19  19  20 

23 

26 

28 

i  29 

30 

30 

28 

27 

25 

24 

23 

22 

22 

~  — 

2 

22 

21 

20 

19 

19  20  20  22  22 

27 

2^ 

2S 

2-* 

2^ 

28 

2S 

ZD 

«i 

23 

2^ 

28 

30  3' 

3 

31 

32 

32 

32 

32  32  32  32  32 

31 

34 

34 

36 

35 

35 

34 

34 

34 

32 

32 

31 

30 

29  2v 

4 

26 

24 

22 

20 

18 

18  18  17  18 

2) 

20 

22 

~~ 

22 

22 

20 

18 

18 

17 

17 

15 

14 

14  13 

5 

6 

12 

11 

10 

9 

11 

11  11  12  12 

14 

15 

17 

19 

1 » 

22 

22 

22 

22 

21 

20 

20 

20 

~  ~ 

— 

— 

— 

— 

16 

16  16  19  19 

21 

22 

22 

23 

24 

24 

24 

22 

2_ 

21 

20 

18 

17 

16  lo 

15 

14 

13 

13 

12 

12  12  14  16 

18 

19 

22 

— 

22 

22 

21 

22 

22 

~ 

22 

22 

22 

23  23 

— 

— 

25 

22 

21  20  20  22 

22 

26 

2-3 

2o 

25 

24 

24 

20 

1'3 

11 

8 

6 

3 

2  1 

0 

-2 

-3 

— 1 

-4 

-5  -5-3-2 

0 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

0 

0 

0 

0  0 

-1 

-2 

-3 

-3-2  0  2 

4 

1 

10 

11 

14 

14 

13 

13 

12 

12 

12 

11 

11 

12  14 

14 

15 

16 

16 

16 

15  15  18  20 

23 

25 

2-3 

27 

2> 

27 

26 

24 

22 

23 

21 

20 

19 

1"  13 

17 

18 

18 

17 

17 

15  16  17  19 

20 

22 

22 

22 

23 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

25 

2i3 

2'3 

26  21 

29 

30 

31 

34 

36 

33  33  36  35 

36 

36 

34 

34 

33 

34 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

31 

31 

29  29 

29 

28 

27 

23 

36 

26  25  26  26 

28 

29 

30 

32 

29 

20 

27 

26 

26 

25 

25 

24 

24 

24  24 

22 

22 

22 

21 

20  2*)  24  25 

26 

27 

3.> 

28 

28 

28 

27 

27 

25 

25 

24 

24 

24 

24  23 

16 

22 

21 

21 

19 

18  18  20  22 

25 

26 

26 

26 

2.' 

2.' 

2> 

28 

28 

26 

26 

25 

24 

24  25 

17 

25 

25 

25 

25 

25 

25  25  26  26 

30 

3L 

32 

34 

32 

32 

32 

29 

29 

28 

28 

*2» 

2^ 

2s  2-" 

IS 

2- 

28 

28 

30 

29 

23  28  29  30 

32 

34 

34 

34 

34 

34 

3-4 

32 

\- 

30 

oO 

29 

2> 

27  27 

19  26 

25 

24 

24 

24 

22  22  21  28 

28 

30 

34 

38 

37 

35 

32 

25 

23 

22 

19 

17 

15  14 

20  13 

10 

10  10  10  12 

13 

]<; 

!>; 

18 

17 

|| 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14  14 

21  14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

13  14  14  14 

16 

18 

IS 

20 

22 

22 

21 

20 

18 

17 

16 

16 

15 

14  14 

22  14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14  14  16  17 

18 

21 

22 

24 

24 

25 

25 

24 

22 

22 

23 

.->o 

■x 

23  22 

£3 

22 

22 

22 

22 

22 

22  22  22  26 

26 

30 

30 

31 

32 

31 

3o 

28 

26 

26 

24 

24 

23 

22  22 

24  21 

20 

19 

19 

18 

17  17  18  20 

22 

24 

26 

26 

-i 

27 

26 

25 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24  24 

25  23 

23 

22 

22 

14  14  14  14 

14 

14 

15 

16 

16 

16 

14 

13 

12 

12 

10 

10 

9 

9  9 

2-; 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

9  10  12  14 

16 

20 

22 

24 

26 

26 

26 

25 

23 

22 

22 

21 

20 

20  i  s 

27  I  S 

18 

18 

18 

18 

18  18  13  22 

22 

23 

24 

23 

22 

22 

21 

21 

2 

20 

21 

21 

23 

22  2. 

2-  22 

22 

22 

22 

24 

24  24  24  24 

24 

24 

24 

25 

28 

28 

28 

25 

26 

26 

26 

26 

26 

26  26 

29  25 

24 

24 

24 

24 

25  25  26  28 

30 

32 

32 

36 

34 

32 

31 

29 

2> 

28 

23 

26 

26  25 

3>  23 

24 

24 

24 

24 

22  22  22  24 

25 

29 

30 

30 

29 

28 

26 

22 

21 

20 

19 

18 

18 

17  16 

31 

14 

14 

13  13  14  16 

18 

20 

24 

23 

24 

22 

22 

20 

20 

20 

19 

20 

19 

19  19 

£3- 

See  note  on  page  53- 

The  cold  teem  which  commenced  at  my  place  of  observation  on 
the  morning  of  26th  of  last  month,  ran  through  the  remainder  of  that 
month  and  continued  through  all  of  this  month.  There  have  been 
five  perturbations,  viz.:  on  the  3d,  between  9  A.  Bff.  and  7  P.  M., 
nine  hours,  34°  to  36° ;  on  the  13th,  between  3  A.  M.  and  4  P.  M., 
twelve  hours,  33°  to  33° ;  on  the  ISth,  between  10  A.  M.  and  5  P.  M., 
six  hours,  34° ;  on  the  19th,  between  the  hours  of  1 1  A.  M.  and  i 
P.  M.|  four  hours,  343  to  33° ;  and  on  the  29th,  between  12  M.  and  3 
P.  M.,  two  hours,  34°  to  30°.  The  first  perturbation  was  caused  by 
a  6evere  shock  of  earthquake  in  California,  on  the  2d,  and  the  sec- 
ond by  an  earthquake  at  Santa  Martha,  on  the  13th.  The  earth- 
quakes connected  with  the  perturbations  of  the  ISth,  19th,  and  29th, 
have  not  yet  been  heard  from.  Rain  fell  from  10  P.  M.  of  2d  to  2 
P.  M.  of  3d,  temperature  from  2S°  to  35° ;  again  on  the  13th,  from  4 
A.  M.  to  3.  P.  II  ;  and  again  on  the  30th,  from  12  M.  to  4  P.  M. 
2 


10  JANUARY. 

L   „  

2.   ;  

3. 


|  G. 
I 

7. 

I  8. 

9. 
!  10. 
I  1L 
!  12. 
!  13. 

;  14. 

I  15. 


JANUARY.  11 


;  10. 

I  if 

18. 
19. 
20. 
21. 
22. 
23. 
24. 
25. 
26. 
27. 

28.  . 

29.  . 

30.  . 
31. 


2d 


N.  YORK. 

BALTI- 
MORE. 

CHARLES- 
TON. 

Sun  on  Me- 
ridian, or 
noonmark. 

First  Quar. 
Full  Moon. 
Third  Qr. 
Xew  Moon. 

U.lU.  M. 

1  3  86  ev. 

8  7  9  ev. 
16|  9  36  ev. 
24!  7  14  mo. 

H.  M. 

3  24  ev. 

6  57  ev. 
9  24  ev. 

7  2  mo. 

H.  M. 

6  47  ev. 
9  14  ev. 
6  52  mo. 

H.  M. 

3   0  ev. 
6  33  ev. 
9  0  ev. 

6  38  mo. 

Id.  I  h.  m.  s. 

1    12  12  30 
!  9    12  10  39 
j  17    12  8  25 
25  !  12   5  59 

month.  FEBRUARY,  1857. 


28  DAYS. 


X.  YORK  CITY; 
Philadel.,  Conn., 
X.  Jersey,  Penn., 
Ohio,  Indiana, 
and  Illinois. 


16  57  40 
16  40  -27  i 
16  23  46 
16   4  40 
15  43  36 
15  28  7 
15   9  21 
14  50  20 
14  31  5 
14  11  35 
13  51  51 
13  31  54 
13  11  43 
12  51  19 
12  30  43 
12   9  54 
11  43  54 
11  27  43 
11   6  20 
10  44  48 
10  23  5 
10   1  12 
9  33  51 
9  17  0 
8  54  44 
8  32  15 
8   9  42 
7  47  0 


7 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 

7  2 
7  0 

6  53 
6  53 


6  55 
6  54 
0  53 
6  51 
6  53 
6  40 
6  47 
6  46 
6  44 
6  43 
6  41 
6  39 
6  33 
6  37 
6  36 


I  Moox 

SETS. 


H  M. 
5  18 

5  19 
5  20 
5  21 
5  22 
5  24 
5  25 
5  26 
5  23 
5  29 
5  30 
5  32 
5  33 
5  34 
5  35 
5  36 
5  37 
5  33 
5  39 
5  41 
5  43 
5  43 
5  45 
5  46 
5  47 
5  48 
5  49 
5  49 


H.  M. 

0  13 

1  19 

2  44 

3  57 
5  0 

5  54 

6  37 
rises 

6  17 

7  21 

8  23 

9  23 

10  23 

11  25 
morn 

0  28 

1  31 

2  33 

3  35 

4  30 

5  17 

5  57 

6  29 
sets 

7  30 


H.W. 
X.  Y. 

H.  M. 

1  3 

1  47 

2  34 

3  36 

4  57 

6  31 

7  47 

8  45 

9  30 
10  10 

10  45 

11  16 
11  47 
ev  17 

0  48 

1  17 

1  54 

2  37 

3  48 

5  17 

6  47 

7  55 

8  42 

9  25 
10 


CALENDAR  FOR 
WASHINGTON, 
and  serving  for 
Maryland,  Va., 
Kentucky,  >Io., 
and  California 


Sun  I  Scn  Moon 

RISES.  SETS.   R.  <feS. 


6  57 
G  5G 
6  55 
6  54 
6  53 
6  52 
6  50 


i  HM.  |  H.  M. 

5  22  |  mora 
;   0  45 

2  1 

3  19 

4  28 

5  33 

6  26 
rises 
6  4 


5  5  23 

4  5  24  ; 

3  i  5  25  i 

2  5  26  : 

1  5  27 

.    0  5  28  I 

6  59  5  29  : 

6  58  5  30 


8  43  10  41 

10  1  11  20 

11  18  11  53 


5  31  I 
5  32  j 
5  34 
5  S5I 
5  26  i 
5  37  j 
.  -   5  38  i 
6  49  5  39     1  35 
6  45  5  40  j   2  37 
6  47  5  41 
6  45  5  42 
0  44  5  43 
5  44 
5  46 
5  47 
6  39   5  48 
6  33  5  49 
"  36   5  50 
5  51 


6  41 
6  42 
6  40 


6 
6  34 


8  35 

9  33 

10  32 

11  31 
morn 

0  34 


3 

4  33 

5  20 

6  2 


sets 

7  13 

8  25 

9  38 
10  53 


TABLE  OF  TEMPERATURE— HOTTRLY  OBSERVATIONS. 

By  E.  MBRIAM,  Brooklyn  Heights,  L.  I. 
For  FEBRUARY,  1856. 


MORNING  HOURS. 


EVENING  HOURS. 


|;1  2  3  4  5  G  7  8  9  19  11  12  13  M  §  6  7  8  9  1011  13 


1  U  1^ 

2  2  3  2.') 
3|13  9 
4  5  5 


ilio 

7  18 

8  30  : 

9  22  : 

io  16  : 
n  24  : 

12*-" 
13  —  - 
U  —  - 

15—- 
16  —  - 

17;—- 

18  — 
19—- 
*f)  

21  30  - 

22  —  - 


27  — - 
2S  — - 
29'—- 


13  IS  ia  19  2-j  22  24  23  2>)  32 
23  25  24  22  20  24  24  24  24  22 
765444589  10 
54444669  10  12 

  9   8  10  11  13  14  16 

  8  8  7  8  12  13  16  16 

17  —  21  22  22  24  26  25  27  29 
30  30  31  32  30  31  32  30  31  32 

22  22  21  21  21  21  22  24  27  29 
15  14  13  13  12  14  16  IS  21  26 

2 3  23  23  23  23  24  29  30  36  38 

  35  33  32  34  36  38  40  36 

  4  4  3  3  7  8  11  10 

 222458  10  12 

  14  14  14  17  20  20  25  26 

  26  26  2  3  24  23  31  34  36 

  24  23  22  22  24  22  21 

  12  12  12  14  18  20  20  18 

-  14  13  13  14  16  13  21  22  23 

—  22  22  22  22  24  28  32  34  32 

  23  28  26  30  32  36  38  38 

 25252529  31  3538  39 

 29  30  30  34  36  38  40"39 

  32  30  32  31  34  31  31 

—  25  24  25  28  30  32  32  36 

  22  22  22  25  26  2S  30  32 

  23  23  24  23  3)  33  31  31 

  24  23  23  27  29  ?0  33  32 

  25  26  26  30  32  32  36  34 


|'O3O3028282»2930  30  303027 
;  12  22  20*20  18  17  16  16  14  14  12  11 
i  12  12  13  10  10  10   9   8   8  8  6  5 

12  14  15  13  13  12  12  10  10  9  —  8 
:  17  18  18  16  16  14  14  14  12  11  10  10 
I  18  —  18  18  16  16  16  17  18  18  18  18 

31  31  31  31  30  31  30  30  30  30  30  30 
!  32  33  32  31  29  28  28  28  26  24  25  25 
I  28  28  25  24  22  20  20  18  17  18  17  16 

26  29272828282626272524  24 
141  39383735353536363635  — 

36  32  28  26  24  20  15  12  8  0  7  7 
14  14  11  11  11  10  10  9  9  8  5  4 
12  13  14  14  12  11  11  12  12  14  13  13 
23282827  26  26282827282829 
34  37  38  36  3434343433343334 
22  20  20  18  16  14  13  11  12  12  12  12 
18  19  18  18  16  14  12  11  10  10  10  14 
24  25  26  26  25  23  22  22  22  22  22  22 
34343434  32  31  5928232829  — 
383838373634  32  31  30  30  3928 
40  40  40  40  37  35  34  33  32  32  33  — 
4040403838363637  37  383837 

31  32  34  31  30  29  27  26  27  27  26  — 

37  38  36  35  32  32  30  30  30  30  30  30 

32  32  34  32  30  30  28  27  26  26  25  25 
34303027  26  26262526262727 

33  34  34  34  34  31  30  30  30  29  29  28 
36  36  3S  36  34  31  33  32  31  31  30  30 


See  Dote  on  page  53. 


The  cold  TE2M  which  commenc2d  on  the  26th  of  December,  be- 
tween 6  and  7  A.  M.,  and  continued  through  the  remainder  of  that 
month  and  of  January  to  the  20th  day  of  this  month  (February), 
terminated  at  12  M.  of  the  last-named  day,  having  had  a  duration 
of  1,350  hours,  or  three  and  three  fourth  circles  of  360  hours  each. 
In  this  month,  before  the  20th,  there  were  three  perturbations,  viz. : 
on  the  8th  at  2  P.  M.,  of  one  hour,  33° ;  on  the  11th  and  12th,  twen- 
ty-six hours,  33°  to  40° ;  16th  and  17th,  fourteen  or  more  hours,  34' 
to  3S°.  On  the  12th,  an  earthquake  was  felt  at  St  Jago  de  Cuba  ; 
and  on  the  17th,  the  shock  ol  an  earthquake  was  experienced  off  the 
Island  of  Mantuasso.  No  earthquake  has  been  heard  from  on  Hue 
8th,  but  there  was  a  water-spout  on  the  7th,  and  was  near  destroying 
a  vessel  on  a  voyage  to  New  Orleans.  Rain  ou  the  7th,  while  the 
temperature  was  from  3'  to  1°  below  the  freezing-point,  and  on  the 
16th  at  9  P.  M. 

2* 


14  FEBRUARY. 

1.  

2.   


4. 

5. 
G. 


8. 

9. 
10. 
11. 


14. 


FEBRUARY.  15 

15.  

16.  

it  

18.  

19.  

20.  .  

21.  

22.  

23.   

i 

;  24.  

j  25.  

\  26.  

j  27.   .  

i  28.  .  ,  


3d  MOUTH. 


MARCH,  1857. 


31  DAYS 


MOON'S 
PHASES. 


\j.  U.  M. 

First  Quar.  :  11  46  ev. 
Full  Moon.  1011  33  rao. 
Third  Qr.         4  10  ev. 

NewM:ioi.  135]  5  44  ev. 


11  34  cv. 
11  21  mo. 

4  7  ev. 

5  32  ev. 


11  24  ev. 
11  11  mo. 
3  57  ev. 
5  20  ev. 


a.  m. 
Jl   3  ev. 
10  5J  mo. 

3  36  ev. 

5   1  ev. 


Sun  on  Me- 
ridian, or 
noonmark. 


H.  M.  S. 

12  12  30 
12  10  37 
12  8  25 
12  6  0 


CALENDAR  FOR 
N.  YORK  C1TV, 
Phiiadel.,  Conn., 
N«  Jersey,  Pemi., 
Ohio,  Indiana, 
and  Illinois. 


I  CALENDAR  FOR 
WASHINGTON, 
and  serving  for 
Maryland,  Va. 
Kentucky,  31  o., 
and  California. 


— 

Of// 

7  24  14 

M 

7   1  19 

T 

G  33  20 

W 

G  15  1G 

T 

5  52  5 

F 

5  23  53 

s 

5   5  31 

4  43  8 

M 

4  13  43 

T 

3  55  14 

W 

3  3L  49 

T 

3    8  C 

F 

2  44  29 

S 

•2  20  51 

s 

1  5T  10 

31 

1  33  29 

T 

1    9  47 

W 

0  43  4 

T 

0  22  22 

F 

N.    1  21 

S 

0  25  2 

S 

0  43  42 

M 

1  12  21 

T 

1  35  53 

W 

1  53  33 

T 

2  23  G 

F 

2  46  34 

S 

3  10  0 

s 

3  33  22 

II 

3  56  40 

T 

I  4  19  54 

II.  M. 

C  35 
G  33 
G  32 
C  SO 
i  G  29 
;  G  27 
!  6  20 
i  G  24 
|  G  23 
!  G  21 

!g  19 
!  G  17 
|  G  15 
i  6  14 
'  G  12 

G  10 

6 

G 

6 


H  M. 

5  50 
5  51 
5  53 
5  54 
5  55 
5  53 
5  53 
5  53 
G  0 
G  1 
G  2 
G  3 


Moon 
sets. 


H.W. 
N.  V. 


fcjr/N    Su>*  I  Moow 

RISES.  SETS.  ;R.  &S. 


G  2 
G  0 
5  5) 
5  53 
5  56 
5  55 
5  54 
5  52 
5  51 
5  49 
5  47 


G  9 
G  10 
G  12 
G  13 
G  14 
G  15 
G  10 
G  17 
G  18 
G  19 
G  20 
C  21 
G  22 
G  23 


H. 

M. 

n.  m. 

morn 

morn 

G  33 

0  30 

0 

33 

G  31 

1  43 

1 

10 

G  30 

2  53 

2 

7    0  29 

3  50 

3 

10  ! 

G  27 

4  33 

4 

45 

6  2G 

5  13 

G 

27 

C  25 

5  44 

7 

44 

G  24 

G  G 

8 

33 

G  22 

rises 

9 

16 

G  20 

7  12 

9 

40  i  G  13 

8  13 

10 

20  '  G  17 

9  14 

10 

47 

G  15 

10  17 

11 

10    G  14 

11  19 

11 

43 

:  G  13 

inom 

ev 

U 

G  11 

0  21 

0 

10 

!  G  10 

1  23 

1 

IT 

G  8 

2  1G 

1 

59 

|6  G 

3  9 

3 

2 

6  5 

3  51 

4 

40 

G  3 

4  25 

C 

13 

0  2 

4  5G 

7 

28 

1  G  1 

sets 

S 

1G 

•  5  59 

G  19 

8 

56 

5  57 

7  35 

9 

3G 

!  5  5G 

8  55 

10 

12 

!  5  54 

10  15 

id 

52 

i  5  53 

11  37 

11 

33 

j  5  52 

morn 

morn 

15  50 

0  43 

0  15 

5  43 

G  22 


TABLE  OF  TEMPERATURE— HOURLY  OBSERVATIONS. 

By  E.  MERIAM,  Brooklyn  Heights,  L.  L 
For  MARCH,  1856. 


MORNING  HOURS. 


EVENING  HOURS. 


Ill  8  3  4  S  6  7  8  9  101112  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 


1  — 

— 

— 

30  30 

29 

32  34 

37 

88 

40 

33 

34  32  28  28  26  26  26 

26 

26 

27  27 

2  3s)  30 

30 

30 

30  30 

30 

30  32 

32 

34 

37 

37 

39  40  38  34  33  32  31 

30 

28 

27  27 

25 

24 

24 

24  24 

24 

25  20 

28 

29 

31 

31 

32  34  31  29  28  28  27 

25 

24 

22  22 

4  22 

22 

22 

13  13 

18 

24  23 

32 

34 

35 

30 

38  40  42  41  39  38  37 

35 

34 

82  28 

5  27 

26 

24 

23 

22  20 

22 

24  24 

29 

32 

30 

29 

29  SO  29  28  26  26  25 

24 

24 

25  25 

g<  

— 

— 

23  23 

28 

29  32 

37 

37 

37 

38 

44  42  42  33  30  28  26 

24 

22 

23  22 

-   



— 

— 

16  15 

15 

17  19 

22 

22 

24 

24 

26  26  26  26  24  24  27 

26 

2o 

27  27 

8  27 



— 

28 

23  23 

28 

32  36 

37 

38 

m 

40 

36  37  36  S3  SO  27  26 

23 

19 

15  14 

9  12 

U 

10 

9 

8  8 

8 

8  12 

12 

14 

13 

18 

18  13  18  16  16  15  15 

13 

13 

13  13 

10  12 

10 

9 

8 

5  4 

4 

6  7 

8 

11 

12 

13 

13  16  15  14  14  13  14 

14 

14 

14  14 

ii  n 

14 

14 

13 

12  11 

14 

17  13 

20 

27 

28 

29 

32  32  31  SO  29  28  27 

26 

26 

25  23 

12  23 

22 

22 

21 

19  13 

20 

22  24 

28 

23 

18 

2> 

29  SO  SO  28  26  26  25 

23 

22 

22  22 

13  22 

21 

21 

20 

20  20 

20 

23  26 

29 

31 

32 

33 

34  34  S3  S2  31  29  28 

27 

25  25 

14  25 

24 

24 

23 

23  22 

2 ' 

26  23 

32 

33 

34 

30 

88  S8  S9  37  34  33  32 

SO 

30 

31  30 

15  30 

30 

30 

29 

SO  20 

30 

3i  36 

33 

30 

41 

10 

42  42  41  S8  S6  36  34 

32 

30 

30  29 

16  — 

— 

— 

25  25 

26 

23  32 

30 

37 

39 

40 

39  38  36  S3  32  31  29 

29 

28 

28  27 

17  26 

25 

23 

23 

24  24 

25 

23  32 

36 

36 

37 

38 

38  39  39  39  S6  32  32 

32 

30 

29  28 

13  — 

25  24 

26 

30  33 

39 

41 

42 

42 

42  43  43  38  36  S5  34 

34 

34 

34  34 

\<)  

32 

32 

31 

30  30 

30 

31  31 

33 

33 

32 

31 

31  32  31  30  SO  SO  30 

30 

30 

31  31 

2)  -SO 

27" 

26 

27  as 

20 

32  33 

38 

40 

43, 

43 

42  42  40  37  34  34  34 

34 

34 

33  33 

21  33 

33 

32 

31 

30  30 

31 

34  38 

40 

42 

42 

43 

43  44  43  42  89  SS  38 

36 

36 

35  34 

22  — 

32  812 

33 

35  33 

40 

40 

4') 

40 

40  40  40  40  88  36  36 

34 

34 

33  82 

23  31 

31 

31 

31 

3)  30 

33 

32  37 

40 

41 

42 
42 

42 

44  45  46  44  40  38  36 

34 

34 

32 

34  34 

82  82 

21  34 

33 

33 

33 

34  34 

33 

41  44 

45 

47 

-:2 

40  37  35  33  32  S3  33 

32 

25  31 

31 

31 

30 

30  30 

30 

32  35 

36 

40 

42 

41 

42  43  42  40  S8  cS  37 
42  42  41  40  89  36  85 

36 

35 

35  85 

2}  — 

29  29 

31 

38  4  0 

40 

40 

41 

42 

34 

34 

33  31 

27  — 

29  30 

32 

35  38 

40 

40 

39  ! 

i" 

39  37  36  34  S2  SO  30 

29 

28 

28  3) 

2=  — 

22  22 

2i 

2i  23 

88 

32 

30  i 

2S 

28  28  28  26  24  22  24 

24 

24 

24  24 

25 

23  31 

32 

34 

36 

36 

36  38  38  36  34  32  30 

2> 

27 

28  2*5 

30  2) 

25 

21  22 

21  21 

2» 

30  3) 

30 

31 

33 

34 

34  36  34  33  31  80  28 

28 

26 

25  24 

31  23 

22 

21  2)  2J  21 

22 

23  30 

30 

31 

32  1 

S3 

34  35  33  31  30  28  28 

28 

27 

26  25 

J£3~ 

See  note  on  page  53. 

A  Cold  Teem  commenced  x>n  the  Sfch,  between  the  hours  of  5  and 
C-A.  M.,  and  ended  on  the  13th,  between  12  M.  and  1  P.  M.,  dura- 
tion 114  hours,  overrunning  five  sections  of  the  circle  about  90  min- 
utes, in  parts  of  two  hours,  in  the  beginning  and  ending  of  the  cir- 
cle. The  circle  can  not  be  measured  nearer  than  this  by  records 
made  hourly,  it  being  impossible  to  determine  at  what  minute  be- 
tween the  hours  the  cold  term  commences  or  ends ;  and  besides  this, 
the  variations  in  clock-time  may  make  a  difference ;  and  there  may 
be  an  influence  on  the  thermometers  by  the  opening  of  a  door,  and 
two  different  observers  of  unequal  stature  may  record  a  degree  dif- 
ference in  looking  up  or  down  at  the  line  not  ranging  horizontally 
with  the  eyes  of  such  observers. 


18 


MARCH. 


1.  .  | 

2.    | 

4.   -  | 

5.   

6.   

7.  

8.   

9.  

10.  

11.  ,  

12.  

13.  


14 


MARCH.  19! 

16.  

17.  

18.  

19.  

20.  

21.  

22.  

23.  

24.  

25.  

26.   •  

27.  •  m  

28.  

29.  


30. 


4th  MONTH.       APRIL,  1857. 


30  DAYS 


MOON'S  I 
PHASES.  I 


First  Quar.  1 
Full  Moon.  I  9 
Third  Qr.  17 
New  Moon.  !24 
First  Quar.|30 


8  50  mo. 
4  44  mo. 
7  1G  mo. 
2  30  mo. 
7  34  ev. 


8  38  mo 
4  32  mo 
7  4  mo 
2  18  mo, 
7  22  ev. 


H.  M. 

8  28  mo. 
4  22  mo, 

6  54  mo 
2   8  mo 

7  12  ev. 


H.  M. 

8  14  mo. 
4  8  mo. 
6  40  mo. 
1  54  mo. 
6  58  ev. 


Sun  on  Me- 
ridian. 


H.  M.  S. 

12  3  51 
12  1  30 
11  59  27 
11  57  49 


CALENDAR  FOR 
N.  YORK  CITY, 
Philadel.,  Conn., 
N.  Jersey,  Penn., 
Ohio,  Indiana, 
and  Illinois. 


CALENDAR  FOR 
WASHINGTON, 
and  serving  for 
Maryland,  Va., 
Kentucky,  Mo., 
and  California. 

Moon  | 


TABLE  OF  TEMPERATURE— HOURLY  OBSERVATIONS. 

By  E.  31ERIA3I,  Brooklyn  Heights,  L.  I. 
For  APRIL,  1856. 


MORNING  HOURS.  EVENING  HOURS. 


112  345678 

91011 12 

'1  2  8  4  5  6  7  8  9  10  11  12 

 21  21  22  30 

::i 

;-;  i 

37 

OQ 

49  42  40  49  37  35  34  32  30  20  28 

2  

  25  23  29  33 

42 

46 

46 

46 

46 

46  44  42  40  40  40  40  40  39  39  41 

3  41  42  43  44  44  43  43  46 

48 

BO 

54 

56 

58 

56  58  57  54  51  45  42  41  42  43  41 

4  41  42  42  43  42  42  43  44 

48 

52 

54 

55 

56 

56  52  52  50  48  45  44  44  42  42  42 

5  

  34  34  37  45 

48 

4g 

48 

5» 

50 

50  49  48  46  44  42  39  38  36  36  36 

6  36  36 

35  35  34  34  36  47 

48 

49 

51 

52 

51 

54  53  52  50  48  47  45  42  41  40  38 

7  36  35  35  34  33  33  38  47 

52 

52 

54 

i  53 

58  57  54  50  47  45  44  43  43  43  43 

8  

  38  39  43  50 

52 

58 

59 

!  60 

62  61  60  56  52  48        46  46  46  46 

9  

  42  41  46  5S 

62 

64 

64 

64 

62 

62  —  59  58  58  55  54  54  52  52  53 

1 '  

  46  47  48  50 

54 

54 

54 

54 

55 

54  56  56  53  52  48  46  43  41  40  — 

11  

09  oo  oo  io 
 66  66  6o  4o 

47 

48 

52 

55 

59 

52  50  46  45  43  44  44  44  44  44  43 

50 

56 

62 

67 

68 

70  70  70  70  66        59  62  60  56  53 

13  

  36  37  35 

38 

39 

41 

45 

46  50  50  48  46  42  40  40  39  37  35 

14  

  31  34  39  43 

46 

52 

56 

56 

57 

59  57  53  50  47  46  46  46  46  46  46 

13  

  44  45  47  49 

52 

53 

55 

46 

52 

50  48  48  44  42  42  43  42  42  41  40 

16  

  40  4-3  42  44 

4S 

50 

§4 

54 

54 

54  53  50  48  47  44  41  41  40  40  39 

  40  41  44  44 

4') 

49 

54 

59 

1  43 

50  48  49  48  46  46  48  48  48  47  47 

||  

  42  44  48  58 

60 

6*4 

GO 

64 

61 

65  62  62  60  55  50  50  50  50  48  — 

19  

  42  44  50  61 

64 

66 

66 

66 

65 

6453585656545050505050 

20  

—  43  48  48  —  43 

49 

44 

43 

41 

40 

39  40  40  39  38  38  38  38  38  39  39 

21  

  40  42  42  42 

42 

42 

42 

42 

49 

40  40  40  40  40  40  40  40  40  S9  — 

22  

  39  39  39  40 

m 

42 

42 

SO  ; 

50 

45  45  45  45  47  42  44  44  44  42  41 

23  

  38  40  44  50 

54 

58 

61 

58 

56 

56  54  54  52  50  48  47  46  45  46  46 

24  

  46  46  48  49 

52 

56 

50 

50 

63 

64  66666560565353  52  53  — 

2-3  

  50  50  53  56 

56 

59 

62 

66 

68 

68  69  59  59  54  53  50  48  47  46  45 

23  

  45  46  50  57 

57 

5- 

58 

62 

G3 

63  61  57  54  50  48  46  44  44  43  — 

27  

  46  56 

69 

62 

64 

65 

62 

62  61  61  63  60  56  55  54  52  52  — 

23  

  48  50  58  61 

61 

62 

70 

73 

'76 

74  72  72  71  70  62  59  53  57  58  — 

29  

  49  49  51  56 

60 

64 

66 

79 

70 

676664  62  585454545355  — 

39  

  48  54  57  58 

58 

60 

62 

62 1 

162 

58  57  58  55  55  50  48  46  44  43  43 

KB- 

See  note  on  page  53. 

In  the  month  of  April  the  sun  does  not  rise  here  before  5  A.  M.;  the  5 
A.  M.  records  of  observation  were  therefore,  with  the  exception  of  13th 
and  27th,  all  made  before  sunrise.  The  Hudson  river  became  free 
from  ice,  and  w,as  open  all  the  way  from  New  York  to  Albany  on  the 
10th,  having  been  closed  for  a  period  of  105  days.  The  St.  Law- 
rence river,  at  Quebec,  opened  before  the  Hudson.  The  tempera- 
ture of  the  12th  rose  to  70°,  at  which  it  remained  for  four  consecu- 
tive hours.  Thunder  storms  and  tornadoes  prevailed  on  that  day 
over  a  very  extensive  surface  of  the  United  States  and  the  British 
Provinces.  From  11th  to  13th  is  that  part  of  the  month  of  April  on 
which  atmospheric  disturbances  usually  occur. 

3 


22 


APRIL. 


l. 

2. 
3. 
4. 


6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
14, 


15. 


 APRIL.  23 

16.  

17.  

18.  

19.   

20.  

21.  

22.  

23.   

*   .  .  

24.  

25.  •  

26.   

27.   

28.  

29.  


30. 


5th  MONTH. 


MAY,  1857. 


31  DAYS. 


MOON  S 
PHASES. 


>*.  YORK. 


New  Moon.  S  9  27  ev. 
First  Quar.'it'j  6  26  ev. 
Full  Moon.  23110  4  mo 
Third  Qr.  8  26  mo 


BALTI- 
MORE. 


CHARLES  HWlMe- 

ton-       l  idian,  or  i 
noon  mark. j 


a.  M.  U.  Ji.  I H.  M . 

9  15  ev.  I  9  5  ev.  8  51  ev. 
6  14  ev.  6  4  ev.  5  50  ev. 
9  52  mo.  9  42  mo.  9  28  mo. 
8  16  mo.|  8   6  mo.|  7  52  mo. 


1    11  56  55  I 
9    11  56  13  I 
17  !  11  56  8 
25  I  11  56  40 


1 

2  D  | 

3  S 

4  M 

5  T 
W|| 
T 
F 
S 

10  s 

11  it 

12  T 

13  W 

14  T 

15  F 

16  S 
IT  S 
18  M 
1 19  T 

20  W 

21  T 

22  F 

23  S 
•24  S 

25  M 

26  |  T 
W 

2S  T 
29  F 
30 
31 


CALENDAR  FOR 
N.  YORK  CITY 
Philadel.,  Conn., 
N.  Jersey,  Penn., 
Ohio,  Indiana, 
and  Illinois. 


CALENDAR  FOR 
WASHINGTON, 
and  serving  for 
Maryland,  Ya., 
Kentucky,  Mo., 
and  C  alifornia. 


15  12  39 
15  30  33 

15  43  12 

16  5  37 I 
16  22  45 ! 
16  39  35 

16  53  10 

17  12  27 
17  23  29 
17  44  19 

17  53  39 
13  15  44 

18  29  35 
18  44  5 

18  53  13 

19  12  10 
19  25  45! 
19  3S  53 

19  51  52 

20  4  26 

1 20  16  39 
20  28  31 
20  40  3 

20  51  13 

21  2  0 
21  12  29 
21  22  33 
21  32  16 
21  41  36 
21  50  33 

1 21  59  7 


Sun  1 

Sun 

Moon 

H.W. 

Sub 

Su>' 

Moon 

sets.  !  EL  Y.  , 

RISES. 

R.  &  S. 

H  M. 

H.  Jf. 

H.   M.  i 

H.  34. 

4  53 

6  55 

1  49 

1  45 

5  2 

6  52 

4  53 

6  56 

2  17 

2  54 

5  1 

6  53 

2  1 

4  57 

6  57 

2  39 

4  19  I 

5  0 

6  54 

2  27 

6  53 

2  59 

5  36 

4  59 

C  55 

2  46 

4  55 

6  59 

3  18 

6  42 

j  4  58 

6  56 

3  9 

4  54 

7  0 

8  38 

7  31 

!  4  57 

C  56 

3  31 

4  53 

7  1 

3  56 

8  7 

1  4  56 

6  57 

3  51 

4  52 

1  2 

rises 

8  42 

4  55 

6  58 

4  14 

4  51 

7  3 

8  4 

9  13 

4  54 

6  59 

^8e9 

4  50 

7  4 

9  7 

9  47 

:  4  53 

7  0 

4  49 

7  5 

10  6 

10  17 

4  52 

7  1 

10  9 

-i  -±^> 

7  6 

10  50  !  10  49 

:  4  51 

7  2 

11  2 

4  47 

7  7 

11  46 

11  23 

1  4  50 

7  3 

11  47 

4  45 

7  8 

morn 

11  53 

'  4  49 

7  4 

morn 

4  44 

7  9 

0  23 

ev  33 

'  4  48 

7  6 

0  28 

4  43 

7  10 

0  53 

1  30 

!  4  47 

7  6 

1  1 

4  42 

7  11 

1  21 

2  28    4  46 

3  46  !  4  45 

7  7 

1  29 

4  41 

7  12 

1  47 

7  7 

1  54 

4  40 

7  13 

2  9 

4  57  :  4  44 

7  8 

2  19 

.4  39 

7  14 

2  34 

6    4 j  4  44 

7  9 

2  48 

4  38 

7  15 

2  59 

6  55 

j  4  43 

7  10 

3  16 

4  37 

7  10 

3  30 

7  45 

1  4  42 

7  10 

3  50 

4  36 

7  17 

sets 

8  34 

I  4  42 

7  11 

sets 

4  35 

7  18 

9  15 

9  24  i  4  41 

7  12 

8  44 

4  35 

7  19 

10  19 

10  11 

,  4  40 

7  13 

9  47 

4  34 

7  20 

11  10 

11  1 

4  40 

7  14 

10  42 

4  33 

7  21 

11  49 

11  50 

4  39 

7  14 

11  26 

!  4  33 

7  22 

morn 

morn 

4  33 

7  15 

morn 

1  4  32 

7  23 

0  19 

0  40 

4  as 

7  16 

0  1 

1  4  31 

7  24 

0  43 

1  34    4  37 

7  10 

0  27 

|4  31 

7  25 

1  3 

2  31 

II  4  37 

7  17 

0  51 

TABLE  OF  TEMPERATURE— HOURLY  OBSERVATIONS. 

By  E.  MERIAM,  Brooklyn  Heights,  L.  I. 


For  MAY,  1856. 


MORNING  HOURS. 


EVENING  nOURS. 


l\  fa  8  "4  §  6  7  ^  9 10 11  li  T"2  8  4  5  6  7  8  9  10  11  12 


2 
3 
4 
5- 
6- 

7  —  - 


 45 


43  43 
30  40 

40  41 
43  45 

38  40 

39  42 
46  46 

41  41 

42  42 
41  42 

45  -16 
51  51 

51  56 

46  46 
45  47 
53  56 
65  — 
50  51 
53  53 
53  55 
50  54 

43  50 

52  57 
82  61 
58  51 
43  — 
48  51 
56  53 
52  63 
41  43 
33  40 


4-4  48  48  49 

40  41  41  44 

41  44  46  45 

49  57  58  57 
43  54  56  54 
52  56  61  58 
—  53  53  60 

42  42  42  42 
42  14  40  47 
42  46  45  48 
46  49  54  62 
64  72  78  78 
56  60  65  68 
48  49  52  51 
54  56  53  62 
63  68  73  70 

61  67  72  72 

63  66  68  71 

56  58  63  66 

57  58  64  71 

64  70  68  66 

59  70  72  70 
66  74  77  76 
72  79  80  82 

58  60  62  67 
56  60  60  58 

62  64  70  70 

60  66  72  76 

65  70  71  70 
54  54  58  60 

50  58  56  56 
J8Sp»  See 


49  49 

43  45 

44  44 

57  57 
56  55 

58  58 

56  58 
42  42 
46  46 

50  47 
61  68 
79  81 
65  61 

57  69 
72  63 

72  71 
74  74 

71  72 
69  70 
74  78 
68  67 

73  74 
78  80 
85  88 
68  68 

59  62 
73  72 

72  66 

73  71 

60  54 
56  56 


50  50  48  45  44 

46  46  47  47  45 
44  44  44  46  44 
56  56  58  59  59 
54  58  56  53  52 

59  63  62  60  54 
58  55  54  50  47 
43  43  42  42  42 

47  47  46  44  44 

48  50  49  48  49 

68  70  72  72  71 

81  81  78  80  78 
64  66  62  58  56 
62  62  62  63  57 
70  68  64  62  62 

70  66  61  62  60 

73  70  70  68  66 
72  72  72  73  71 

71  63  68  61  63 

76  80  81  78  76 

67  70  72  71  08 

74  75  76  74  70 

82  84  84  82  80 
88  90  91  88  84 

69  66  67  58  54 
64  64  64  64  60 
71  70  68  64  61 

77  76  70  66  68 

68  66  66  64  60 

60  60  58  54  54 
60  60  61  63  60 


40  40  39 
45  45  45 
44  44  44 

54  52  49 

51  49  48 

52  50  50 
48  45  44 
42  43  43 
44  44  42 
48  48  48 
70  68  65 
74  70  66 

55  —  48 
55  54  50 
64  58  57 

59  59  58 
62  58  58 
64  60  59 
61  56  58 
72  68  66 
66  64  62 
66  64  62 
78  76  73 
82  78  76 
54  50  48 

60  60  58 
58  54  54 
68  66  65 
57  53  54 
54  50  47 
60  58  51 


39  39  39  — 
44  42  42  — 
44  44  44  — 

48  46  45  44 
46  46  45  — 

49  48  48  47 
44  44  43  — 
43  43  43  — 

43  44  44  — 

46  46  46  45 

61  57  56  55 
67  68  67  — 

47  46  45  — 
49  48  48  47 
58  58  56  — 
57  56  55  — 

57  56  55  ~ 

58  54  53  — 
57  56  56  — 

62  60  59 
60  57  55 

62  60  58 
70  66  65 
74  73  71 
46  46  46 
55  54  52 

53  53  54 

63  60  59 

54  52  50 

44  43  41 
52  52  50 


note  on  page  53. 


The  temperature  on  the  21th  rose  to  01°,  and  for  ten  consecutive 
hours  averaged  86°.  At  Boston,  Mass.,  the  temperature  rose  to  93°. 
Terrific  thunder  storms  prevailed  at  Highfield  House  Observatory, 
England,  in  the  provinces  of  New  Brunswick  and  Canada  East,  and 
in  the  States  of  Massachusetts,  New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  and  New 
York,  attended  in  some  of  the  places  by  torrents  of  rain,  in  others 
by  hail,  and  in  Florence,  New  York,  snow  fell  to  the  depth  of  two 
inches,  and  snow  also  in  the  province  of  Canada  West.  The  lowest 
temperature  in  this  month  was  on  the  31st,  at  4  and  5  A.  M.,  38". 
In  May  the  sun  rises  here  at  5  A.  M.,  on  the  6th,  and  on  the  31st  21 
minutes  before  that  hour.  Between  the  6th  and  26th  inclusive,  with 
tiie  exception  of  the  11th,  14th,  19th,  and  24th3  the  early  morning 
observations  were  made  a  few  minutes  after  sunrise,  owing  to  ab- 
sence from  home  or  sickneos  at  home. 


26  MAY. 

1.   

2.   


4. 


6. 


8. 

9. 
10. 
II. 
12. 
13. 

14 


MAY.  27 


16. 

n. 

18. 
19. 
20. 

22. 
23. 
24 
25. 
26. 
27. 
28. 
29. 
30. 
31. 


6th  MONTH.  JUXE.  1857. 


30  DAYS. 


MOON'S 
PHASES,  i 


Full  Moon.  7  0  39  ev.  0  27  ev.  0  17  ev. 
Third  Qr.  15  2  26  mo.  2  14  mo.  2  4  mo. 
New  Mooa.  21  5  19  ev.  5  7  ev.  4  57  ev. 
First  Qnar.,2S:ll  3<3  ev.  ill  24  ev.  |ll  14  ev. 


Sun  on  Me- 
ridian, or 
noonmark. 


H.  M. 

0  3  ev. 

1  50  mo. 
4  43  ev. 

11    0  ev. 


1 


II.  M.  S. 

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CALENDAR  FOR 
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Philadel.,  Conn., 
!€•  Jersey,  Peim., 
Ohio,  Indiana, 
and  Illinois. 


CALENDAR  FOR 
WASHINGTON, 
and  serving  for 
Maryland,  Va., 
Kentucky,  Mo., 
and  California. 


22  7  20  : 
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TABLE  OF  TEMPERATURE— HOURLY  OBSERVATIONS. 

By  E.  MERIAM,  Brooklyn  Heights,  L.  £ 
For  JUNE,  1856. 

MORNING  HOURS.  EVENING  HOURS. 

f  till  5  6  7  8  9101118  12  3  4  5  6*7  8  9  10  11  1^ 


3|— - 

4  —  ■ 

5  —  ■ 

It-- 


9  —  - 

10  —  - 

11  —  - 

12  —  - 

13  60  I 

14  —  - 

15  —  - 

16  —  - 

17  -  - 

18  -  - 

19  —  - 

20  —  - 

21  —  - 

22  —  - 

23  74  7 

24—  - 

25—  - 

26—  - 
27  —  - 


30  


-  48  49  53 

-  54  54  59 

-  62  64  67 

-  62  63  65 

-  62  63  66 

-  51  52  52 

-  51  52  53 
*  55  56  57 

-  51  55  57 

-  56  53  66 

-  60  61  64 

-  60  60  — 
►  6)  60  60 

-  59  61  66 

-  53  58  62 

-  53  54  53 

-  51  55  61 

-  60  61  61 

-  60  60  61 

-  59  60  66 

-  66  63  74 

-  72  72  75 
<  76  76  76 

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-  62  62  66 

-  66  63  — 

-  70  72  76 

-  61  61  72 

-  72  73  76 

-  76  78  78 


65  70 
76  73 
75  84 

73  76 
75  77 

52  54 
62  63 

60  62 

53  60 

74  77 
80  84 

66  72 
66  63 
70  70 
74  77 
72  73 
80  82 

61  62 

70  69 
82  84 

89  92 

90  94 
72  63 
72  76 

71  70 
74  82 
85  88 
82  84 
92  96 
95  96 
£3=- 


72  71  73 

80  83  84 

83  86  >9 

85  86  86 
63  66  66 
55  54  57 
69  72  72 
66  66  68 
68  70  74 

81  81  82 

82  83  84 

76  77  80 
63  74  71 

73  80  80 

77  78  78 

78  78  78 
81  80  82 
63  64  62 

72  74  78 

84  84  83 
92  92  93 
94  94  95 
66  63  73 
76  74  80 

73  73  72 

86  86  88 
86  86  85 

83  84  85 
94  96  95 
94  92  94 
See  note 


i  |  75  76  77  74 
I  84  86  88  86 
I  92  94  93  81 
i  88  88  82  82 
1 ,  67  63  68  69 
|  56  54  54  53 
74  76  76  75 
69  67  64  62 
78  75  79  75 
82  82  82  80 
86  84  82  78 

78  78  74  71 
72  78  79  80 
82  84  80  74 
82  78  80  78 

76  80  80  76 
82  84  82  78 
60  61  61  61 

77  78  78  78 
88  90  90  90 

95  95  96  96 

96  94  98  98 
76  78  78  76 

79  78  76  74 
74  74  74  74 
88  88  88  88 
86  87  88  87 
86  86  86  86 
96  98  98  97 
94  94  94  92 

on  page  53. 


63  66  60 
81  80  — 

74  75  74 
80  76  74 
66  66  62 
54  55  54 
72  66  62 
63  63  60 

75  72  70 
75  70  63 

75  73  70 
66  67  66 

76  73  71 

74  72  72 
76  71  68 

75  70  68 

76  73  70 
62  65  64 

77  73  70 
88  79  78 
92  89  86 
75  78  79 
74  72  68 
71  69  68 
74  71  71 
84  80  77 
86  82  81 
86  86  86 
94  91  88 
91  89  87 


59  57  58 

75  73  70 

70  68  66 
72  66  64 
59  56  56 
55  54  52 

62  60  60 
58  56  54 

65  65  64 
68  63  68 
68  66  64 

63  62  60 

68  65  66 

71  68  66 

64  62  60 
64  62  60 

66  66  64 
62  62  60 

69  67  65 
79  76  74 
85  81  79 
79  75  74 

66  65  63 

67  65  64 

72  63  68 

76  74  76 
79  80  72 

85  84  78 

86  86  85 
84  83  82 


56  56 
69  — 
65  64 

64  64 

54  54 
53  53 

57  — 

55  55 

61  — 

65  64 

63  — 
60  60 

64  63 

66  64 
59  57 

59  59 
64  64 

60  60 
64  — 
73  — 
78  74 
73  73 

62  61 

63  — 
68  — 
75  — 
68  — 
77  73 
82  — 
80  79 


June. — A  Heated  Tepjm  commenced  here  on  the  20th  and  ended 
onthe22d;  duration  three  days  ;  greatest  intensity  93 \  Thunder 
storms  within  the  field  of  our  research  on  all  of  the  three  days  com- 
posing this  heated  term.  A  second  heated  term  commenced  here  on 
the  26th,  which  continued  through  the  remainder  of  the  month 
and  to  end,  including  the  8th  of  July ;  duration  twelv  ■  days,  or 
four  times  that  of  the  first  term.  Greatest  intensity  9S°.  On  the 
29th,  at  2  and  3  P.  M.,  when  the  temperature  was  9S%  a  terrific  tor- 
nado was  sweeping  every  thing  before  it  at  Woodstock  and  other 
places  in  Canada  "West,  and  the  next  morning  at  9  o'clock,  when  the 
temperature  here  was  96%  the  tornado  was  spreading  destruction  in 
its  path  in  Franklin  and  Clinton  counties,  New  York. 


30 


JUNE. 


l. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

•7. 

8. 

9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 
15. 


JUNE.  31 


16. 

17.  _ 

18.  „ 
19. 
20. 
21.  . 
22. 
23. 
24.  . 
25. 
26. 
27. 
28. 
29. 
30. 


7th  MONTH.        JULY,  1857. 


31  DAYS. 


MOON'S  , 
PHASES  B0ST0*- 


Full  Moon. 
Third  Qr. 
New  Moon. 
First  Quar. 


d.Ih.  M. 
7 1  2   0  mo 
14  8  12  mo. 
2X1  1  28  mo. 
28i  4  30  ev. 


1  48  mo. 
8  0  mo. 
1  16  mo. 
4  18  ev. 


CHARLES- 
TON. 


1  38  mo. 
7  50  mo. 
1  6  mo. 
4  8  ev. 


Sun  on  Me 
!  ridian,  or 
noonmark. 


a.     .        I!  u.  |  m.  a.  a. 

1  24  mo.     1    12  3  32 

7  36  mo.     9    12  4  54 

0  52  mo.   17    12  5  49 

3  51  ev.  1;  25  !  12  6  12 


(J  ALEX  DAK  FOR 

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7  16 

!  10  2 

27 

M 

j  19   8  43 

1  4  51 

7  21 

i  10  29 

|  0  39 

4  56 

7  15 

,  10  23 

28 

T 

18  54  51 

4  52 

7  20 

10  52 

1  15 

4  56 

7  14 

10  46 

20 

W 

:  18  43  41 

4  53 

7  13 

!  11  19 

1  1  52 

4  57 

7  14 

'  11  13 

90 

T 

18  26  11 

4  54 

7  18  11  51 

1  2  31 

4  53 

7  14 

11  46 

31 

F 

!  IS  11  25  |l  4  55 

7  17  |  morn 

1  3  23 

4  59 

7  13 

;  mom 

TABLE  OF  TEMPEEATTJSE— HOTJBLY  OBSERVATIONS. 

By  S.  MERIAM,  Brooklyn  Heights,  L.  I. 


For  JULY,  1856. 


MORNING  HOURS. 


12  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10  11  12 


73  


66  66  68  73 

60  63  61  63 
66  67  69  73 
70  63  66  70 
58  58  63  76 

62  62  67  73 

63  64  66  65 

61  65  —  63 

62  61  62  64 
60  61  62  65 

62  63  64  70 

64  65  66  63 
 76 

—  71  72  74 

72  73  76  86 

63  69  72  84 

69  70  72  83 

73  74  76  87 
72  72  72  80 
60  60  62  68 
60  61  76  76 

—  65  70  76 

64  64  68  70 
68  63  71  79 

70  70  72  80 
70  70  72  80 

72  72  75  83 

73  73  —  85 

—  75  76  77 

—  72  74  84 
72  70  70  73 


78  80  78  8i)  83 

78  82  82  81  80 
76  81  83  81  86 
70  75  78  82  83 
76  SO  80  80  80 

82  86  86  88  88 
70  78  76  78  75 

70  72  72  74  73 
66  68  63  72  71 
64  66  68  63  71 

71  79  73  80  80 
70  72  76  82  83 

79  84  88  89  89 

80  87  88  90  9) 
90  93  91  90  90 

87  89  90  89  90 

88  90  92  93  94 
93  96  96  96  98 
84  78  78  81  83 

78  81  82  81  81 

80  83  84  83  83 

81  84  85  86  86 
84  86  87  83  88 

84  88  89  92  92 

85  88  89  91  94 

83  90  91  94  95 
92  93  94  98  97 
92  90  94  95  96 

79  76  78  75  78 

89  91  89  9 J  90 
75  80  80  82  85 

See  note 


EVENING  HOURS. 


12  3  4  5  0  7  8  9  10  11  12 


82  85  t6  84  82  SO  76 
80  80  80  78  76  75  72 
84  83  82  81  78  76  74 
76  71  76  77  76  73  71 
80  80  80  80  75  73  70 
88  88  87  81  67  71  70 
76  76  76  77  75  74  72 

82  80  76  72  74  72  70 

71  73  72  72  71  70  67 

72  72  76  75  71  68  66 
80  80  79  75  —  70  70 
86  88  88  88  85  84  78 

90  S6  79  79  80  79  77 
—  90  88  86  82  80  80 
94  89  86  90  89  86  85 
92  92  92  88  84  82  80 
96  97  98  95  92  90  87 
98  99  98  97  95  92  88 

83  84  77  78  76  76  74 

82  84  86  84  81  78  76 
86  84  86  82  79  77  74 
86  88  88  86  80  78  75 

83  90  90  88  82  80  78 
92  95  96  94  91  88  84 

96  96  96  96  92  90  84 

97  97  99  97  93  91  89 
100  98  99  98  96  93  90 
94  97  98  97  92  90  87 

84  85  82  82  81  78  77 

91  95  96  95  93  87  85 

85  83  84  84  82  81  78 
on  page  53. 


74  72  70   

73  71  70  69  — 
72  71  70  69  69 
68  68  66  64  — 

68  66  65  63  — 
71  70  —  67  — 

70  68  68  66  67 

69  66  66  C5  — 

65  64  64  62  — 
64  62  62  63  — 
08  68  66  65  — 

66  74  72  72  — 

77  74  74  73  72 

78  78  78  77  76 
80  78  76  75  — 

79  78  76  73  — 
84  84  82  80  — 

86  83  83  80  — 

71  69  67  66  — 

72  70  68  66  65 

70  69  68  66  65 

74  73  72  70  — 

75  74  74  71  — 
82  80  79   

84  81  78  76  — 

87  84  82  80  — 

88  85  85   

85  83  81  80  — 

76  77  73  73  — 
84  S3  82  80  80 
74  73  71  70  70 


July. — Tun  Second  Heated  Teum  of  the  summer,  which  com- 
menced on  the  26th  of  last  month,  continued  into  this  month  to 
and  including  the  8th,  with  a  slight  perturbation  of  2°  on  the  Tth. 
Thunder  storms  were  active  on  all  the  days  of  this  term  within  the 
field  of  our  search  except  the  5th.  On  the  Sth  a  splendid  aerolite 
was  visible  in  the  heavens  for  a  long  time,  from  the  surface  of  a  large 
district  in  the  States  of  Tennessee  and  Mississippi.  A  third  Heated 
Tesm  commenced  here  on  the  11th,  and  continued  through  the  resi- 
due of  the  month  and  until  and  including  the  4th  day  of  August — its 
greatest  intensity  was  100\  On  thirteen  of  the  days  the  maximum 
temperature  ranged  from  90  to  100\  Qn  the  third  day  of  the  third 
heated  term  the  yellow  fever  commenced  at  Forty-ninth-strcet, 
Brooklyn,  the  west  side  of  Long  Island. 

4 


34 


JULY. 


1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

G. 

7. 

8. 

9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 
15. 


16. 

in. 

18. 
19. 
20. 
21. 
22. 
23. 
24. 
25. 
26. 
27. 
28. 
29. 
30. 
31. 


8lh  MONTH. 


AUGUST,  1857. 


31  DAYS 


MOON'S 
PHASES.  ! 


Full  Moon. 
Third  Qr. 
New  Moon. 
First  Quar. 


.|H.  M. 

1  44  ev. 
0  57  ev. 
il  42  mo. 

10  ::1  mo. 


a.  m. 

1  32  ev. 

0  45  ev. 
LI  30  mo. 

10   0  mo. 


a.  M. 
1  21  ev. 
0  35  ev. 
11  'M  mo. 
9  59  mo. 


Sun  on  Me 
j  ridian, or 
l  noonmark. 


H.  M.  1 

1  8  ev. 

0  21  ev.  | 
11  6  mo.1 
9  45  moJ 


II.  M.  s. 
12  6  1 
12  5  VI 
12  3  47 
1  50 


CALENDAR  FOR  i 

CALENDAR  FOR 

M 

TV.    YORK  CITS", 

WASHINGTON, 

g 

Philadel.,  Conn.,  1 

and  serving  for 

3 

8  I 

N. 

Jersey,  Penn., 

Maryland,.  Va.. 

"o 

o 

•a 

Ohio, 
and  1111 

Indiana, 

Kentucky 

Mo.. 

nois. 

and  California. 

d 

CO 

Sun  j 

Sun 

Moon 

H.W.  : 

Sum 

SUH 

Moon 

aises.j 

SETS. 

SETS. 

N.  Y.  ! 

RISES.  SETS. 

R.  &  S. 

6     /  // 

n.  m.  1 

H.  >?. 

H.  M. 

IT.  M. 

H.  M. 

H.  M. 

H.  M. 

1 

s 

17  53  21 

4  53 

7  16 

0  31 

4  33 

5  0 

7  12 

0  24 

2 

s 

17  40  53 
17  25  19 

4  57 

7  15 

1  20 

5  49  \ 

5  1 

7  11 

1  13 

3 

m 

4  58 

7  14 

2  19 

7    4  : 

5  2 

7  10 

2  0 

4 

T 

17   9  23 

4  59 

7  13 

3  23 

8  1 

5  .  2 

7  9 

3  15 

i  5 

W 

IG  53  10 

5  0 

7  12 

rises 

8  47 

5  3 

7  8 

rises 

!  c 

T 

10  3G  40 

5  1 

7  11 

7  57 

9  27 

i  ^  ^ 

7  7 

8  6 

7 

F 

16  19  55 

5  2 

7  10 

8  22 

10  8 

5  5 

7  G 

S  30 

i  8 

S 

16   2  55 

5  3 

7  9 

8  42 

10  43 

5  6 

7  4 

8  56 

i  9 

s 

15  45  38 

5  4 

7  8 

9  G 

11  19 

5  7 

7  3 

9  21 

10 

M 

15  28  5 

5  5 

7  6 

9  31. 

11  56 

5.  8 

7  1 

9  49 

11 

T 

15  10  19 

5  6 

7  5 

10  0 

cv  34 

,  5  9 

7  0 

10  20 

,  12 

W 

14  52  17 

5  7 

7  3 

10  34 

1  16 

5  10 

6  59 

10  54 

i  13 

T 

14  34  1 

5  S 

7  2 

11  19 

2  2 

5  11 

6  53 

11  41 

14 

F 

14  15  31 

5  9 

7  0 

morn 

2  59 

6  12 

G  57 

morn 

15 

S 

13  53  48 

5  10 

G  56 

0  13 

4  18 

;  5  13 

G  55 

0  34 

>  16 

s 

13  37  51 

5  11 

G  53 

1  13 

5  50 

5  14 

G  54 

1  41 

IT 

M 

13  18  40 

5  12 

G  57 

2  20 

7  14 

i  5  15 

G  53 

2  50 

IS 

T 

12  59  17 

5  13 

6  55 

3  44 

8  17 

1  5  16 

G  52 

4  1 

19 

W 

12  39  42 

15  14 

6  54 

sets 

9  7 

;  5  17 

6  50 

sets 

1  20 

T 

12  19  54 

5  15 

6  53 

7  31 

9  48 

:  5  18 

G  49 

7  16 

21 

F 

11  59  55 

5  16 

6  51 

7  52 

10  25 

5  19 

G  4S 

7  41 

:  22 

S 

11  39  44 

5  17 

6  50 

8  12 

10  53 

!  5  20 

G  46 

8  2 

'  23 

S 

11  19  23 

5  18 

6  4") 

8  31 

11  30 

i  5  21 

G  45 

8  24 

24 

M 

10  59  50 

5  19 

6  47 

8  54 

mom 

i  5  21 

G  43 

8  47 

25 

T 

10  38  7 

5  20 

6  45 

9  17 

0  1 

j  5  22 

C  42 

9  12 

26 

W 

10  17  14 

5  21 

6  43 

9  49 

0  32 

1  5  23 

G  41 

9  43 

27 

T 

9  53  11 

5  22 

6  41 

10  24 

1  4 

:  5  24 

G  39 

10  20 

28 

F 

9  35  0 

5  23 

6  40 

11  10 

1  40 

,  5  25 

G  SS 

11  1 

29 

S 

9  13  39 

5  24 

6  38 

morn 

2  24 

5  26 

G  36 

11  56 

30 

s 

8  52  9 

5  25 

6  36 

0  4 

3  36 

5  27 

6  34 

morn 

31 

M 

8  30  31 

1  5  26 

G  34 

1  G 

5   0  j,  5  28 

G  33 

0  5S 

TABLE  OF  TEMPERATURE— HOURLY  OBSERVATIONS. 

By  E.  MERIA^lC,  Brooklyn  Heights,  L.  I. 
For  AUGUST,  1856. 


MORNING  HOURS. 


EVENING  HOURS. 


£  1  9  1  4  5  6  7  8  9  10  11  12;  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10  11  12 


1    71  72  72  77  82  85  86  87  88 

•2}   70  71  72  80  83  82  84  a3  85 

3  —  —  72  72  72  7  2  72  76  80  81  85  82 

41   68  63  70  72  75  80  81  84  83 

5|   70  70  71  70  60  60  68  67  67 

6    64  63  65  70  76  78  77  78  77 

7  67  67  67  67  67  69  77  81  83  84  84  87 

871          70  70  71  —  79  80  79  76  80 

9  —  63  —  65  65  66  72  72  75  76  79  82 

1)   63  63  65  65  78  81  82  83  83 

11    66  69  72  76  77  82  84  86 

12    72  71  72  76  81  84  84  86  86 

P   64  67  70  77  73  80  82  82 

14:   65  67  63  75  79  80  80  82 

15    60  66  67  76  77  80  80  82 

16    60  62  65  74  78  78  77  79 

17  64          60  60  62  64  70  72  70  73  76 

18           6  )  60  62  62  63  73  78  73  74  74 

19  62  62  62  62  63  66  70  72  74  74  75  70 

20  66  63  65  66  65  66  67  63  74  78  80  79 

21  —  64  63  62  61  60  64  64  64  64  71  70 

22    53  57  53  61  70  72  70  72  75 

23    6  )  59  61  65  76  78  77  80  81 

24  66  66  67  70  74  77  78  78  79 

25    61  60  62  64  70  76  75  76  76 

26           50  48  43  50  53  60  63  64  68  66 

27    54  52  54  53  67  71  72  73  74 

28    58  53  59  63  70  72  74  76  76 

29  66  66  66  63  65  66  63  73  76  75  76  78 

30  61   58  57  56  62  70  72  67  70  72 

31   53  53  54  58  63  73  74  74  76 

jga-  See  note 


!  S3  89  89  88  84  82  79  74  75  72 
'  87  84  82  84  81  78  76  74  74  73 
'  82  83  83  81  80  78  75  72  72  70 

84  88  84  81  83  78  76  74  73  74 
65  66  63  65  67  67  67  64  63  65 
79  78  79  79  77  74  70  70  69  69 

87  87  88  84  82  79  77  76  76  75 

85  £0  82  80  80  76  74  73  67  — 
,  82  81  83  82  80  76  74  73  70  69 
:  84  83  84  82  78  76  74  73  73  70 

88  86  88  86  82  79  79  76  76  76 
88  84  82  80  78  76  74  73  71  69 
83  82  82  82  79  76  73  69  69  67 
82  83  83  64  67  68  67  66  68  65 
82  83  80  82  79  76  74  71  70  68 
82  78  79  79  76  75  71  69  68  69 

78  77  78  78  76  73  72  70  68  68 
77  78  76  75  72  70  68  66  64  63 
68666564  64  636864  64  64 

79  80  76  74  73  70  70  68  68  67 

71  71  66  66  66  64  64  62  61  62 
75  76  74    72  70  68  67  66 

,  82  82  80  82  81  80  76  75  73  72 
|  80  80  80  82  78  77  74  72  71  69 

72  74  64  68  71  68  62  59  58  56 
1  67  69  63  70  65  64  64  60  59  58 

74  74  74  71  68  66  63  62  62  61  • 

75  74  72  72  68  68  67  66  66  66 
72  73  73  70  70  69  68  68  67  66 
72  74  74  74  72  70  66  64  64  61 

II  76  76  74  74  71  68  64  63  62  62 
on  page  53. 


71  — 

73  — 
70  — 
73  73 
63  — 
68  68 
73  71 

68  — 
68  — 
75  — 


65  — 


66  66 
—  60 


August. — The  third  heated  terrn^  which  commenced  on  the  11th 
of  last  month,  continued  to  the  4th  of  this ;  both  days  inclusive,  its 
duration  was  twenty-five  consecutive  days,  one  day  overrunning' 
twice  the  duration  of  the  second,  and  eight  times  the  duration  of  the 
first  heated  term.  The  third  heated  term  was  commenced  by  a  ter- 
rific earthquake  in  the  Caucasus  on  the  11th  of  July,  and  terminated 
by  an  earthquake  in  California  on  the  4th  day  of  August.  iErolites 
on  the  15th  and  17th  of  July  a£d  on  the  3d  of  August,  are  noticed 
under  the  head  of  Meteorites  and  ^Srolites.  The  yellow  fever  con- 
tinued and  increased  on  Long  Island,  spreading  from  Forty-ninth- 
street,  on  the  13th,  to  Fort  Hamilton,  a  distance  of  between  two 
and  three  miles,  in  two  weeks. 

4* 


38 


AUGUST. 


l. 

2. 

4. 
5. 
6. 


9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
14 
15. 


AUGUST.  39 

10.  

17.  

18.  

W.  

20.  .  -  

21.  


24. 

2d 
27, 
28. 
29. 
30. 


31. 


9ih  MONTH. 


SEPTEMBER,  1857. 


3Q  DAYS 


MOON'S 
PHASES. 

BOSTON. 

N.  YORK. 

CHARLES- 
TON. 

Sun  on  Me- 
ridian, or 
noonmark. 

o. 

H.  M. 

H.  M. 

H.  M. 

H.  M. 

1  D. 

H.  M.  S. 

Full  Moon. 

4 

0  23  mo. 

0  11  mo. 

0   1  mo. 

11  47  ev. 

1 

11  59  50 

Third  Qr. 

10 

6   6  ev. 

5  54  ev. 

5  44  ev. 

5  30  ev. 

9 

11  57  7 

New  Moon. 

18 

0  49  mo. 

0  37  mo. 

0  27  mo. 

0  13  mo. 

17 

11  54  19 

First  Quar. 

26 

4  15  mo. 

4   3  mo. 

.  3  53  mo. 

3  39  mo. 

1  25 

11  51  31 

w 

T 
F 
S 
S 
M 
T 

w 

T 
F 
S 

s 

M 
T 
W 
T 
F 
S 
S 
M 
T 
W 
T 
F 
S 

s 

M 
T 

w 


CALENDAR  FOR 
N.  YORK  CITY, 
Philadel.,  Conn., 
N.  Jersey,  Penn., 
Ohio,  Indiana, 
and  Illinois. 


CALENDAR  FOR 
WASHINGTON 
and  serving:  for 
Maryland,  Va., 
Kentucky,  Mo., 
ami  California. 


S(JN 

RISK.S 


8  8  45 
7  47  51 
7  25-50 
7  2  41 
6  40  25 
6  18  3 
5  55  34 
5  33  0 
5  10  10 
4  47  34 
4  24  43 
4  1  47 
3  33  47 
3  15-  43 
2  52  35 
2  20  24 
2  6  10 
1  42  53 
1  10  34 
0  56  12 
0  32  50 
0  9  2G 
S.  13  50 

0  37  24 

1  a  49 
1  24  14 

1  47  33 

2  11  2 
2  34  25 
2  57  55 


H.  M. 

5  27 
5  23 
5  20 
5  30 
5  31 
5  32 
5  33 
5  34 
5  35- 
5  36 
5  3G 
5  37 
5  38 
5  30 
5  40 
5  41 
5  42 
5  43 
5  44 
5  45 
5  4G 
5  47 
5  48 
5  40 
5  50 
5  51 
5  52 
5  53 
5  54 
5  55 


Moon, 
sets. 


H.  m. 
6  33 
G  32 
6  30> 
G  29 
G  27 
G  26 
6  24 
G  23 
6  21 
6  19 
6  13 
6  16 
6  14 
6  12 
6  10 
6  8 
G  7 
6  5 
6  4 
G  2 
G  1 
5  50 
5  57 
5  55 
5  53 
5  52 
5  50 
5  49 
5  47 
5  45 


II.  M. 

2  14 

3  25 
rises 

6  47 

7  10 

7  33 

8  0 
8-  34 

9  15 

10  7 

11  8 
morn 

0  IS 

1  30 

2  43 

3  51 
sets 
6  16 

6  37 
G  56 

7  21 
7  4S 
8-  21 
9  1 
9  53 

10  50 

11  55 
morn 

1  4 

2  15 


H.W. 
N.  Y. 

6  32 

7  38  j 

8  25 

9  7 
9  42 

10  17 

10  53 

11  31 
CT  9 

0  49 

1  S3 

2  39 

4  13 

5  55 

7  13 

8  8 


10  56 

11  S5 
11  53 
raorn 

0  26 

1  2 

1  47 

2  54 
4  30 
6  0 


fccN  ,  jsun  j  Moon 

RISES.  SETS.   R.  &S. 

H.  M. 

2  5 

3  14 

4  27 
rises 
7  24 

7  50 

8  20 

8  55 

9  39 

10  30 

11  30 
morn 

0  41 

1  51 

3  0 

4  8 
sets 
6  8 

6  27 
G  49 

7  14 

7  42 

8  17 

8  57 

9  44 

10  42 

11  47 
morn 

0  53 

2  3 


H.  If. 

1  5  29 
5  £0 
I  5  31 
5  82 
5  33 
5  34 
5  35 
5  25 
5  £G 
5  37 
5  S3 
5  39 
5  40 
5  40 
5  41 
5  42 
5  43 
5  44 
5  44 
5  45 
5  46 
5  47 


H.  M.j 

6  31  I 
6  £0 
6  28 
6  27 
6  i5 
6  24 
6  23 
6  21 
6  20 
6  18 
6  17 
6  15 
6  13 
6  12 
6  10 
6 


6 
6 
G 

G  2 
6  1 
5  59 
5  48  5  57 
5  49  5  55 


5  50 
5  51 
5  52 
5  53 
5  54 
i]  5  55 


5  53 
5  52 
5  51 
5  49 
5  47 
5  45 


TABLE  OF  TELrEPEEATTJEE— HOTJELY  OBSERVATIONS. 

By  K  MERIAM,  Brooklyn  Heights,  L.  L 
For  SEPTEMBER,  1856. 


morning  hours. 


EVENING  HOURS 


12)  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11  12  1  23  4  5  6  7  8  9  1011  12 


1 

60 

0 )  50  50  00  04 

68 

60 

70  70 ' : 

2 

5  1  ;V>  52  50  01 

07 

67 

68  69  1 

3 

  53  55  0Q  03 

70 

72 

72  73 

4 

t    55  56  59  68 

73 

73 

75  76 

5 

_  50  57  00  0g 

73 

75 

75  76 

6  — 

 59  00  0i  0g 

74 

-  2 

71  78 

('  '»  fifl  fi(»  <T7  7fi 

78 

70 

80  84 

b 

Oj  GO  65  67  65 

06 

67 

63  69 

9 

0o  60  00  02  71 

74 

76 

70  SO 

10 

z 

 0j  02  74 

77 

78 

80  so 

11- 

■      70  70  7*}  77 

82 

83 

SO  86 

.12 

00 

GO  00  00  62  70 

72 

72 

72  75 

—  58  59  64  70 

72 

74 

75  76 

Hi— 

68  58  58  59  66 

OS 

70 

71  72  1 

15  — 

56  56  60  62  66 

70 

70 

70  74 

•15 

—  00  62  60  06 

68 

70 

70  70 

17 

—  52  53  56  64 

68 

70 

74  76  | 

18 

—  65  64  70  74 

76 

78 

81  84  i 

,19 

68  68  66  64  70 

73 

74 

76  76 

.20 

G  >  61  60  60  60 

60 

62 

61  67 

21 

59  59  58  58  64 

65 

68 

70  70  | 

22 

—  58  56  56  58 

59 

60 

60  62  I 

:23 

—  50  50  54  56 

60 

62 

68  67 

24 

51  49  13 

—  47  48  50  50 

56 

61 

02  00 

25 

■15  44  44  46  49 

53 

58 

62  64 

26 

51 

5)  50  50  53  50 

60 

64 

64  70 

27 

57  50  50  55  54  54  59  02 

66 

68 

70  70 

2- 

63  53  52  54  00 

62 

66 

68  71 

29 

—  57  66  02  GO 

67 

70 

68  09 

.30  — 

—  61  64  64  61  66 

68 

68  68: 

70  71  09  6b 
70  71  71  71 
74  76  77  73 

77  80  78  76 
80  81  81  76 
80  78  78  74 
83  83  82  80 

72  74  76  73 
80  82  82  79 
83  83  84  79 
88  88  71  .73 
76  74  75*72 

78  78  78  79 

73  74  75  74 
76  74  74  70 
72  74  74  72 
76  78  79  78 
85  84  85  82 

74  73  76  76 
67  74  72  73 
72  73  74  74 
64  66  64  64 
66  G6  66  66 
64  62  65  62 
64  65  64  62 
.71  70  68  67 
72  73  70  70 

69  71  71  67 

70  70  69  66 
•72  68  68  68 

See  note  on  page  53. 


65 

63  61  58 

58 

57 

C8 

64  61  60 

60 

58 

57 

70 

67  65  64 

62 

62 

61 

73 

68  67  66 

€5 

64 

61 

GO 

76 

70  69  68 

66 

63 

62 

72 

71  70  70 

69 

68 

80 

76  72  72 

70 

70 

70 

— 

70  70  70 

68 

68 

66 

77 

74  72  72 

71 

66 

65 

78 

75  73  71 

70 

69 

68 

74 

.74  72  72 

72 

72 

70 

68  66  66 

66 

65 

78 

76  72  71 

69 

67 

64 

71 

68  64  64 

62 

60 

60  00 

68 

66  64  64 

61 

64 

63 

68 

r.ei 

oo  oo  oo 

62 

60 

57 

78 

76  71  70 

70 

70 

69 

80 

76  76  74 

73 

72 

73 

71 

68  66  67 

65 

62 

03  63 

70 
70 

68  68  67 

67 

66 

65 

68  66  66 

65 

64 

05  64 

62 

58  56  55 

54 

54 

.53 

63 

64 

64  61  60 

57 

56 

53  52 

61 

58  54  53 

52 

5i ) 

49 

48 

58 

58  54  54 

53 

52 

52 

60 

62  60  59 

68 

60 

58  58 

69 

64  62  61 

62 

60 

59 

64 

62  62  60 

57 

56 

57 

00 

59  60  62 

62 

62 

63 

66  66  61 

58 

06 

57 

Septehijeil — The  yellow  fever  continued  on  "Long  Island  and  ex- 
tended to  Governor's  Island  last  month.  It  also  made  its  appear- 
ance in  Furman-street,  in  the  tluckly  populated  part  of  the  city  of 
Brooklyn,  under  the  Heights,  between  the  Fulton  Ferry,  passing  the 
Wall-street  Ferry,  and  extending  up  Joralemon-strcet  and  into  Wil- 
low-place. The  lowest  temperature  which  occurred  in  the  month  was 
44',  on  the  25th,  "but  this  was  not  low  enough  to  destroy  the  poison 
of  yellow  fever.  There  were  eight  days  in  the  month  in  which  the 
maximum  temperature  ranged  from  80  to  8S°,  average,  83%  und 
seven  days  on  which  it  .ranged  from  7G  .to  79°. 


42 


SEPTEMBER. 


l. 


4. 

5. 


ia 

ir 

12. 
13L 
14. 


SEPTEMBER.  43 1 

16.  

17.   .  

IS.  

IS.   

20.  

21.   

22.   

23.   

24.   

25.   

26.  

27.  

23.   

29.  . 


30. 


10th  MONTH.       OCTOBER,  1857.  SI  DAYS.  I 


MOON'S 
PHASES. 

BOSTON. 

X.  YORK. 

BALTI- 

aiOKs. 

to 4     '  i'idian,os 
1  noeiimark. 

Full  Moon.  1  Z 
Third  Qr.  10 
New  Moon.  17 
First  Quar.!2c 

10  25  mo. 
1  9  mo. 
4  54  ev. 
9  21  ev. 

H.  M. 

10  13  mo. 
0  57  mo. 
4  42  ev. 
9   9  ev. 

EL  K. 

10   2  mo. 
0  47  mo. 
4  32  cv. 
8  59  ev. 

:i.  M.        j!  1). 
9  49  mo.  j  1 
0  33  mo.  9 
4  13  ev.  1 17 
8  45  ev.  ||  25 

11.  M.  s. 
11  49  32 
11  47  13 
11  45  22 
11  44  9 

CALENDAR  FOK  CALENDAR  FOR ' 

N.    YORK    CITY,  I  WASHINGTON, 

Philadel.,  Coins.,  and  serving  for] 

N.  Jersey,  Peim.,  Maryland,  Va.,  I 

Ohio,      Indiana,  Kentucky,  Mo., 

and  Illinois.   !'    and  California.  | 


Day: 

*  !i 

Sus  1 

;,:  f 

Sun  j 

Moon  1 

H.  W. 

•  || 

Sun  i 

RISES. 

Sun  l 

Moon 
R.  &.  S. 

1 

O.  -  f  If 

M-  | 

! 

H.  M.  i 

H.  |L  1 

1 

T 

3  21  4 

<    9  j 

5  Do  1 

5  44 

3  1G 

2 

F  | 

3  44  21 

o  57 

5  42 

rises 

i  5o  j 

o  57  i 

4  26 

3 

S 

4   7  35 

5  53  | 

o  41 

K  9  ft 

8  34  f 

5  53 

5  41 

5  36  ; 

4 

s 

4  30  4*3 

5  53 

5  39 

ft  0 

o    o  1 
y  y 

5  59 

ri  r  o 
O  ov 

rises 

5 

M 

4  53  54 

ft  n 

K  ^7 
O  o  < 

ft  a9 

9  46 

6  0 

o  S3 

6  51 

0 

T 

5  10  53 

6  1 

5  36 

7  13 

1  ft  Oft  I 

O  J. 

o  ot 

1  0% 

7 

W 

5  39  58 

G  2 

5  34 

8  i 

11  K 
1 L  O 

G  2 

5  35 

ft  OJ. 

8 

T 

6   2  53 

G  3 

5  33 

1  1  /1ft 

G  3 

5  34 

9  23 

9 

F 

G  25  4G 

ft  A 

5  31 

1  A  O 

iu  y 

6Y  34 

6  4 

5  32 

10  32 

10 

S 

G  43  32 

0  O 

5  29 

l  i. 

1  26 

G  5 

5  31 

11  42 

11 

s 

7  11  14 

G  G 

5  28 

mom 

O  QA 
Z  OO 

o  0 

5  30 

12 

M 

7  33  49 

G  7 

5  26 

0  33 

/I  1  1 

5  29 

0  49 

13 

T 

7  5G  13 

G  8 

5  25 

1  42 

K  AQ 
t_>  4o 

ft  ft 

5  27 

1  59 

14 

W 

8  IS  41 

6  9 

5  23 

2  50 

G  56 

g  o 

5  25 

3  1 

15 

T 

8.  40  57 

6  10 

5  22 

3  52 

7  43 

G  10 

5  24 

4  5; 

16 

F 

9    3  6 

6  11 

5  20 

4  54 

8  22 

;  6  11 

5  22 

5   5  ' 

17 

S 
S 

9  25  7 

6  12 

5  19 

sets 

8  55 

|C  12 

5  20 

sets 

18 

9  46  59 

G  13 

5  17 

5  22 

9  27 

!  6  13 

5  19 

6  16 

19 

M 

10   8  43 

6  14 

5  16 

5  49 

9  56 

!  6  14 

5  17 

5  42 

20 

T 

10  30  13 

G  15 

5  15 

6  22 

10  25 

!  G  15 

5  1G 

G  16 

21 

W 

10  51  44 

6  16 

5  13 

G  53 

10  56 

6  1G 

5  15 

G  54 

22 

T 

11  13  0 

G  13 

5  12 

7  45 

11  26 

6  17 

5  14 

7  38 

23 

F 

11  34  6 

6  19 

5  10 

8  38 

11  59 

!  C  IS 

5  13 

8  32 

24 

8 

11  55  1 

6  20 

5  8 

9  33 

morn 

G  19 

5  12 

9  34 

25 

S 

12  15  45 

6  21 

5  7 

10  45 

0  37 

G  20 

5  10 

10  46 

20 

M 

12  36  17 

6  22 

5  5 

11  51 

1  22 

6  21 

5  9 

11  44 

27 

T 

12  56  38 

6  24 

5  4 

morn 

2  24 

G  22 

5  7 

morn 

28 

W 

13  16  46 

6  25 

5  3 

1  4 

3  53 

G  23 

5  5 

0  54 

29 

T 

13  36  42 

6  26 

5  2 

2  14 

5  17 

6  24 

,5  4 

2  2 

30 

13  56  25 

6  27 

5  0 

3  27 

C  26 

1  G  25 

'5  3 

3  11 

31 

;i 

14  15  51 

6  28 

4  59 

4  41 

7  16 

6  26 

|5  2 

4  23 

.  TABLE  01?  TEMPERATURE— HOUBLY  OBSERVATIONS. 

By  E.  MERIAM,  Brooklyn  Heights,  L.  I. 
For  OCTOBER,  1858. 


MORNING  nOURS. 

|lS  3  4  5  &  7  S  9101118] 


1    47  48  48 


41  41  40  40  40  40 
50 


  49  50  5: 


10  — 
11- 

12  — 

13  — 

14  — 
15|— 

i6;_ 

17  42 
18- 
19- 
20l— 
211- 
22<_ 
23 
24 
25 


  54  54  57 

 51  54  — 

 44 


37  37 
IS  12 


36 
48 
4< 
47 

 46  45  47 

  44  44  45 

  50  48  — 


32 
32 
43 
43 

  52  52  52 

  41  41  40 

  42  42  40 

39 


i]   39  39  39 


50  56 
46  50 
54  60 
54  60 
58  61 
64  64 
56  59 

53  58 

54  56 
56  60 

58  61 

53  61 
60  60 
42  44 
38  38 
40  42 
52  54 
52  54 
50  53 

54  54 
50  54 
52  59 

59  60 
36  38 
36  33 
46  53 
48  49 
4S  48 
44  43 
:<>  52 
40  40 
£3* 


58  58  58 
54  56  62 

61  64  64 
60  64  64 
64  68  69 
68  70  76 
56  Gl  62 

62  60  64 
64  64  66 
66  68  68 
68  68  74 
64  67  68 
62  67  69 

43  44  44 
40  43  42 

47  48  50 
58  58  57 
56  58  57 

54  58  60 
58  58  64 
58  59  62 
62  66  70 
64  63  64 

44  42  42 
42  45  43 
53  54  55 
52  50  50 
50  52  54 

48  50  51 

55  53  62 
42  42  45 
See  note 


EVENING  HOURS. 

1114  5  6  7  8  9101119 


62  56  54  54 
60  61  64  62 

68  66  68  63 
64  64  64  62 
72  68  68  65 
74  74  74  72 
64  66  64  62 
62  62  66  62 

69  70  70  68 

70  72  72  70 
74  76  76  72 
70  68  65  63 
68  63  70  67 
46  44  46  44 
44  46  46  44 
52  54  54  53 
56  56  56  54 
58  58  58  56 
60  62  60  — 
64  64  64  65 
64  66  66  62 
68  70  71  68 
62  60  60  56 
44  44  45  44 
48  48  50  48 
56  57  58  56 
48  50  50  51 

I  54  54  54  53 
52  51  54  50 
62  63  64  60 
I  43  44  43  40 
on  page  53- 


51  43  46 

62  56  56 

63  61  55 
60  60  55 
62  60  61 
72  72  68 
62  58  56 

58  56  55 

66  62  58 

67  60  60 
67  66  64 
60  58  56 
65  63  62 
45-43  42 
43  40  38 

51  46  43 

54  54  52 
57  52  52 
57  54  53 

59  56  55 

64  62  60 
54  52  50 

42  40  40 
47  45  44 

52  49  48 
51  52  52 
50  48  49 

43  46  46 
57  56  55 
39  33  — 


46  46  44  44  43 
56  56  55  53  — 

53  52  52  50  — 

55  54  53  53  — 

59  53  53  58  58 
63  68  66  66  — 

54  52  52  51  — 
54  53  53  52  — 
53  56  57  56  — 

60  58  56  56  — 

62  62  61  60  — 
53  57  56  55  55 

63  63  59  56  — 
41  41  40  39  39 
S3  36  36  34  — 

43  44  42  42  42 
53  51  50  52  — 
52  52  52  50  — 
52  50  48  47  — 

52  50  50  49  48 

53  53  52  52  51 
59  59  60  59  — 
46  46  44  41  38 
37  38  37  36  — 

44  44  44  43  43 
48  46  45  44  — 

56  56  56  57  — 
48  46  46  44  43 

45  44  43  43  — 

54  52  49  42  — 
37  36  36  35  — 


Octoijee. — On  the  2d  day  of  the  month  the  temperature  fell  to 
40%  but  that  was  not  low  enough  to  cease  the  pestilence.  On 
the  7th,  8th,  and  9th  of  the  month,  a  hot  baud  passed  St.  Pauls,  Min* 
nesota,  raising  the  temperature  to  S5° — on  .ne  10th  it  reached  Boston 
and  Newburyport,  Mass.,  and  Portsmouth,  N.  H. ;  at  Boston,  tem- 
perature 80°,  Newburyport,  82°,  Portsmouth,  81°.  On  the  12th  a 
great  earthquake  extended  from  Naples  to  Egypt,  destroying  many 
lives  and  much  property.  On  the  15th  and  also  on  the  16th  of  the 
month,  the  temperature  fell  to  34"  on  Brooklyn  Heights,  and  lower 
on  less  elevated  grounds.  On  the  last  named  day  the  yellow  fever 
c  >r,scd  oi  Long  Island,  no  new  cises  ocrturri  ;g  after  that  date. 


46 


OCTOBER. 


3. 
4, 
5. 


7. 

8. 

9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
14 


15. 


OCTOBER.  4  7 

16.  

IT.  

18.  

19.  

20.  ;  

21.  

22.   

23.  

24.  

25.   

26.  

21.  

28.  


29. 


30. 


nth  month.  NOVEMBER,  1857.    30  days 


MOOTS  1  lliVKW_ 
PHASES.  j  B^l0K- 

yosk. 

BALTI- 
MORE. 

CHARLES- 
TON. 

Sun  on  Me- 
ridian, or 
noon  mark. 

d.  .:.  ::.        Q.  u. 
Foil  Moon.  1  1;  S  13  ev.  \  3   1  ev. 
Third  Qr.    j  till  £0  mo. Ill  18  mo. 
New  Moon.  1 16111  10  mo.ilO  58  mo. 
Firs:  Q-.ir.       •>  •:;»  ev.    0  37  ev. 

a.  m. 

7  51  ev. 
U   8  mo. 
10  48  mo. 

0  27  ev. 

a.  m. 
7  37  ev. 
10  54  mo. 
10  34  mo. 
0  13  ev. 

D. 

1 
9 
17 

H.  M.  S. 

11  43  43 
11  44  1 
11  45  13 
11  47  19 

2? 


CALENDAR  FOR 
N.    YORK  CITY, 
Philadel.,  Conn., 
Bf.  Jersey,  Penn., 
Ohio,  Indiana, 

and  Illinois.  

Sex  j  Sex  j  Moox  |  HLW. 

RISE?.    >FT>.    EI<E5.     N.  Y. 


CALENDAR  FOR 

WASHINGTON, 
and  serving  for 
Maryland,  Ya., 
Kentucky,  Mo., 
and  California. 


B  '  "  \ 
l;  S  ;  14  35  10! 
2  '  M  14  54  12  ' 
31  T  U  IS  12  59* 
4 '  W  •!  15  31  31 
H  15  49  43  \ 
H 16  T  49 ! 
1 16  25  34 

16  43  3 

17  0  15 
17  17  9 
17  33  41 

17  50  4 

18  6  4 
IS  21  45 
IS  36  7 

18  52-  9 

19  6  0 
19  21  0 
19  35  11 

19  43  50 

20  2  7 
20  15  1 
20  27  34 
20  39  43 

20  51  30 

21  2  52 
21  13  51 
21  24  26 
21  34  37 
21  44  23 


T 

6  F 

7  S 
B  S 
9  M 

10'  T 

11  W 

12  j  T 
13l  F 
14:  S 

15  j  S 

16  If 
17!  T 


6  29 
6  30 
6  31 
6  32  ! 
6  33 
6  £5 
6  36n 
6  33 
6  3D 
6  40 
6  41 
6  43 
6  44 
6  45 
6  47 
6  43 
6  40 
6  50 
6  51 
6  52 
6  54 
6  55 
6  56 
6  57 
6  58 

6  59 

7  0 
7  1 
7  2 
7  4 


u.  mJ  u.  h. 
4  59  1  rises 


4  53 
4  57  i 
4  56  , 
4  55  ! 
4  53: 
4  5: 


57 

5  4  !  8  37 
5  43  i  9  19 
G  47  10  3 
7  56  i  10  47 
9  10  !  11  33 
10  23  '  ev  25 


morn  , 

0  41 

1  46 

2  47 

3  43 

4  49 

5  51 
sets 

4  57 

5  42 


4  59  !  11  35  j 
4  49 
4  43 
4  47 
4  46 
4  45 
4  44 
4  43 
4  42 
4  41 
4  40 
4  40 
4  39 
4  SS 
4  38 
4  37 
4  36 
4  36, 
4  35 
4  34 
4  34 
4  33 
4  33 


1  20 

2  27 

3  51 

5  11 

6  17 

7  7 

7  49 

8  26 

9  0 
9  33 

10  3 


6  33  10  35 

7  31(11  10 

8  35 '  11  43 


9  42 

10  49 

11  57 
morn 

1  4 

2  16 

3  31 

4  49 
6  12 


morn 

0  22 

1  7 

2  3 

3  B 

4  23 

5  29 

6  28 

7  20 


S-U>" 

Mooa 

RISES. 

SETS. 

R.AS. 

E.  M. 

H.  5ff. 

B.  V.  j 

6  27 

5  1 

5  38  j 

6  2S 

5  01 

rises  ! 

6  29 

4  59  1 

6  12 

6  SO 

4  58 

7  10 

6  31 

4  57 

8  18 

6  32 

4  56 

9  30 

6  33 

4  55 

10  41 

6  35 

4  54 

11  51 

6  £6 

4  53 

morn 

6  37 

4  52 

0  56 

6  39 

4  51 

1  58 

6"  40 

4  50 

2  5S 

6  41 

4  49 

3  57 

6  42 

4  4S 

4  53 

6  43 

4  47 

5  58 

6  44 

4  46 

sets 

6  45 

4  46 

4  54 

6  46 

4  45 

5  35 

6  47 

4  44 

6  27 

G  43 

4  44 

7  26 

6  49 

4  43 

S  ffl 

6  50 

4  42 

9  32 

6  51 

4  42 

10  40 

i  6  52 

4  41 

11  45 

6  53 

4  41 

morn 

|  6  54 

4  41 

0  53 

;  6  55 

4  41 

2  0 

6  56 

4  40 

3  12 

|6  57 

4  40 

.   4  27 

6  58 

4  40 

5  42 

TABLE  OF  TEMPERATURE— HOURLY  OBSERVATIONS. 

By  E.  MERIAM,  Brooklyn  Heights.  L.  I. 
For  NOVEMBER,  1856. 

MORNING  HOURS.  EVENING  HOURS. 


||1  8  8  4  5  6  7  8  9  10  11  12'  T  2  j  4  j  6  7  8  9101112 


]] 

40 

44 

48 

50 

52 

54 

52 

52 

52 

51 

50  50  50 

50  — 

44 

46 

49 

53 

58 

i  62 

62 

62 

62 

58 

54 

53 

54  54  53 

51   

46 

46 

50 

54 

60 

58 

58 

60 

58 

55 

55 

55 

54 

56  58  60 

61  — 

59 

5:> 

62 

64 

66 

6^ 

63 

i  64 

66 

66 

66 

64 

65 

64 

64  57  56 

54  52 

44 

43 

42 

42 

42 

43 

46 

44 

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40 

40 

39 

36 

34 

34  32  32 

31  80 

27 

28 

30 

32 

36 

38 

38 

40 

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40 

36 

35 

84 

34  34  34 

33  — 

34 

84 

c8 

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52 

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52 

51 

51 

50 

50  50  50 

50  — 

52 

53 

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61 

62 

62 

!  62 

62 

60 

60 

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56 

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46  45  44 

43  42 

 34 

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31 

36 

38 

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42 

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r6 

35  34  34 

—  33 

 30 

30 

30 

32 

34 

35 

38 

40 

40 

40 

39 

39 

37 

25 

34  34  32 

31  — 

11 

  27  27 

26 

26 

23 

30 

34 

36 

38 

1  40 

42 

42 

40 

38 

38 

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43  42  42 

42  41 

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34 

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45 

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49 

48 

46 

44 

42 

41 

40 

40  42  41 

40  40 

14439  40  40  40  40 

39 

39 

42 

44 

48 

50 

50 

49 

48 

46 

47 

44 

44 

44 

44  44  43 

42  41 

15 

 37  37 

85 

83 

34 

34 

37 

38 

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•  38 

39 

38 

38 

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84 

33  32  32 

32  32 

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30 

32 

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1  50 

51 

51 

49 

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43 

42  44  44 

43  42 

1« 

12  42  42  42  40 

38 

37 

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41 

42 

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42 

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35  35  34 

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33  32  32  32  32 

31 

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43 

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35  35  33 

32  — 

2. 

>  29 

28 

23 

30 

32 

34 

37 

83 

39 

40 

39 

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36 

35 

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34  34  34 

33  32 

21 

31  30  29  23  28 

28 

28 

30 

34 

39 

43 

46 

48 

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44 

44 

44 

44 

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44  44  46 

46  46 

22,43  49  50  51  51 

51 

52 

54 

54 

56 

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54  ! 

54 

55 

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48 

47 

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44  44  42 

42  42 

28  41  40  39  38  30 

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24 

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40 

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26(47  47  43  40  47 

49 

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54 

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50 

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46  44  42 

41  40 

27 

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40 

40 

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33  88  37 

35  34 

26  34  34  34  33  32 

32 

32 

34 

36 

40 

40 

42  i 

44 

45 

44 

42 

42 

42 

40 

41  41  40 

40  39 

!35  33  32  32  31 

31 

31 

32 

31 

34 

34 

35 

!  36 

32 

32 

32 

31 

32 

32 

30  31  30 

31  30 

30  30  30  30  30  30 

30 

30 

30 

32 

83 

38 

39  1 

!  40 

40 

40 

38 

36 

34 

34 

33  32  32 

32  32 

Jfc3»  See  note  on  pegs  53. 


Novembes. — The  highest  temperature  in  this  month,  was  on  the 
4th,  63°.  I  was  in  Montreal,  Lower  Canada,  on  that  day — the 
temperature  at  night  fell  suddenly,  and  was  attended  by  a  great 
wind,  which  did  much  damage  over  an  extensive  surface.  On  the 
banks  of  the  Au  Sable  river  the  temperature  on  the  morning  of  the 
6th  fell  to  within  17°  of  zero  at  Keeseville,  New  York.  Meteors 
that  evening.  Frost  in  Texas.  On  the  11th  the  lowest  temperature 
on  Brooklyn  Heights  was  26° — the  lowest  in  the  month.  On  sixteen 
several  days  this  month  the  temperature  has  been  at  and  below  the 
freezing  point. 


50 


NOVEMBER. 


1. 

2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 
6. 
1. 


9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 
15. 


NOVEMBER.  51  j 

16.  

17.  

18.  .  

19.  '  

20.   

21.  

22.  

23.  

24.  

25.   

26.  

27.   ,  

28.  


29. 


30. 


12th  MONTH. 


DECEMBER,  1857. 


31  DAYS. 


MOON'S 
PHASES. 

BOSTON. 

JT.  YORK. 

BALTI- 
MORE. 

CHARLES- 
TON. 

Sun  on  Me- 
!  ridian. 

Full  Moon. 
Third  Qr. 
New  Moon. 
First  Quar. 
Full  Moon. 

D. 
1 

S 

16 
;:> 

u.  m. 

G  13  mo. 
1  51  mo. 
6  17  mo. 
1  52  mo. 

i  4  49  ev. 

H.  M. 

6   1  mo. 
1  43  mo. 
6   5  mo. 
1  40  mc. 
4  37  ev. 

U.  M. 

5  51  mo. 
1  32  mo. 
5  55  mo. 
1  30  mo. 
4  27  ev. 

H.  M. 

5  37  mo. 
1  13  mo. 
5  41  mo. 
1  1(5  mo. 
4  13  ev. 

1  D- 
1 

9 
17 

125 
1 

11.    M.  S. 

11  49  24 
11  52  45 

11  56  5 

12  0  34 

CALENDAR  FOR 


CALENDAR  FOR! 


N.    YORK    CITY,    I  WASHINGTON, 
Philadel.,  Conn.,        and  serving  for 


N.  Jersey,  Penn., 
Ohio,  Indiana, 
and  Illinois. 


Maryland,  Va., 
Kentucky,  Mo., 
and  California. 


'21  53  44 
22  2  40 
22  11  10 
22  19  15 
22  26  53 
22  34  C  I 
22  40  52 
22  47  7 
22  53  3 

22  53  31 

23  3  27 
23  7  57 
23  12  0 
23  15  35 
23  IS  42 
23  21  21 
23  23  32 
23  25  15 
23  2G  30 
23  27  16 
23  27  36 
23  27  24 
23  26  45 
23  25  38 
23  24  3 
23  21  50 
23  19  27 
23  16  28 
23  13  0 
23  9  5 
23   4  41 


7  9 
7  10 
7  11 
7  12 
7  13 
7  14 
7  15 
7  15 
7  16 
7  17 
7  17 
7  13 
7  IS 
7  19 
7  19 
7  20 
7  20 
7  21 
7  21 
7  22 
7  22 
7  23 
7  23 
7  24 
7  24 
7  25 
I  7  25 


Moon 

RISES. 


H.  M. 

4  34 
4  34 
4  34 
4  33 
4  33 
4  33 
4  33 
4  S3 
4  33 
4  33 
4  33 
4  33 
4  33 
4  34 
4  34 
4  34 
4  34 
4  35 
4  35 
4  36 
4  36 
4  37 
4  37 
4  33 
4  38 
4  39 
4  39 
4  49 
4  40 
4  41 
4  42 


II.  M. 

rises 

5  32 

6  46 

8  2 

9  18 

10  29 

11  57 
morn 

0  40 

1  41 

2  42 

3  45 

4  47 

5  40 

6  51 
sets 

5  26 

6  29 

7  34 

8  41 

9  46 

10  53 
morn 

0  2 

1  11 

2  24 

3  42 
5  1 
C  20 
rises 


H.W.  jj  Sun  I  Sun  i  Moon 

N.  Y.  ||  RISES.JSETS.  |R.  &S. 


11.  M.      H.  M. 

6  59 
17  0 


H.  M. 


8  11 
S  59 

9  49  ||  7 

10  37  jj  7 

11  30  7 
ev  CO  B 7 

1  11  J? 

2  6 1  7 

3  4  7  7 
*4  12  J  7  8 

5  14  J  7  9 

6  141,  7  10 

7  11    7  10 

7  53  i  7  11 

8  35  ;  7  11 

9  11  !  7  12 
9  49  |i  7  12 

10  25  7  13  14  40 

10  59  I'  7  13  I  4  40 

11  S5  !  7  14  j  4  41 
7  14  4  41 
7  15  !  4  42 
7"  15  ;4  42 
7  16  !  4  43 
7  16 
7  17 
7  17 
7  IS 
7  IS 
7  19 
7  19 


morn 
t)  13 

0  51 

1  40 

2  '.9 

3  27 

4  33 

5  44 

6  51 
52 


5  35    8  47 


4  40 
4  39 
4  39 
4  39 
4  S3 
4  38 
4  33 
4  38 
4  3S 
4  38 
4  3S 
4  39 
4  39 
4  39 
4  39 
4  39 
4  40 


4  43 
4  44 
4  45 
4  45 
4  46 
4  47  i 
4  48 


rises 
5  54 

7  10 

8  24 

9  36 

10  47 

11  51 
morn 

0  52 

1  51 

2  51 

3  51 

4  53 

5  54 
sets 

4  25 

5  20 

6  21 

7  25 

8  30 

9  37 

10  42 

11  47 
mom 

0  54 

2  4 

3  19 

4  33 

5  48 
rises 
5  56 


TABLE  OF  TEMPERATURE— -HOTTBLY  OBSERVATIONS. 

By  E.  MERIAM,  Brooklyn  Heights,  L.  I. 
For  DECEMBER,  1855. 


MORNING  HOURS. 


EVENING  HOURS. 


12  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10  U12SI 1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10  1112 


£  - 

1  31  30  30  30  29  28  28  32  31  37  40  41 

2  34  34  34  34  34  34  33  33  35  4)  39  41 

3  40  39  39  37  36  36  36  33  40  42  44  44 

4  32  32  32  31  31  30  30  32  34  38  41  42 

5  36  36  35  34  34  32  32  34  36  38  42  44 

6  32  32  31  30  31  30  31  34  36  40  41  44 

7  34  33  33  33  34  a3  &3  36  40  42  44  44 

8  30  29  28  28  27  27  26  28  30  32  35  — 

9  34  34  35  35  35  37  40  42  45  43  49  50 

10  41  41  39  38  37  36  35  36  36  40  37  37 

11  292929292528262823282930 

12  242424242323232425272930 

13  23  28  28  28  25  26  25  28  31  32  33  32 

14  26  25  25  24  24  22  22  24  25  28  29  30 

15  32  32  34  34  34  33  37  38  38  39  40  40 

16  38383833383833383840  41  42 

17  45  44  43  42  41  39  33  38  40  42  44  45 

18  36  34  34  33  32  31  31  32  34  36  38  37 

19  23  27  25  25  26  26  25  28  28  30  31  32 

20  27  272727  24  23222426232829 

21  24  24242422  24  24  2629343338 

22  37  36  36  35  35  36  36  36  37  38  40  39 

23  48  43  43  48  47  46  46  44  46  47  47  48 

24  42  41  41  41  44  44  43  41  40  38  38  33 

25  31  31  32  32  32  31  31  32  33  34  36  32 

26  34  34  34  34  34  34  27  26  24  26  25  27 

27  16  15  14  13  13  12  12  13  15  13  20  22 

28  20  20  23  20  22  23  24  25  27  27  29  30 

29  20  20  19  19  13  16  16  16  17  18  20  20 

30  26  27  27  27  27  26  26  24  24  24  26  23 
31. 18  13  17  17  16  16  15  15  18  20  22  25 


denote  the  days  of  the  month  ;  the  figures  running  from  left  to  right  give 
the  state  of  the  thermometer  for  every  hour  in  the  twenty-four. 

A  cold  teem  commenced  on  Brooklyn  Heights  on  the  CGth,  be- 
tween the  hours  of  6  and  7  A.  M.,  when  the  temperature  fell  from 
34'  (which  is  2 5  above  the  freezing  point  of  Fahrenheit)  to  27°,  5° 
below  that  line.  Preceding  the  commencement  of  this  cold  term 
it  will  be  seen  by  the  hourly  records  that  the  temperature  was  in- 
cquilibrio  ten  consecutive  hours,  at  34°,  when  it  suddenly  fell  7°,  and 
continued  below  the  freezing  line  the  remainder  of  the  month. 
This  col  l  term,  commenced  north,  at  a  point  west  of  my  place  of  ob- 
servation, several  days  before  it  reached  here,  and  west  at  TVaverly, 

"^TC-,rt  i-1   •   r  i.i  nnj      n  ■   .  •  .1  ^. 


43  44 

11 

42 

40 

40  40 

38 

56 

56 

35 

58 

46  44 

44 

46 

44 

42  41 

41 

41 

43 

41 

41 

44  44 

42 

42 

40 

38  38 

36 

37 

34 

34 

33 

42  42 

42 

41 

40 

39  40 

S3 

33 

58 

33 

37 

44  44 

44 

42 

39 

40  38 

56 

So 

54 

35 

34 

44  46 

46 

42 

40 

40  38 

59 

40 

58 

35 

34 

44  46 

45 

41 

39 

36  36 

35 

S3 

53 

3? 

31 

40  40 

40 

38 

36 

36  36 

35 

•' 

34 

38 

54 

51  52 

38  36 

52 

53 

54 

53  53 

46 

44 

44 

43 

42 

36 

34 

34 

32  32 

31 

50 

30 

29 

20 

30  30 

30 

30 

29 

29  28 

28 

26 

26 

26 

25 

30  31 

30 

29 

28 

28  28 

28 

28 

28 

28 

28 

32  32 

52 

31 

351 

30  30 

30 

30 

30 

2S 

27 

30  31 

5) 

30 

30 

30  30 

30 

50 

50 

30 

31 

40  41 

40 

40 

40 

39  38 

38 

38 

,r8 

38 

53 

43  49 

50 

52 

43 

48  50 

47 

47 

48 

47 

45 

46  47 

45 

42 

41 

40  40 

39 

38 

38 

S3 

37 

36  38 

37 

36 

34 

34  34 

32 

30 

30 

30 

29 

32  32 

32 

31 

30 

30  30 

25 

30 

29 

29 

23 

30  31 

31 

52 

SO 

28  28 

27 

26 

26 

26 

25 

39  40 

S9 

59 

35 

38 

38 

55 

38 

58 

40  40 

41 

43 

44 

46  48 

48 

50 

50 

GO 

49 

48  48 

43 

45 

45 

45  46 

44 

44 

44 

43 

42 

38  37 

36 

55 

34 

34  33 

32 

32 

31 

31 

SI 

34  34 

34 

34 

34 

S6  3-6 

55 

34 

34 

34 

34 

28  26 

26 

26 

26 

24  22 

20 

20 

13 

13 

17 

22  21 

22 

22 

20 

19  18 

18 

18 

19 

20 

20 

30  30 

23 

29 

23 

28  28 

26 

24 

22 

21 

21 

20  20 

19 

19 

16 

15  16 

20 

22 

23 

28 

25 

28  28 

23 

26 

24 

24  23 

22 

20 

20 

19 

13 

24  22 

25 

22 

21 

20  22 

22 

23 

20 

20 

21 

nn,  on 

the  left 

of  the  above  table, 

tare  was  from  5 3  to  9 3  below  the  freezing  line. 


1 54  DECEMBER. 


2. 
3. 


5. 
6. 


8. 

9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 


15. 


DECEMBER.  55 


16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

 .  . 

20. 

21. 

22. 

23. 



24. 

25. 

oc 
Zo. 

Z  1 . 

no 

Zo. 

29. 

30. 

31. 

56  NEW  YOEK  ALMANAC 

POPULATION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  DT  1850. 


teta'es'               !  population. 

Maine  '  5S1,813 

New  Hampshire  !  317,456 

Vermont   313,402 

Massachusetts   9S5,450 

Rhode  Island   143,876 

Connecticut   303,099 

New  York   8,043,825 

New  Jersey   465,513 

Pennsylvania   2,258,403 

Delaware   71,109 

Maryland   417,913 

Virginia   894,800 

North  Carolina   553,028 

South  Carolina   274,507 

Georgia   521,572 

Florida   47,211 

Alabama   426,430 

Mississipp  i   295,71  S 

Loui  sian  a   255,49 1 

Texas   154,034 

Arkansas   162,189 

Tennessee   750,753 

Kentucky   761,417 

Missouri   592,004 

Ohio   1,955,108 

Michigan   895,097 

Indiana   977,028 

Illinois   846,035 

Wisconsin   304,758 

Iowa  1  191,879 

California  [  91,632 

19,423,915 

District  of  Columbia.1  38,027 

Minnesota   C,03S 

New  Mexico  ;  61,530 

Oregon   13,088 

Utah..   11,330 

Total   19,553,92S 


tree 
colored 
pop. 


Total 
Free. 


1,356 
520 
713 
9,064 
3,670 
7,693 
49,069 
23,820 
53,323 
18,073 
74,723 
54,333 
27,463 
8,956 
2,931 
924 
2,293 
930 
17,462 
397 
608 
6.401 
10,007 
2,618 
25,319 
2,557 
10,7S3. 
5,435 
633 
835 
965 


423,3?  4 
9,973 
89 
17 
206 
24 


5S3,169 
317,976 
314,120 
994,514 
147,545 
870,792 

3,097,394 
489,333 

2,311,786 
89,242 
492,666 
949,133 
580,491 
233,523 
524,503 
43,185 
423,779 
296,643 
272,953 
154,431 
162,797 
763,154 
771,424 
594,622 

1,980,427 
397,654 
988,416 
S51,470 
805,891 
192,214 
92,597 


19,S47,301 
4S,000 
G,077 
61,547 
13,294 
11,354 


433,643  H9.9S7.573 


8,204,347 


BEGINNING  OF  THE  SEASONS. 


1856. — Sun  enters  Capricornns  (Winter  begins),  Sunday,  Dec.  21, 

at  9  o'clock  43  minutes,  A.  M. 
1S5T. — Sun  enters  Aries  (Spring  begins),  Friday,  March  20,  at  10 

o'clock  37  minutes,  A.  M. 
44  44       Cancer  (Summer  begins),  Sunday,  June  21,  ut 

7  o'clock  18  minutes,  A.  M. 
M  "       Libra  (Autumn  begins),  Tuesday,  Sept.  22,  at  9 

o'clock  25  minutes,  P.  M. 
44  w       Capricornus  (Winter  begins),  Monday,  Dec.  21, 

at  3  o'clock  9  minutes,  P.  M. 

DURATION  OF  THE  SEASONS,  ETC.,  FOR  1851. 

The  sun  will  be  in  the 

Winter  signs  89  days  1  hour  6  minutes. 
Spring     "    92    "  20    44  41  44 
Summer  44    93    41  14     44    7  44 
Winter    44    89    44  IT     44  44  44 
So  that  the  period  of  Summer  is  4  days  13  hours  and  1  minute 
longer  than  that  of  Winter ;  17  hours  and  2G  minutes  longer  than 
that  of  Spring ;  and  3  days  20  hours  and  23  minutes  longer  than  that 
of  Autumn. 

The  Sun  will  be  north  of  the  Equator  (comprising  the  periods  of 
Spring  and  Summer)  186  days  10  hours  and  48  minutes. 

The  Sun  will  be  south  of  the  Equator  (comprising  the  periods  of 
Summer  and  Winter)  178  days  18  hours  and  50  minutes.  So  that 
the  Sun  will  be  north  of  the  Equator  7  days  15  hours  and  58  min- 
utes longer  than  it  will  be  south. 

The  length  of  the  Tropical  year  (1857)  is  3G5  days  5  hours  and  38 
minutes. 

ECLIPSES  IN  THE  YEAR  1357. 

There  will  be  two  Eclipses  this  year,  both  of  the  Sun. 

The  first  is  an  Eclipse  of  the  Sun,  and  will  occur  on  the  25th  of 
March.  It  will  be  invisible  in  all  that  part  of  the  United  States 
east  of  the  meridian  of  Washington,  or  of  longitude  77°  west  of 
Greenwich,  and  partial  and  visible  west  of  Washington. 

The  Eclipse  will  begin  at  sunset  at  the  following  places :  Rochester. 
Harrisburg,  Washington,  Richmond,  and  Wilmington,  N.  C.  The 
Eclipse  will  be  at  the  largest  at  the  following  cities :  New  Orleans, 
Memphis,  Springfield,  111.,  Chicago,  and  Milwaukee,  at  the  instant 
of  sunset.  The  Eclipse  in  the  United  States  will  vary  in  size  from 
a  mere  contact  of  limb  to  9.75  digits.  It  will  be  largest  along  the 
Mississippi  river.  At  Washington  the  Sun  will  set  partially  eclipsed. 
From  Washington  west  to  the  Mississippi,  the  time  of  the  Eclipse 
will  vary  from  2  or  3  minutes  to  45  minutes  before  sunset.  The  to- 
6 


58 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


tal  Eclipse  will  commence  at  sunrise  in  Australia,  in  longitude  141° 
187  east  of  Greenwich,  and  latitude  34°  19'  south ;  and  will  end  at 
sunset  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in  latitude  24°  north,  and  longitude 
90°  41'  west  of  Greenwich.  This  Eclipse,  therefore,  will  be  visible 
throughout  the  whole  of  California,  and  in  most  of  the  southern, 
western,  and  middle  States. 

The  second  is  an  annular  Eclipse  of  the  Sun,  which  will  com- 
mence on  the  17th  of  September,  at  midnight  in  the  United  States. 
It  will  be  visible  in  a  large  portion  of  Asia,  a  part  of  Africa,  and  in 
the  whole  of  Australia.   It  will  be  invisible  in  the  United  States. 

MORNING  AND  EVENING  STABS. 

Until  May  10th,  Venus  will  be  the  Evening  Star,  then  Morning 
Star  the  balance  of  the  year.  Until  June  Tth,  Mars  will  be  the 
Evening  Star,  then  Morning  Star  the  remainder  of  the  year.  Until 
April  11th,  Jupiter  will  be  the  Evening  Star,  then  Morning  Star  un- 
til November  3d.  Saturn  will  be  the  Evening  Star  until  July  10th, 
then  Morning  Star  the  balance  of  the  year. 

MERCURY. 

This  planet  will  be  visible  in  the  west  soon  after  sunset,  on  or 
about  January  12th,  May  5th,  September  1st,  and  December  26th  ; 
in  the  east  it  will  be  visible  before  sunrise,  about  February  28th, 
June  29th,  and  October  19th. 

ROSSE'S  TELESCOPE. 

To  obtain  some  idea  of  the  immensity  of  the  universe,  let  us  look 
through  Lord  Rosse' s  telescope,  and  we  discover  a  star  in  the  infi- 
nite depth  of  space,  whose  light  is  3,500,000  years  in  traveling  to 
our  earth,  moving  at  the  velocity  of  12,000,000  of  miles  in  one  minute. 

THE  MILKY-WAY. 

The  number  of  telescopic  stars  in  the  milky-way  is  estimated  at 
eighteen  millions.  In  order,  I  will  not  say  to  reaiize  the  greatness 
of  this  number,  but,  at  any  rate,  to  compare  it  with  something  anal- 
ogous, I  will  call  attention  to  the  fact,  that  there  are  not  in  the 
whole  heavens  more  than  about  eight  thousand  stars  visible  to  the 
naked  eye.  Humboldt. 

THE  ASTEROIDS. 

M.  Lcverrier  states,  in  a  letter  to  the  French  Minister  of  Public 
Instruction,  that  he  is  firmly  persuaded  that  a  great  number  of  small 
planets  are  situated  between  Mars  and  Jupiter,  and  that  before  I860 
nearly  100  will  probably  be  discovered. 

ZODIACAL  LIGHT. 

It  is  said  that  one  of  the  incidental  results  of  the  Japan  expedi- 
tion is  the  discovery  that  the  Zodiacal  Light  is  a  belt  extending  en- 


AND  WEATHER  EOOK. 


59 


tirely  round  the  earth,  after  the  manner  of  Saturn's  rings.  Tiio 
matter  has  excited  a  good  deal  of  interest  among  astronomers,  some 
of  the  ahlest  of  whom  seem  to  consider  the  fact  established  by  the 
observations  taken. 

THE  CALENDAR. 

CHRONOLOGICAL  CYCLES. 

Dominical  Letter   D  Golden  Number  *   15 

Lunar  Cycle   15  Solar  Cycle   18 

Epact   4  Roman  Indiction   15 

Julian  Period   G571,  Age  of  the  World   5SC0 

MOVABLE  FEASTS  AND  FASTS  FOR  1857. 
Jan.  1,  Circumcision;  4,  2d  S.  aft.  Christmas;  6,  Epiphany;  11, 
1st  S.  aft.  Epiphany;  IS,  2d  S.  aft.  Epiphany;  25,  3d  S.  aft.  Epiph- 
any, and  Conv.  of  St.  PauL  Feb.  1,  4th  S.  aft.  Epiphany;  2,  Purif. 
of  Vir.  Mary ;  8,  Septuagesima  S.  ;  15,  Sexagesima  S. ;  22,  Quin- 
quagesima  S. ;  24,  St.  Matthias ;  25,  Ash-Wednesday.  Mabch  1 , 
1st  S.  in  Lent;  8,  2d  S.  in  Lent;  15,  3d  S.  in  Lent;  22,  4th  S.  in 
Lent ;  25,  Annun.  of  Yir.  Mary ;  29,  5th  S.  in  Lent.  Apeil  5,  S. 
before  Easter ;  10,  Good-Friday ;  11,  Easter-even ;  12,  Easter  Sun- 
day; 19,  1st  S.  aft.  Easter;  25,  St  Mark;  20,  2d  S.  aft  Easter; 
MayI,  Sts.  Philip  and  James;  3,  3d  S.  aft.  Easter;  10,  4th  S.  aft. 
Easter  ;  17,  5th  S.  aft.  Easter  ;  21,  Ascen6ion-day ;  24,  S.  aft.  Ascen- 
sion ;  31,  Whit-Sundav-  June 7,  Trinity  Sundav ;  11,  St.  Barnabas; 
14,  IstS.  aft.  Trin. ;  21,  2d  S.  aft,  Trin. ;  24,*Nativ.  of  St.  John 
the  Baptist;  28,  3d  S.  aft.  Trin. ;  29,  St.  Peter.  July  5,  4th  S.  aft 
Trin. ;  12,  5th  S.  aft.  Trin.  ;  19,  6th  S.  aft.  Trin. ;  25,  St.  James ; 
26,  7th  S.  aft.  Trin.  Aug.  2,  8th  S.  aft.  Trin.  ;  9,  9th  S.  after  Trin. ; 
16,  10th  S.  aft,  Trin.;  23,  11th  S.  aft  Trin. ;  24,  St.  Bartholomew; 
30,  12th  S.  aft.  Trin.  Sept.  6,  13th  S.  aft.  Trin.  ;  13,  14th  S.  aft. 
Trin. ;  20,  15th  S.  aft.  Trin.  ;  21,  St.  Matthew;  27, 16th  S.  aft.  Trin.; 
29,  St.  Michael  and  All  Angels.  Oct.  4,  17th  S.  aft.  Trin.  ;  11,  18th 
S.  aft.  Trin.  ;  18, 19th  S.  aft  Trin.,  and  St.  Luke  Evan.  ;  25,  20lhS. 
aft,  Trin.  ;  2S,  St  Simon  and  Jude.  Nov.  1,  21st  S.  aft.  Trin.,  and 
All  Saints ;  8,  22d  S.  aft  Trin.  ;  15,  23d  S.  aft.  Trin. ;  22,  24th  S. 
aft.  Trin. ;  29,  1st  S.  in  Advent;  30,  St  Andrew.  Dec.  6,  2d  S.  in 
Advent;  13,  3d  S.  in  Advent;  20,  4th  S.  in  Advent ;  21,  St  Thomas  ' 
25,  Christmas ;  26,  St.  Stephen ;  27,  1st  S.  aft  Christmas,  and  S 
John  Evan. ;  2S,  Innocents. 

COMPARISON  WITH  ANCIENT  ERAS. 

The  year  1857,  according  to  the  Mohammedan  theory  of  time,  is 
the  1273d  since  the  Hegira  or  flight  of  Mohammed. 

The  Alphonsine  tables  make  the  year  1857  the  7091st  from  the  cre- 
ation ;  the  Greek  church  makes  it  7365;  and  some  of  the  other 
Eastern  churches  make  it  7381.  The  Chinese  adopt  the  Sexagenary 
cycle  of  60  years,  giving  a  name  to  each  year ;  and  as  75  cycles  have 


60 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


now  passed  away  (their  era  commencing  in  2700  B.  C),  they  deem 
themselves  now  in  the  year  4557. 

The  year  1857  is  the  year  4953,  according  to  the  Hindoo  era  of  the 
Caliguy. 

The  Mexican  era  dates  the  year  1857  as  2947,  only  commencing 
1000  B.  C. 

According  to  the  Talmud,  the  year  1857  is  the  7202d  year  since 
the  creation  ;  to  the  Septuagint  the  7729th  ;  to  the  Samaritan  Pen- 
tateuch the*5o7th;  Dr.  Hales,  the  chronologist,  makes  itthe726Sth; 
and  the  Catholic  church,  following  the  best  authoritias,  designates 
it  as  the  5880th  year  since  the  creation,  and  lS57th  since  the  birth 
of  Christ. 

The  year  1857  is  the  2610th  year  from  the  foundation  of  Rome 
according  to  Varro. 

The  year  1857  is  the  latter  part  of  the  8 1st,  and  the  beginning  of 
ihe  82d  year  of  the  Independence  of  the  United  States  of  America. 

The  Jewish  year  5618  commences  September  19,  1857. 


CALENDAB  OF  THE  JEWS,  FOE  THE  YEAE  1857. 

Yon;-.    Names  of  Months. 

5317.    Thebet,  (begins)   Dec.   27,  1856. 

44           "      10th.  Fast  for  the  Si:ge  of  Jerusa- 
lem  Jan.     6,  1857. 

Sebat,  (begins)  Jan.    26,  44 

*4      Adar,  (begins)   Feb.  24,  44 

44     13th.  Fast  of  Esther   Mar.     9,  44 

"     14th.  Purim   Mar.  10,  44 

44        "    15ch.  Schuscan  Purim   Mar.  11,  " 

44      Nisan,  (begins)   Mar.  26,  44 

"         "     15th.  Begiuning  of  the  Passover   April   9,  44 

44         "     16th.  Second  Feast,  or  morrow  of  the 

Passover   .  April  10,  44 

11         44     21st.  Seventh  Feast   April  15,  44 

44         "     22d.  End  of  Passover   April  16,  44 

44      lyar,  (begins)   April  24,  44 

"        "     ISth.  Lag  Laomer   May   12,  44 

"      Sivan,  (begins)   May   24,  44 

"         "     6th.  Feast  of  Weeks  of  Pentecost          May  29,  44 

44         44     7th.  Second  Feast   May   30,  44 

44      Thammus,  (begins\  June  22,  44 

44        18th.  Fast  for  the  taking  of  the 

Temple   July     9,  " 

44      Ab,  (begins)   July  22,  44 

44       44  9th.  Fast  for  the  burning  of  the  Temple.  July  30,  44 
44      Ab-Elul,  (begins).   The  last  Month  of  the 

Jewish  Year   Aug.  20,  44 

5618.    Tisri,  (begins).  Feast  for  the  New  Year,         Sept.  19,  44 

44        44     2d.  Second  Feast  for  the  New  Year...  Sept.  20,  44 

44        44     3d.  Feast  of  Gedaljah   Sept.  21,  44 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


61 


5018.    Tisri,  10th.  Fast  of  the  Reconciliation  or 

Atonement                                      Sept.  28,  185T. 

"        "     15th.  Feast  of  the  Huts  or  Tabernacles  Oct.  S,  " 

14        **     16th.  Second  Feast  of  the  Huts             Oct.  4,  M 

44        44     21st.  Feast  of  Palms  or  Branches          Oct.  9,  44 

44        44     22d.  End  of  the  Hut  or  Congregation 

Feast                                           Oct.  10,  44 

44        44     23d.  Rejoicing  for  the  Discovery  of  the 

Law                                               Oct.  11,  44 

44      Marchesvan,  (begins)                                    Oct.  18,  44 

44      Chisleu,  (begins)                                          Nov.  17,  44 

14          44      25th.  Consecration  of  the  Temple .. .  Dec.  12,  44 

44      Thebet,  (begins)                                         Dec.  17,  44 

44          44      10th.  Fast  for  the  Siege  of  Jerusalem.  Dec.  27,  44 


The  Jewish  year  generally  contains  354  days,  or  12  lunations  of 
the  moon  ;  but  in  a  cycle  of  19  years  an  intercalary  month  (Veader) 
is  7  times  introduced  for  the  purpose  of  rendering  the  average  du- 
ration of  the  year  nearly  or  quite  correct. 

THE  GREGORIAN  YEAR,  AND  OLD  AND  NEW  STYLE. 

In  the  year  1752  the  new,  or  Gregorian  style,  which  makes  the 
year  commence  January  1st,  was  introduced.  The  civil  or  legal 
year  in  England  formerly  commenced  on  the  25th  of  March.  As 
some  nations  before  1752  had  adopted  the  new  style,  it  was  usual 
for  English  writers  to  designate  both  years,  if  the  event  occurred 
before  the  25th  of  March.  Thus  we  have  Washington's  birth-day 
designated  February  11th,  1731-2  ;  which  signifies  that  if  the  year 
commenced  the  25th  of  March,  it  would  be  February  11,  1731.  If 
the  year  commenced  January  1st,  it  would  be  February  11,  1732,  old 
style,  or  February  22d,  1732,  new  style. 

TIDE  TABLE. 

To  find  out  the  time  of  high  water  at  any  of  the  following  places, 
first  ascertain  the  time  of  high  water  in  New  York,  then  add  or  sub- 
tract the  following  time : 

n.M.  i  n.M. 

Albany   .add  6  34  Norfolk  sub.  1  41 

Annapolis,  Md  sub.  1  51  Plymouth  add  2  19 

Annapolis;  N.  S  add  1  49  Portland   44   1  39 

Amboy  sub.  0  39  Portsmouth   44   2  9 

Baltimore  add  5  7  Providence  sub.  0  41 

Bridgeport   44    2  7  Quebec,  Can  add  8  49 

Eastport   44   2  9  Richmond  sub.  2  25 

Halifax,  N.  S  sub.  2  15  Salem  add  2  19 

Hell  Gate  add  1  41  Sandy  Hook  sub.  0  50 

New  Bedford  sub.  1  40  St.  John,  N.  B  add  2  49 

New  Haven   add  2  04  Snnbury   44    0  19 

New  London  sub.  0  21  Windsor   44    2  49 

Newport   44    1  55  Marblehead   44   1  4$ 

The  above  table  is  liable  to  be  influenced  by  the  wind. 

G* 


62 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


THE  PERIODICAL  REVOLUTIONS,  DISTANCES  FROM 
THE  SUN,  ETC.,  OF  THE  PLANETS. 


Time  of  period- 
ical Revolution. 

YES.  D.  H.  M. 

0  87  23  15 
0  224  16  49 


0  5  48 
27  7  43 
321  22  IS 
98 


3  180 
3  207 
3  229 
3  248 
3  £53 
3  2S4 
3  285 
3  302 
3  305 

3  341 

4  52 
4  53 
4  55 
4  75 
4  114 
4  131 
4  1GG 
4  220 

4  227 

5  9 
5  1G 
5  189 

11  315  14 
29  1C4  7 
83  294  8 
1644 


Meau  dist.  i  Time  of 
from  the  Sun'  Rotation 
in  Eng.  miles,  upon  Axis, 


d.  n.  m. 
36,890,000  1  0  5 
68,770,000  0  23  21 
95,298,260 1  0  23  56 
95,298,260  27   7  43 


145,205,000 
209,826,000! 
218,900,000 ; 
222,273,000 
225,000,000, 
227,334,000 
227,387.000  j 

230,000,000; 

231,200,000 
233,100,000 
233,400,000' 
237,400,000, 
245,600,000 
245,800,000- 
246,070,000 
243,250,000 
252,300,000 
254,312,000 
258,000,000 
263,713,000, 
264,256^00 
279,500,000! 
280,300,000, 
297,530,000; 
495,917,000 
909,026,000' 
1,828,071,000 
2,862,457,000 1 


1    0  37 


0  9  55 
0  10  16 


Diameter 
in  Eng. 
Miles. 


The  time  of  the  sun's  rotation  on  his  axis  is  25  d.  7  h.  48 
his  diameter  is  887,076  miles. 


in.,  and 


TRUE  TIME. 

The  Sun  is  on  the  meridian  at  12  o'clock  on  four  days  only  in  the 
year.  It  is  sometimes  as  much  as  16}  minutes  before  or  after 
12,  when  its  shadow  strikes  the  noon-mark  on  the  sun-dial.  On  each 
calendar  page  of  this  Almanac  is  shown  the  exact  time  when  the  Sun 
reaches  the  meridian,  or  the  shadow  the  noon-mark ;  and  in  order 
to  set  a  clock  or  watch  correctly,  it  must,  when  it  is  noon  by  the 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


G3 


Bun-dial  or  noon-mark,  be  set  at  the  time  indicated  in  the  Almanac. 
Thus,  on  the  25th  of  January,  when  the  Sun  is  on  the  noon-mark 
the  watch  must  be  set  12  minutes  and  33  seconds  past  twelve,  which 
will  be  the  true  time.  The  practice  of  setting  time-pieces  by  the 
rising  or  the  setting  of  the  Sun  or  Moon  is  not  strictly  correct;  as 
the  unevenness  of  the  earth's  surface  and  intervening  objects,  such 
as  hills  or  forests,  near  the  points  of  rising  and  setting,  occasion  a 
deviation,  in  every  place,  from  the  time  expressed  in  the  Almanac, 
which  time  is  adapted  to  a  smooth,  level  horizon.  The  only  means 
of  keeping  correct  time  is  by  the  use  of  a  noon-mark,  or  a  meridian 
line, 

PHENOMENA,  ETC.,  FOR  1857. 

January  1,  ©  in  perigee ;  2,  %  i  ©  ;  5,  ©  perigee ;  9,  ^  6  ©  ;  15, 

5  gr.  elong.  E. ;  IT,  ©  apogee  ;  21,  g  stat.  ;  28,  ©  6  Z  ,  Iff.  stat. ;  29, 
©  6  9 ;  30,  ©  6  U,  ©  perigee;  31,  $  inf.  6  ©.  Feb.  5,  ©  6  ^ ;  8, 
Septuagesima ;  9,  JJl  □  0  ;  12,  $  6  2£  ;  14,  ©  apogee  ;  22,  Quinqua- 
gesima;  25,  Ash-Wednesday,  5  gr.  elong.  W.  ;  26,  ©  6  &  %  \  27,  $ 
gr.  elong.  E.,  ©  6  9.  Makcii  1,  Quadragesima;  8  stat. ;  14,  © 
apogee,  $  6  U  ;  26,  ©  perigee,  ©  6  H\  27,  ©  6  $ ;  28,  *>  □  0,  9  6  ©; 
31,©  6  ^  .  Apeil  4,  9  brightest ;  10,  Good  Friday,  ©  apogee,  $  sup.  6 
0;  11,  U  6  0  ;  12,  Easter  Sunday;  18,  ?  stat.  ;  21,  s  6  $;  24,  © 
perigee,  ©  6  $ ;  25,  ©  6  9  Til ;  27,  s  6  Jjl  ? ;  28,  ^  d  ©  ;  29,  6  9 
May  3,  ?  6  S ;  6,  $  6  JJl ;  7,  ©  apogee ;  8,  $  gr.  elong.  E.;  10,  9  in 
inf.  6  0;  15,  J£l  6  0  ;  17,  Rogation;  20,  $  stat. ;  21,  Ascension-day, 
©  6  H  ;  22,  ©  perigee,  ©  6  9  ;  23,  ©  <j  J|I  <f ;  24,  ©  6  S  ;  26,  ©  <J i  * ; 
30,  $  stat.;  31,  Pentecost.  June  1,  $  inf.  6  0  ;  4,  ©  apogee;  7, 
Trinity  Sunday,  $  6  0  ;  13,  $stat.,  ?  brightest  ;  18,  ©  6  2£,  ©  6  9; 
19,  ©  d  Jit,  ©  perigee ;  22,  ®  &  * ;  26,  $  gr.  elong.  W.  ;  29,  9  in  aph. 
JulyI,  0  apogee,  ©  apogee;  3,  9  6  Jjtl ;  10,  ^  6  0  ;  14,  $  6  $ ;  15, 
©  d  ^  ;  17,  ©  6  9  ,  ©  perigee ;  18,  $?  <J  *  ;  19,  s  gr.  elong.  W. ;  20,  © 

6  3 ,  ^  5  ;  24,  ^  sup.  6  Sun ;  27,  $  6  ^;  29,  ©  apogee.  Aug.  7,  U  a 
©  ;  12,  ©  6  if,  perigee;  15,  O  d  ^  ;  16,  ©  6  \  ;  IT,  ®  6  * ;  21,  ©  d 
5 ;  22,  IJC  □  ©  ;  26,  ©  apogee ;  29,  e  6  ^  ,  S  aph.  Sept.  4,  2;  stat. ; 
Jil  stat.,  §  gr.  elong.  E.  ;  7,  ©  perigee  ;  8,  ©  6  U  :  13,  ©  6  ^ ;  14,  c5 
©  3  ;  15,  ©  6  S ;  18,  5  stat.  ;  19,  ©  d  $ ;  23,  ©  apogee ;  30,  9  6  & . 
Oct.  1,  5  inf.  d  0  ;  4,  ©  perigee,  6  2f  ;  9,  s  stat, ;  10,  ©  <$  v,  14,  © 
6  9  5  ;  16,  2  gr.  elong.  W.;  19,  9  in  perihelion  ;  20,  ©  in  apogee;  21, 
*  □  ©.  Nov.  1,  ©  6  U  ;  2,  ©  in  perigee ;  3,  n  8  ©  ;  7,  ©  6  \ ;  9, 
*>  stat. ;  11,  ©  i  $ ;  14,  ©  6  9  ;  16,  ©  6  S  ;  17,  ©  in  apogee ;  19,  5 
sup.  6  ©,  lit  8  ©  ;  20,  3  in  aph.  ;  29,  Advent  Sunday,  ©  6  U  ;  30,  © 
6  Jil.  Deo.  1,  ©perigee  ;  4,  ©  6  ^ ;  10,  d  ©  3  ;  14,  ©  6  ? ,  ©  in 
apogee ;  17,  ©  6  5 ;  26,  ©  d  2£  ;  27,  ©  <J  ;  29,  a  gr.  elong.  E.,  ©  in 
perigee;  31,  u  stat.,  ©  in  perigee,  ©  6  ^  . 

CHARACTERS. 

0  ©#  Sua  ;  ©  Moon  ;  5  Mercury  ;  9  Venus  ;  ©  Earth  ;  $  Mars ; 
2^  Jupiter;  ^  Saturn  ;  Tjl  Uranus;  6  same  longitude,  or  near  each 
other ;  □  90°  apart ;  8  opposition,  or  ISO0  apart. 

Signs  of  the  Zodiac—  t  Aries;  3  Taurus;  n  Gemini;  o  Can- 


64 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


cer;  Q,  Leo;  TTJJ  Virgo  ;  =£=  Libra;  T7J,  Scorpio  ;  *  Sagittarius;  v3 
Capricorn  ;  ffff  Aquarius  ;  ^  Pisces. 

Aspects  and  Nodes. —  6  Conjunction;  *  Sextile,  60  degrees;  n 
Quartile,  90  degrees  ;  a  Trine,  120  degrees;  8  Opposition  ISO  ^ 
grees  ;  Q  Ascending  Node  ;  <J5  Descending  Node." 

THE  ATMOSPHERE. 

The  Globe  which  we  inhabit  is  everywhere  surrounded  by  a  thin, 
invisible,  elastic  fluid,  called  the  air  or  atmosphere.  It  has  been  es- 
timated that  the  gravity  of  our  earth  can  not  extend  to  a  greater 
altitude  than  45  miles  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  greatest  ele- 
vation is  in  the  equatorial  or  warmest  region  of  the  earth. 

Air,  when  the  barometer  stands  at  30  inches,  and  the  thermometer 
at  OOo  (which  is  always  understood  in  general  estimates),  is  328 
times  lighter  than  water. 

The  mean  pressure  of  the  atmosphere  Gaems  to  have  undergone 
no  change  since  observations  were  first  made  with  the  barometer  in 
1692.  In  England  it  was  ascertained  to  be  29.53,  which  is  nearly 
the  mean  height  observed  in  every  quarter  of  the  globe  at  present, 
after  making  allowance  for  the  altitude  of  the  place  of  observation 
above  the  level  of  the  sea.  No  change  in  the  constituent  portions 
of  the  atmosphere  has  been  observed. 

The  blue  color  of  the  sky  is  occasioned  by  the  aqueous  vapors 
which  are  always  mixed  with  air,  and  which  have  the  property  of 
reflecting  the  blue  rays  more  copiously  than  any  other. 


Column  of  Water  equal  to 

Latitude. 

Mean  Temperature. 

Column  of  Vapor  in 

Inches. 

0 

85 

8.315 

5 

84.0 

8.112 

10 

83.4 

7.809 

15 

81.4 

7.326 

20 

73.7 

6.717 

25 

75. 4 

6.037 

30 

71.5 

5.315 

35 

67.2 

4.611 

40 

62.7 

3.963 

45 

53 

3.385 

50 

53.3 

2.SS2 

55 

43.3 

2.463 

69 

44.5 

2.124 

65 

40.6 

1.851 

TO 

37.3 

1.647 

75 

34.6 

1.405 

80 

32.  C 

1.391 

85 

31.4 

1.332 

90 

31 

1.313 

From  extensive  Meteorological  observations,  it  appears  that  the 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


65 


moisture  of  the  atmosphere  can  not  assume  the  tangible  form  of 
dew,  rain,  mist,  or  clouds,  until  the  general  temperature  has  sunk 
0  degrees ;  for  instance,  if  it  is  86  in  the  day  time,  and  SO  during  the 
night,  there  will  be  a  plentiful  fall  of  dew  or  rain.  If  the  same 
change  takes  place  during  the  day,  it  indicates  rain.  The  above 
table  is  calculated  on  this  principle  for  every  degree  of  latitude  from 
the  equator  to  either  pole.  It  appears  that  if  the  whole  aqueous 
vapor  contained  in  the  air  at  the  equator  were  condensed  and  precipi- 
tated, it  would  cover  the  surface  of  the  earth  only  to  the  depth  of 
8.315  inches  ;  and  that  the  amount  diminishes  more  rapidly  than 
the  mean  temperature  as  we  advance  toward  either  pole. 


BRIEF  METEOROLOGICAL  FACTS. 

The  mean  height  of  the  barometer,  which  indicates  the  mean 
weight  or  pressure  of  the  atmosphere,  at  the  level  of  the  sea,  is  the 
same  in  every  part  of  the  globe. 

As  you  ascend  in  the  atmosphere,  the  barometer  constantly  de- 
scends. 

The  mean  temperature  of  the  earth's  surface  increases  gradually 
from  the  poles  to  the  equator. 

The  mean  temperature  of  the  atmosphere  decreases  gradually  and 
regularly  as  you  ascend  upward. 

The  barometer,  at  the  level  of  the  sea,  is  slightly  affected  by  the 
annual  or  diurnal  fluctuations  of  temperature  ;  but  in  the  higher  re- 
gions of  the  atmosphere  is,  on  the  contrary,  greatly  affected  by  them. 

The  heating  and  cooling  of  the  atmosphere,  by  the  changes  of  day 
and  night,  take  place  equally  throughout  its  mass. 

The  average  quantity  of  vapor  in  the  atmosphere  decreases  from 
below  upward,  and  from  the  equator  to  the  poles. 

The  western  coasts  of  the  extra-tropical  climates  have  a  much 
higher  mean  temperature  than  the  eastern  coasts. 

A  wind  generally  sets  from  the  sea  to  the  land  during  the  day, 
and  from  the  laud  to  the  sea  during  the  night,  especially  in  hot 
climates. 

Between  the  tropics  the  fluctuations  of  the  barometer  do  not  much 
exceed  one  quarter  of  an  inch,  while  beyond  this  space  they  reach 
to  three  inches. 

Iu  the  temperate  climates,  the  rains  and  the  winds  are  variable. 

As  we  advance  toward  the  polar  regions  we  find  the  irregularities 
of  the  wind  increased,  and  storms  and  calms  repeatedly  alternate, 
without  warning  or  progression. 

In  the  extra  tropical  climates,  a  fall  in  the  barometer  almost  al- 
ways precedes  a  period  of  rain,  and  indicates  a  change  or  accelera- 
tion of  the  aerial  currents. 

Barometers  situated  at  great  distances  from  each  other,  often  rise 
and  fall  together  with  great  regularity. 

More  than  two  currents  may  often  be  traced  in  the  atmosphere  at 
one  time,  by  the  motions  of  the  clouds,  etc. 


66 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


The  force  of  the  winds  does  not  always  decrease  as  the  elevation 
increases,  but,  on  the  contrary,  is  often  found  to  augment  rapidly. 

The  variations  of  the  barometer  are  less  in  high  situations  than 
in  those  at  the  level  of  the  sea. 

Northerly  winds  almost  invariably  raise  the  barometer,  while 
southerly  winds  as  constantly  depress  it. 

The  mean  height  of  the  barometer  varies  but  little  with  the 
changes  of  the  seasons. 

The  apparent  permanency  and  stationary  aspect  of  a  cloud  is  often 
an  optical  deception,  arising  from  the  solution,  of  moisture  on  one 
side,  and  its  precipitation  on  the  other. 

The  quantity  of  vapor  in  the  atmosphere  in  the  different  seasons 
of  the  year  (measured  on  the  surface  of  the  earth,  and  near  the 
level  of  the  sea)  follows  the  progress  of  the  mean  temperature. 

The  pressure  of  the  aqueous  atmosphere,  separated  from  that  of 
the  aerial,  generally  exhibits  directly  opposite  changes  to  the  latter. 

Great  falls  of  the  barometer  are  generally  accompanied  by  a  tem- 
perature above  the  mean  for  the  season,  and  great  rises  by  one  be- 
low the  same. 

The  temperature  of  the  earth  increases  as  you  dig  beneath  its  sur- 
face. The  general  inference  from  all  the  observations  made  in  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  earth,  is  that  there  is  an  increase  of  heat,  amount- 
ing to  about  1°  of  Fahrenheit  for  every  43  feet  in  depth  :  that  at  the 
depth  of  10,000  feet,  the  heat  would  be  sufficient  to  boil  water;  and 
that  at  the  depth  of  about  100  miles,  or  one  fortieth  part  of  the  dis- 
tance to  the  center,  the  heat  would  be  intense  enough  to  melt  most 
of  the  earths  and  stones  that  are  known  to  enter  into  the  composition 
of  the  globe. 

The  Will  o'  the  Wisp,  or  ignis-fatuus  (the  fire  of  pools)  which 
appears  at  night  on  marshy  grounds  or  places  of  sepulture,  and 
looks  like  a  small  flickering  light,  straggling  in  an  irregular  manner 
at  a  height  of  two  or  three  feet  from  the  surface,  and  sometimca 
standing  for  a  few  moments  over  a  particular  spot,  is  nothing  more 
than  spontaneously  ignited  phosphuretted  hydrogen  gas,  arisimg 
from  decomposing  substances  in  the  ground. 

The  Meteors,  commonly  called  falling  stars,  which  shoot  from 
the  upper  region  of  the  atmosphere,  are  ascribed  to  a  similar  origin ; 
they  are  masses  of  matter  inflated  with  phosphuretted  hydrogen 
gas,  which,  being  spontaneously  ignited,  shoot  in  a  downward  di- 
rection to  the  earth.  The  greatest  height  whence  they  como  is  not 
above  two  or  three  miles,  and  seldom  as  much. 

CLOUDS 

Have  been  arranged  by  Howard  "into  seven  classes,  and  designated 
as  follows : 

1.  The  Cirrus  or  Curl-cloud,  resembling  a  distended  lock  of  hair. 
It  consists  of  separate  fibrous-looking,  or  hair  like  stripes  of  cloud, 
parallel  to  each  other,  and  not  unfrequently  curled,  or  slightly  beni 
toward  one,  and  more  rarely,  toward  both  extremities.  In  appear- 
ance it  is  the  thinnest,  the  lightest,  and  the  most  rarified  of  all  the 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


07 


denominations  of  cloud;  and  in  conformity  with  its  appearance,  it 
occupies  a  more  elevated  region  in  the  atmosphere  than  any  of  the 
other  kinds,  floating  usually,  according  to  Dalton,  from  three  to 
five  miles  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  This  species  of  cloud  con- 
tinually changes  its  figure.  After  a  continuance  of  clear  weather 
the  cirrus  first  makes  its  appearance,  in  the  form  of  a  white  thread 
stretched  across  a  portion  of  the  sky.  To  this  line  others  are  suc- 
cessively added  laterally,  so  as  ultimately  to  present  the  appearanco 
of  a  numher  of  parallel  white  threads  of  cloud.  This  form  is  called 
the  linear  cirrus.  At  other  times,  in  addition  to  the  ahove,  lines  of 
the  same  kind  are  sent  off  in  oblique  or  transverse  directions,  so 
that  the  cloud  presents  the  appearance  of  net  work.  This  species 
is  called  the  reticulated  cirrus.  The  comoid  cirrus,  vulgarly  called 
the  mare's- tail  cloud,  is,  however,  the  proper  cirrus.  It  has  the 
appearance  of  a  distended  lock  of  white  hair,  or  of  a  bunch  of  wool 
-pulled  out  into  fine  pointed  ends,  whence  it  has  derived  its  name 
comoid. 

The  Cirrus  is  most  commonly  an  accompaniment  of  a  variable 
state  of  the  atmosphere,  and  often  forbodes  wind  and  rain.  In 
very  changeable  weather,  the  direction  of  the  tails  of  this  kind  of  cir- 
rus varies  considerably  in  the  course  of  a  few  hours.  When  the  tails 
have  a  constant  direction  toward  the  same  point  of  the  compass  for 
any  considerable  time,  it  has  been  frequently  observed,  that  a  galo 
has  sprung  up  from  the  quarter  to  which  they  had  pointed. 

2.  The  Cumulus,  or  stacken-cloud,  or  cloud  of  day,  as  it  is  some- 
times called,  is  characterized  by  a  flattened  base,  and  a  heaped  or 
cumulated  superstructure.  It  floats  at  a  much  lower  level  than  the 
cirrus,  varying  perhans  from  3,000  feet  to  two  miles  above  the  level 
of  the  sea.  In  its  appearance  it  is  the  most  picturesque  of  all  the 
denominations  of  cloud,  and  when  opposed  to  the  sun,  reflects  from 
its  piled  up  sides  a  brilliant  white  color  as  pure  as  that  of  snow. 

The  best  time  for  viewing  the  progressive  formation  of  the  ciimu- 
lus  is  in  fine  settled  weather.  .If  we  then  observe  the  sky  about  the 
time  of  sunrise,  or  soon  afterward,  we  shall  see  small  specks  of 
cloud  here  and  there  in  the  atmosphere.  These  often  appear  to  be 
the  result  of  small  gatherings,  or  concentrated  points  of  the  stratus 
or  evening  mist,  which,  rising  in  the  morning,  grow  into  small 
masses  of  cloud,  while  the  surrounding  atmosphere  becomes  clearer. 
As  the  sun  rises  these  clouds  get  larger — two  or  three  which  aro 
near  each  other  coalesce — and  at  length  a  large  cloud  is  formed, 
which,  assuming  a  cumulated  and  irregularly  hemispherical  shape, 
has  received  the  name  of  cumulus  or  stacken-cloud.  This  may 
properly  be  denominated  the  cloud  of  day,  as  it  usually  subsides  in 
the  evening  in  a  manner  which  proves  the  exact  counterpart  to  its 
formation  in  the  morning.  It  breaks  up  into  small  fragments  and 
evaporates,  and  is  succeeded  again  by  the  stratus  or  fall-cloud, 
which  has  been  called  the  cloud  of  night  by  some  writers,  on  ac- 
count of  the  period  in  which  it  prevails. 

There  are  some  varieties  in  the  forma  of  the  cumulus  which 
deserve  particular  notice,  as  they  seem  to  be  connected  with  eleo- 


68 


NEW  YORE  ALMANAC 


trical  phenomena.  In  some  kinds  of  fine  weather,  when  these 
clouds  form  soon  after  sunrise,  increase  through  the  day,  and  sub- 
side in  the  evening,  they  are  of  a  more  hemispherical  form  than 
when  they  occur  in  changeable  weather.  "When  these  well-formed 
cumuli  prevail  during  many  days  together,  the  weather  is  settled, 
and  the  atmospherical  electronometer  has  been  observed  not  to  vary 
much  in  its  indications.  These  cumuli  are  whitish  colored,  and  re- 
flect a  fine  strong  silvery  light  when  opposed  to  the  sun.  The  cumuli 
which  are  seen  in  the  intervals  of  showers  are  more  variable  in  form ; 
they  are  more  fleecy,  and  have  irregular  protuberances.  Sometimes 
they  are  of  a  blackish  color,  like  the  clouds  which  the  sailors  call 
scud,  and  at  other  times  they  seem  of  a  tuberculated  form.  Cumuli 
may  at  any  time  increase  so  as  to  obscure  the  sky. 

3.  The  Stratus  or  Fall-cloud,  or  Cloud  of  Night,  as  it  is 
sometimes  called  from  the  time  it  makes  its  appearance,  are  the 
meteorological  names  given  to  fogs  and  mists,  which,  in  extensive 
sheets,  chiefly  during  the  night,  cover  tb,e  earth's  surface,  and  dis- 
appear usually  in  the  morning  with  the  advancing  temperature  of 
day.  Sometimes,  particularly  in  calm  weather,  and  during  the 
coldest  period  of  the  year,  when,  owing  to  the  obliquity  of  the  sun's 
rays,  his  influence  is  not  sufficiently  strong  to  dissipate  them,  this 
species  of  cloud  rests  upon  the  earth's  surface,  perhaps  for  a  week 
or  a  fortnight,  without  intermission. 

The  best  opportunity  for  observing  the  formation  of  the  stratus, 
is  on  a  fine  still  evening,  after  a  hot  day  in  the  end  of  summer  or 
beginning  of  autumn,  at  which  time  this  species  of  cloud  is  very 
prevalent.  We  shall  then  observe  that  as  the  cumuli,  which  have 
prevailed  through  the  day,  decrease,  a  white  mist  forms  by  degrees 
close  to  the  ground,  or  extends  only  for  a  short  distance  above  it. 
This  cloud  arrives  at  its  density  about  midnight,  or  between  that 
time  and  morning,  and  it  generally  disappears  after  sunrise.  The 
stratus  has  often  been  found  positively  electrified,  and  its  compo- 
nent particles  do  not  wet  leaves  or  other  substances  connected  with 
the  earth  below  it,  and  probably  the  air  above  it  contained  a  nega- 
tive countercharge.  The  stratus  should  be  distinguished  from  that 
variety  of  the  cirro-stratus  or  wane-cloud  which  looks  much  like  it 
in  external  appearances,  and  which  has  usually  a  similar  state  of 
electricity  with  the  earth.  The  criterion  whereby  we  may  judge 
to  which  of  the  two  modifications  to  refer  a  mist,  is,  that  the  stratus 
does  not  wet  objects  it  alights  on,  but  the  cirro-stratus  moistens 
every  thing. 

4.  The  Cirro-cumulus,  or  sonder-cloud,  consists  of  small,  roundish, 
well-defined  masses  of  clouds  separated  or  sometimes  only  nearly 
separated  from  each  other,  and  closely  arranged  in  extensive  hori- 
zontal beds.  This  cloud  has  more  resemblance  to  the  cumulus  than 
to  the  cirrus.  In  fact  it  seems  to  consist  of  small,  imperfectly  or 
flatly  formed  cumuli  arranged  in  horizontal  beds.  This  cloud  is 
subject  to  some  varieties  in  the  size  and  figure  of  its  orbicular 
masses,  and  in  their  nearer- or  more  distant  approximation  to  each 
ether.    Its  most  striking  feature  is  observable  before  or  about  the 


AND  "WEATHER  BOOK. 


69 


time  of  thunder-storms  in  summer.  The  component  nubcculcs  are 
then  very  dense  in  their  structure,  very  round  in  their  form,  and  in 
closer  apposition  than  usual.  This  kind  of  sonder-cloud  is  so  com- 
monly a  forerunner  of  storms  that  it  has  frequently  been  spoken  of 
by  poets  as  a  tempestuous  prognostic.  In  rainy  and  variable 
weather  a  variety  of  this  cloud  appears,  strikingly  contrasted  with 
the  above-mentioned  kind,  being  of  a  light  fleecy  texture,  and  its 
nubeculce  having  no  very  regular  form.  Under  these  circum- 
stances it  is  sometimes  so  light  and  flimsy  in  its  texture  as  to  ap- 
proach very  nearly  to  the  nature  of  the  cirro-stratus.  Sometimes 
this  kind  of  cirro-cumulus  consists  of  nubecula  so  small  as  scarcely 
to  be  discernible ;  the  sky  seems  speckled  with  innumerable  little 
round  white  and  almost  translucid  spots.  The  cirro-cumulus  of 
fair  summer  weather  is  of  a  middle  nature,  neither  being  so  dense 
as  the  stormy  variety,  nor  so  light  as  the  one  last  described.  Its 
nubeculce  vary  in  size  and  in  the  degree  of  their  proximity.  In  cer- 
tain kinds  of  fine  dry  weather,  with  light  gales  of  north  and  easterly 
winds,  small  detachments  of  cirro-cumulus  rapidly  form  and  subside 
again  which  do  not  lie  in  one  plane,  but  in  general  these  clouds  are 
in  horizontal  arrangement.  The  formation  of  cirro-cumulus  i3 
either  spontaneous,  that  is,  unpreceded  by  any  other  cloud ;  or,  2d, 
it  may  result  from  the  changes  of  some  other  modification.  Thus 
the  ciniis  or  cirro-stratus  often  changes  into  cirro-cumulus,  and 
vice  versa.  When  this  cloud  prevails  in  summer,  we  may  in  gen- 
eral anticipate  an  increase  of  temperature ;  and  in  winter  it  often 
precedes  the  breaking  up  of  a  frost,  and  indicates  warm  and  wet 
weather.  In  warm  weather,  during  summer,  several  extensive 
beds  of  this  cloud,  ranged  in  different  altitudes,  and  viewed  by 
moonlight,  have  a  very  beautiful  and  picturesque  appearance,  and 
have  been  compared  by  poets  to  a  flock  of  sheep  at  rest.  The  cirro- 
cumulus  either  subsides  slowly,  as  if  by  evaporation,  or  it  changes 
into  some  other  modification  of  cloud. 

5.  The  Cirro-stratus  or  wane  cloud.  The  form  of  this  cloud, 
which  is  least  apt  to  be  confounded  with  that  of  other  denomina- 
tions, is  often  seen  on  fine  summer  evenings,  when  it  presents  the 
appearance  of  a  bed  or  layer  of  cloud  of  considerable  length,  but 
neither  broad  nor  deep,  and  seemingly  stationaiy  at  a  great  altitude 
above  the  earth's  surface.  All  the  varieties  of  this  cloud  are  char- 
acterized by  shallowness,  or  great  horizontal  extent,  in  proportion 
to  their  vertical  depth  ;  so  that  when  the  cirrus,  or  any  other  cloud, 
is  observed  to  assume  this  form,  we  may  generally  expect  that  it 
will  end  in  a  cirro-stratus.  The  cirrus,  for  example,  having  existed 
some  time  in  the  higher  regions  of  the  atmosphere,  often  descends 
lower ;  its  fibers  become  more  regularly  horizontal ;  and  it  puts  on 
by  degrees  the  character  of  the  wane-cloud.  The  cirrus  more  fre- 
quently changes  to  the  cirro-stratus  than  the  cirro-cumulus  does, 
and  the  cirro-cumulus  more  frequently  than  the  cumulus. 

The  cirro-stratus  being  once  formed  sometimes  reassumes  the 
character  of  the  modification  from  which  it  originated,  but  more 
frequently  it  evaporates  by  degrees,  or,  by  inosculating  with  some 

7 


70 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


other  modification,  produces  the  twain-cloud  and  eventually  falls  in 
rain. 

The  cirro-stratus  seldom  remains  long  in  the  same  form,  bnt  is 
observed  to  be  constantly  subsiding  by  degrees;  hence  it  has  been 
called  the  wane  cloud  from  the  old  English  verb  to  wane  or  waste  away. 
There  are  many  varieties  in  the  figure  of  the  cirro-stratus,  some  of 
which  are  more  transitory  than  others.  Sometimes  this  cloud  is 
disposed  in  wavy  bars  or  streaks  in  close  horizontal  opposition,  and 
these  bars  vary  almost  infinitely  in  size  and  shape.  A  flat,  and 
nearly  horizontal,  cloud,  composed  of  such  streaks  is  very  common, 
particularly  in  variable  weather  in  summer.  The  bars  which  com- 
pose this  variety  are  generally  compressed  in  the  middle,  and  are 
more  distinct  toward  the  edges.  A  variety  not  unlike  this  is  seen  on 
fine  summer  evenings,  and  constitutes  what,  has  been  denominated 
the  mackerel-backed  sky.  It  is  often  very  high  in  the  atmosphere. 
We  have  observed  that,  on  ascending  lofty  mountains,  the  apparent 
distance  of  this  cloud  seems  scarcely  diminished,  while  the  cumulus- 
or  stacken-cloud  has  been  sailing  along  on  a  level  with  the  point  of 
observation  or  even  below  it.  Another  common  variety  of  cirro- 
stratus  differs  from  the  last  in  being  one  plane  and  long  streak, 
thickest  in  the  middle,  and  wasting  away  at  its  edges.  This,  when 
viewed  in  the  horizon,  seems  to  alight  on  the  tops  of  the  cumulo 
stratus,  and  in  these  cases  the  density  of  the  large  twain  cloud 
increases  in  proportion  as  these  long  wane  clouds  form  and  evap- 
orate on  their  summits ;  a  circumstance  which  looks  as  if  the  great 
density  of  the  cloud  depended  on  the  inosculation  and  subsequent 
intermixture  of  the  two  different  modifications  with  each  other. 
The  result  of  this  intermixture,  and  the  consequent  density  of  the 
cloudy  mass,  is  eventually  the  formation  of  the  nimbus  and  the  fall  of 
rain.  Another  principal  variety  of  the  cirro-stratus  is  one  which  con- 
cists  of  small  rows  of  little  clouds*  curved  in  a  peculiar  manner.  It 
is  called  the  cr/moid  cirro-stratus^  and  it  is  a  sure  indication  of  stormy 
weather.  The  last  variety  of  cirro-stratus  to  be  mentioned,  is  that 
large  and  shallow  vail  of  cloud,  which  extensively  overspreads  the 
sky,  particularly  in  the  evening  and  during  {he  night,  and  through 
which  the  sun  and  moon  but  faintly  appear.  It  is  in  this  cloud  that 
those  peculiar  refractions  of  the  sun  and  moon's  light  called  halos, 
mock-suns,  etc,  usually  appear,  and  which  is  the  surest  prognostic 
we  are  acquainted  with  of  an  impending  fall  of  rain  or  snow.  To  these 
principal  varieties  of  the  cirro-stratus  others  less  frequent  might  be 
added ;  but  as  their  forms  are  almost  innumerable,  every  meteor- 
ologist must  observe  them  for  himself.  The  usual  termination  of 
the  cirro-stratus  is,  by  forming  an  intimate  union  with  some  other 
cloud  to  produce  rain.  In  general,  therefore,  the  prevalence  of  tho 
wane  cloud  is  always  a  sign  of  a  fall  of  rain  or  snow.  At  other 
times  this  cloud  evaporates  or  changes  into  somo  other  modification, 
as  previously  observed. 

6.  The  Cumulo-stratuSi  or  twain-cloud,  is  a  compound  of  the 
cumulus  and  the  cirro-stratus ;  the  cirro-stratus  being  either  inter- 
mingled with  the  cumulus  or  widely  extending  its  base,  so  tha: 


AND  "WEATHER  BOOK. 


71 


while  the  base  is  fiat  and  united  like  the  cirro-stratus,  the  super- 
structure resembles  large  cumuli,  rising  from  the  base  in  the  forms 
of  detached  mountains  and  rocks.  The  cumulo-stratus  may  be 
always  regarded  as  a  stage  toward  the  production  of  rain,  and  it 
forms  in  the  following  manner :  The  cumulus  which  in  form  passes 
along  in  the  current  of  the  wind,  seems  retarded  in  its  progress, 
increases  in  density,  spreads  out  laterally,  and  at  length  overhangs 
the  base  in  dark  and.  irregular  protuberances;  The  change  to  the 
cumulo-stratus  often  takes  place  at  once  in  all  the  cumuli  which 
are  near  to  each  other ;  and  their  bases  uniting,  while  the  super- 
structures remain  asunder,  rising  up  with  mountain-like  or  rocky 
summits,  the  whole  phenomena  has  a  fanciful  appearance.  The 
change  from  cumulus  to  cumulo-stratus  is  often  preceded  by  cirro- 
stratus,  or  some  other  of  the  lighter  modifications,  coming  over  in 
an  upper  current,  and  alighting  on  the  summit  of  the  cumulus. 
Long  lines  of  wane  cloud  often  appear  for  a  length  of  time  at- 
tached transversely  to  the  summits  of  the  twain-cloud,  and  give 
them  the  appearance  of  being  transfixed  by  shafts.  Cumuli  some- 
times meet  together,  and  begin  to  be  arranged  along  with  joined 
bases  without  acquiring  the  dense  black  color  of  the  cumulo-stratus, 
and  as  the  change  is  gradual,  we  may  view  the  cloud  in  an  inter- 
mediate state.  Twain-clouds  vary  somewhat  in  appearance.  Those 
in  which  hard  hail-showers  and  thunder-storms  form,  look  ex- 
tremely black  before  the  change  to  rain,  and  have  a  most  pictu- 
resque but  menacing  aspect,  as  they  are  seen  slowly  coming  up  with 
the  wind.  The  cumulo-stratus  sometimes  evaporates  or  changes 
again  to  cumulus,  and  sometimes  it  forms  itself  spontaneously, 
without  the  precurrence  of  any  other  cloud,  and  disappears  again. 
But  in  general,  it  ends  at  last  in  the  nimbus  and  falls  in  rain.  Fre- 
quently in  a  long  range  of  these  clouds,  one  part  changes  into 
nimbus,  and  rains,  while  the  other  remains  a  cumulo-stratus. 
Having  given  this  sketch  of  the  modifications,  it  must  be  observed, 
that  masses  of  clouds  sometimes  appear  hardly  referable  to  any  of 
them,  but  even  then,  if  watched  long  enough,  they  will  be  found  to 
put  on  sufficient  of  the  character  of  some  of  the  modifications  to  be 
registered  under  its  name. 

4.  The  Cumulo-ci)TO-stratus,  or  nimbus,  or  rain-cloud,  is  that 
cloud  or  aggregation  of  clouds  from  which  rain  is  falling.  It  usually 
presents  the  appearance  of  a  horizontal  layer  of  aqueous  vapor, 
over  which  clouds  of  the  cirro-stratus  kind  are  spread ;  while  other 
clouds  of  the  cumulus  form  enter  it  laterally  and  from  beneath. 

Any  of  the  six  above-described  modifications  may  increase  so  as  to 
obscure  the  sky,  without  ending  in  rain,  before  which  the  peculiar 
characteristic  of  the  rain-cloud  may  always  be  distinguished.  The 
best  manner  of  getting  a  clear  idea  of  the  formation  of  the  nimbus, 
is  by  observing  a  distant  shower,  in  profile,  from  its  first  formation  to 
its  fall  in  rain.  We  may  then  observe  the  cumulus  first  arrested,  as  it 
were,  in  its  progress,  then  a  cirrus  or  cirro-stratus  may  appear  to 
alight  on  the  top  of  it.  The  change  to  cumulo-stratus  then  goes  on 
rapidly,  and  this  cloud,  increasing  in  density,  assumes  that  black 


72  NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 

and  threatening  appearanee  which  is  a  known  indication  of  rain. 
Shortly  afterward  the  very  intense  blackness  is  changed  for  a  more 
gray  obscurity,  and  this  is  the  criterion  of  the  actual  formation  of 
water,  which  now  begins  to  fall,  while  a  cirriform  crown  of  fibera 
extends  from  the  upper  parts  of  the  clouds,  and  small  cumuli 
enter  into  the  under  parts.  After  the  shower  has  spent  itself,  the 
different  modifications  appear  again  in  their  several  stations ;  the 
cirrus,  cirro-stratus,  or  perhaps  the  cirro-cumulus,  appears  in  tho 
higher  regions  of  the  air,  while  the  remaining  part  of  the  broken 
nimbus  assumes  the  form  of  a  flocky  cumulus,  and  sails  along  in 
the  current  of  wind  which  is  next  the  earth.  When  large  cumulo- 
strati  begin  to  appear  again,  they  indicate  a  return  of  the  rain ;  and 
these  processes  are  constantly  going  on  in  showery  weather,  when 
rapid  formation  and  destruction  of  rain-clouds  goes  on  and  is  at- 
tended by  the  other  modifications  in  succession,  in  the  manner 
above  described.  In  continued  rainy  days,  we  can  not  observe  the 
upper  parts  of  the  nimbus,  which  extends  for  miles  over  large  tracts 
of  country ;  but  we  have  no  doubt  that  the  same  processes  go  on 
slower  and  on  a  larger  scale  in  continued  rainy  weather,  which  are 
more  conspicuous  in  the  rapid  and  partial  formation  of  showers. 

DEW. 

From  Dr.  Wells's  observations,  it  appears  that  a  thermometer  laid 
upon  grass  during  calm  clear  nights,  exhibits  an  atmospheric  tem- 
perature lower  by  some  ten  degrees  than  one  suspended  in  the  air 
some  four  feet  above  the  grass.  It  was  further  found  that  the  at- 
mospheric temperature  continues  gradually  to  rise  according  to  a 
diminishing  ratio,  in  ascending  perpendicularly  above  four  feet,  so 
that  at  the  altitude  of  220  feet,  tho  atmosphere,  on  favorable  nights, 
exhibited  a  thermometrie  temperature  as  much  as  ten  degrees  higher 
than  it  did  at  four  feet  above  the  ground. 

This  coldness  on  the  earth's  surface  is  the  cause  of  the  deposition 
of  dew.  The  moist  particles  floating  in  the  atmosphere  become  con- 
densed, and  bathe  all  the  surrounding  objects  in  moisture.  On  cer- 
tain nights  seemingly  favorable,  from  the  calmness  of  the  air  and 
the  clearness  of  the  sky,  to  the  deposition  of  dew,  neither  dew  nor 
mist  may  make  their  appearance.  This,  which  is  of  frequent  occur- 
rence in  inland  dry  countries,  is  owing  to  an  unusual  dryness  or  un- 
saturated condition  of  the  atmosphere,  so  that  there  is  nothing  to 
condense. 

F033. 

Are  produced  by  a  general  sinking  of  the  atmospheric  temperament, 
and  occur  most  frequently  when  the  temperature  is  rapidly  declin- 
ing upon  the  approach  or  during  the  depth  of  winter.  Their  forma- 
tion may  commence  at  any  altitude  above  the  earth's  surface  where 
the  atmosphere,  upon  the  reduction  of  its  temperature,  becomes 
first  ovcrsaturated,  upon  which  condition  their  existence  depends. 
Damp  low-lying  countries,  where  the  air  is  frequently  loaded  with 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


73 


moisture,  and  where  tlfe  sinking  of  temperature  in  the  fall  of  the 
year  is  considerable,  are  most  subject  to  fogs. 

There  is  a  species  of  fog  which  may  be  seen  floating  over  the  sur- 
face of  canals  and  deep  pools  in  a  calm  morning  after  a  clear  frosty 
night,  upon  the  first  introduction  of  cold  weather  in  the  fall  of  the 
year.  It  arises  from  the  surface  of  water  being  warmer  than  the  in- 
cumbent atmosphere.  The  temperature  of  the  moisture  evaporated 
in  such  cases  from  the  warm  watery  surface  below,  sinks  upon  in- 
termixing with  the  colder  atmosphere  immediately  above ;  and  so 
soon  as  the  air  thus  supplied  with  humidity  becomes  oversaturated, 
this  species  of  fog  begins  to  show  itself.  The  fog  or  haze  which 
makes  its  appearance  over  the  sea,  when  its  surface  is  warmer  than 
the  incumbent  atmosphere,  is  identical  with  the  above. 

Fogs  on  the  coast  of  North  America,  and  particularly  along  tho 
course  of  the  Gulf  Stream,  are  produced  by  cold  winds  blowing 
from  northern  latitudes  and  resting  on  the  comparatively  warm  sur- 
face of  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  Along  the  track  by  which  the  Gulf 
Stream  conveys  an  immense  body  of  water  from  the  equatorial 
toward  the  polar  regions,  fogs  are  of  the  commonest  occurrence. 
The  thermometer  proves  that  the  Gulf  Stream  is  several  degrees 
warmer  than  other  parts  of  the  Atlantic  equally  distant,  from  the 
equator. 

Fog  sometimes  make3  its  appearance  at  sea  in  opposite  circum- 
stances to  those  last  mentioned,  viz.  :  when  the  atmosphere  is 
wanner  than  the  surface  of  the  sea.  This  may  occur  when  the  wind 
subsides  after  blowing  with  force  for  a  day  or  two  over  a  sea  sur- 
face, from  a  warm  toward  a  colder  latitude,  and  more  particularly 
after  blowing  during  summer  from  a  southerly,  heated,  and  damp 
land  surface  toward  the  ocean,  and  a  colder  latitude.  If  in  either 
of  these  cases  the  superior  coldness  of  the  surrounding  surface  of 
the  ocean  be  communicated  to  the  incumbent  atmosphere  in  sufficient 
intensity  to  produce  over-saturation,  fog  begins  to  appear. 

Another  way  in  which  a  limited  portion  of  the  surface  of  the  ocean 
is  frequently  rendered  much  colder  than  the  incumbent  atmosphere, 
is  when  large  icebergs,  frozen  in  some  bay  or  inlet,  are  carried  out 
to  sea,  ar.  1  transported  by  winds,  tides,  and  currents  to  a  warmer 
climate.  The  same  thing  also  happens  when  great  quantities  of  ice, 
frozen  in  some  large  river,  such  as  the  St.  Lawrence,  are  carried  by 
its  current  to  the  ocean  upon  the  breaking  up  of  the  frost.  In 
places  and  seasons  of  the  year  where  icebergs  are  to  be  apprehended, 
such  as  near  the  coast  of  Newfoundland  during  the  latter  half  of  spring 
or  beginning  of  summer,  this  species  of  fog,  accompanied  by  a  sud- 
den and  otherwise  inexplicable  coldness,  gives  warning  to  the  mar- 
iner during  the  night  of  his  being  in  the  vicinity  of  icebergs.  In 
such  cases  vessels  generally  lie-to,  and  await  the  return  of  daylight. 
This  kind  of  fog,  like  the  preceding,  begins  to  present  itself  when- 
ever the  coldness  of  the  surrounding  ocean  is  communicated  to  the 
atmosphere  in  sufficient  intensity  to  produce  over-saturation. 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


SNOW. 

The  formation  of  snow  is  too  obvious  to  need  any  particular  ex- 
planation. It  is  simply  congealed  rain,  frozen  particles,  precipitated 
from  the  clouds,  and  preserved  by  the  coldness  of  the  atmosphere 
in  a  frozen  state  until  they  reach  the  earth.  The  process  can  be 
exemplified  on  a  small  scale  by  the  admission  of  a  current  of  the 
external  air,  much  below  the  freezing  point,  into  a  heated  apartment 
loaded  with  aqueous  vapor.  Dr.  Robertson  states,  that  in  a  crowded 
assembly  room,  at  St.  Petersburg,  a  stream  of  cold  air  was  acci- 
dentally admitted  into  the  room  by  a  gentleman  breaking  a  pane  of 
glass,  on  which  the  vapor  in  the  air  was  immediately  congealed,  and 
fell  in  the  form  of  snow-flakes. 

SLEET; 

Is  caused  by  the  frozen  flakes  of  snow  falling  through  a  warmer  at- 
mosphere than  that  in  which  they  were  formed.  The  snow,  by  the 
time  it  reaches  the  surface  of  the  earth,  is  partly  melted,  and  has 
received  the  name  of  sleet. 

RAIN. 

Provided  other  things  be  equally  favorable,  the  annual  amount  of 
rain  that  falls,  and  the  heaviness  of  the  showers,  are  greatest  at  the 
equator,  and  diminish  as  we  recede  toward  either  pole.  The  reason 
of  this  is  obvious,  when  it  is  considered  that  the  aqueous  capacity 
of  the  atmosphere,  and  evaporation,  the  process  by  which  it  is  sup- 
plied with  humidity,  increase  with  warmth  of  climate  ;  and  accord- 
ingly, that  an  equal  reduction  of  temperature,  or  an  equal  inter- 
mixture of  different  portions  of  saturated  air  of  different  tempera- 
tures, will  produce  a  greater  precipitation  of  humidity  from  the  at- 
mosphere in  a  warm  than  in  a  cold  climate  ;  but  although  the  annual 
amount  of  rain  be  greater,  the  number  of  rainy  days,  that  is,  days 
on  which  rain  falls  without  reference  to  its  quantity,  is  greatest  in 
cold  climates.  This  seems  to  be  owing  to  the  greater  uncertainty 
in  the  direction  and  force  of  the  winds  as  we  recede  further  from 
the  torrid  zone.  Indeed,  in  all  climates  lying  within  the  30th  par- 
allel of  latitude,  rainy  weather  is  for  the  most  part  restricted  to  par- 
ticular seasons  of  the  year  ;  so  that  there  are  usually  annual  periods 
of  four,  five,  six,  or  eight  successive  months,  during  which  little  or 
no  rain  falls.  And  even  in  all  inland  countries  beyond  the  30th 
parallel  of  latitude,  rainy  weather  is  more  or  less  restricted  to  par- 
ticular seasons  of  the  year  ;  and  this  seems  to  be  owing  to  the  prev- 
alent direction  of  the  winds  during  such  periods  being  unfavorable 
to  the  production  of  rain. 

In  general,  the  nearer  the  sea,  the  more  elevated  the  situation, 
and,  if  not  on  a  hill,  the  nearer  its  vicinity,  and  the  more  prevalent 
the  direction  of  the  wind  is  from  the  sea,  especially  if,  while  coming 
from  the  sea,  it  blows  from  a  southerly  direction  in  the  northern 
hemisphere,  and  from  a  northerly  direction  in  the  southern  hemi- 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


75 


sphere,  the  greater  is  the  annual  amount  of  rain  for  the  latitude. 
On  the  contrary,  the  further  distant  from  the  sea,  and  the  flatter 
and  more  low-lying  the  country,  and  particularly  if  mountains  in- 
tervene (and  the  higher  the  better)  between  the  place  of  observation 
and  the  sea,  and  these  be  distant  from  the  place  of  observation  at 
least  twenty  miles,  the  less  rain  ought  to  fall  for  the  latitude. 

The  localities  where  the  greatest  amount  of  rain  falls  for  the  lati- 
tude, is  probably  on  mountains  near  the  sea  of  the  height  of  2,000 
feet  and  upward  in  warm  climates  ;  and  1,500  feet  and  upward  in  tem- 
perate latitudes.  The  quantity  of  rain  which  falls  on  mountainous 
spots  is  inferred  from  the  fact  that  mountains  give  birth  to  almost  all 
the  large  rivers  in  the  world,  and  are'  frequently  enveloped  in  clouds 
while  the  surrounding  atmosphere  is  clear  and  cloudless.  It  is  not 
unusual  for  rain  to  descend  in  torrents  on  the  mountains  even  in  the 
dry  season,  while  not  a  drop  can  be  detected  in  the  valley  beneath. 

If  mountains  varying  in  height  from  1,200  to  3,000  feet,  lie  imme- 
diately to  the  leeward  of  any  place,  or  even  suppose  a  place  to  be 
entirely  surrounded  by  such,  instead  of  affording  protection  from 
rain,  they  greatly  increase  its  amount.  The  excess  of  rain  in  the 
vicinity  of  mountains,  is  owing  to  the  influence  of  their  ruggad 
summits  and  irregular  intersecting  valleys,  in  producing  a  gener- 
ally agitated  state  of  the  atmosphere,  and  a  conflict  of  aerial  cur- 
rents moving  in  somewhat  different  directions.  The  mechanical 
effect  of  such  circumstances  is  to  drive  them  together,  and  congre- 
gate the  component  vesicles  of  clouds  into  drops  of  rain,  and  there- 
by accelerate  their  descent  to  the  earth. 

As  the  aggregate  amount  of  heat  which  the  earth  annually  re- 
ceives from  the  sun,  and  the  amount  of  moisture  annually  evapo- 
rated from  the  earth* a  surface,  probably  undergo  little  or  no  varia- 
tion, the  aggregate  amount  of  rain  which  falls  on  the  earth's 
surface,  must  in  like  manner  be  similar  every  year.  Hence  it  may 
be  inferred  that  wetter  seasons  than  usual  in  one  climate  or  country 
are  balanced  by  drier  ones  elsewhere.  Such  differences  are  wholly 
to  be  ascribed  to  variations  in  the  direction  and  force  of  the  winds 
in  different  seasons. 

It  is  recorded  upon  authentic  evidence  that  rain  sometimes  of  a 
yellow  or  red  color  has  been  observed  to  fall  in  various  places.  In 
these  cases,  the  coloring  matter  appears  to  have  been  derived  from 
vegetable  pollen,  transported  by  winds,  and  rained  on  the  earth. 
Snow  of  a  red  color  has  also  been  observed  in  Iceland.  The  color- 
ing matter  in  this  case  was  imputed  to  a  mixture  of  red  ashes, 
ejected  during  a  volcanic  eruption  in  the  neighborhood.  It  is  also 
caid  to  b  :  recorded  upon  authentic  evidence,  that  during  a  strong 
gale  of  wind,  herrings  and  other  fish  were  carried  from  the  Frith 
of  Fcrth  as  far  as  Loch  Leven.  It  is  likewise  on  record  that  a 
shower  of  rats  once  fell  in  Norway  ;  and  also  that  a  shower  of  toads 
fell  near  Edinburg. 

SIGNS  OF  RAIN. 

When  the  moon  ia  of  a  pure  silvery  color,  good  weather  is  indi- 
cated ;  but  when  it  has  a  brown  or  chestnut-colored  tint  rain  may 


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be  expected.  When  stars  are  surrounded  by  colored  halos,  the 
approach  of  rain  is  indicated. 

When  mountain  ranges  or  distant  objects  appear  nearer  to  us  than 
usual ;  -when  sounds  are  heard  more  clearly  from  a  distance ;  when 
the  odor  of  plants  is  more  than  usually  powerful,  rain  may  be 
prognosticated. 

The  low  night  of  swallows  indicates  approaching  rain.  The  reason 
is  that  they  pursue  flies,  which  are  driven  nearer  to  the  earth  in 
consequence  of  the  moist  atmosphere  above. 

Ducks,  geese,  and  other  water-fowl  may  be  seen  to  throw  water 
with  their  bills  over  their  backs,  and  dive  frequently  before  a  heavy 
shower.  They  do  so  to  prepare  their  coats,  which  might  otherwise 
get  ruffled  in  a  sharp  shower. 

Before  the  fall  of  rain  cattle  may  sometimes  be  observes  stretch- 
ing out  their  necks,  and  snuffing  in  the  air.  The  increased  odor 
from  flowers  is  supposed  to  be  the  cause. 

Persons  of  delicate  temperament  and  of  ill  health  experience  pain 
of  the  head,  tooth-ache,  irritability  of  temper,  pains  in  old  sores 
which  have  been  healed,  the  aching  of  corns,  and  excessive  nervous- 
ness on  the  approach  of  rain. 

Dogs  closely  confined  in  a  room  become  drowsy  and  stupid  before 
rain;  the  same  in  a  less  degree  is  observed  of  "cats;  horses. neigh 
much ;  cattle  low ;  the  fallow  deer  become  restless,  and  many  other 
animals  from  the  uneasiness  they  experience  at  the  change  of  the 
atmosphere,  prognosticate  rain. 

Insects  being  very  sensible  of  every  change,  are  very  good  weather 
guides ;  hence  fine  weather  may  be  predicted  when  many  spiders' 
webs  are  seen  in  the  open  air ;  also  when  bees  are  found  traveling 
far  away  from  their  hives.  On  the  contrary,  therefore,  when  spiders 
remain  hidden,  and  bees  are  not  seen  away  from  their  homes,  rain 
may  be  expected. 

Many  flowers  are  excellent  indicators.  The  trefoil,  the  convol- 
vulus, and  other  plants,  contract  their  leaves  before  a  shower,  or 
during  dull  cloudy  weather. 

HAIL 

Appears  to  be  descending  moisture,  curiously  frozen  into  hard 
lumps.  It  has  puzzled  meteorologists  to  find  out  how  it  is  that  it 
gets  frozen  in  descending  to  a  lower  altitude,  instead  of  melting  and 
coming  in  the  shape  of  rain.  A  cold  current  of  air  blowing  sud- 
denly in  the  direction  of  a  rain  cloud,  is  understood  to  be  the  imme- 
diate cause  of  most  hail-showers.  The  large  size  of  hail-stones  is 
attributed  to  an  accumulation  during  the  progress  of  their  descent. 
It  is  probable  that  the  largest  commences  its  nucleus  with  a  small 
nucleus  which  receives  continued  accessions  from  vapory  particles 
in  the  neighborhood.  Accordingly  hail-stones  are  found  to  be 
smaller  on  the  tops  of  mountains  than  in  the  neighboring  plains  and 
valleys,  because,  not  falling  so  far,  they  do  not  augment  their  size 
by  the  addition  of  successive  layers  of  congealed  watery  vapor. 

Hail  is  chiefly  restricted  to  the  temperate  latitudes,  and  in  these 
is  moot  frequent  during  spring  and  summer.    Within  the  tropics  it 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


77 


seldom  falls  at  a  lower  altitude  than  from  1,500  to  2,000  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  sea.  The  explanation  usually  given  of  this  fact  is, 
that  the  temperature,  which  increases  downward  to  the  surface  of 
the  earth,  is  constantly  so  high  in  those  regions,  that  hail  never  de- 
scends to  a  lower  altitude  than  that  above-mentioned,  without  being 
melted. 

The  squall  of  wind,  or  whirlwind,  which  accompanies  and  ushers 
in  the  hail-storm,  is  no  doubt  produced  by  the  depression  of  tem- 
perature which  the  hail  communicates  to  the  lower  atmosphere  in 
its  descent  to  the  ground. 

HOAR-FROST, 

"Which  is  seen  in  autumn  silvering  the  trees  and  fences,  is  merely 
frozen  dew.  The  conversion  of  dew  into  hoar-frost  is  a  wise  pro- 
vision of  nature,  by  which  plants,-etc,  are  protected  from  the  severity 
of  a  freezing  cold  atmosphere. 

FALLING  MIST 

Is  an  aqueous  deposition  which  commonly  occurs  in  still  weather, 
and  most  frequently  during  the  winter  season,  when  the  tempera- 
ture is  either  below,  or  a  little  above  freezing  point  In  the  former 
case  it  has  the  same  appearance  as  hoar-frost ;  in  the  latter  it  re- 
sembles dew.  Most  frequently  it  results  from  the  same  cause  as 
dew,  viz.,  from  the  reduction  of  temperature  on  the  earth's  surface. 
Frequently  this  cause  is  assisted  by  a  gradual  sinking  of  the  tem- 
perature generally.  In  some  countries,  such  as  iu  a  portion  of 
Peru,  almost  the  whole  moisture  which  the  soil  receives  to  support 
vegetation,  is  supplied  from  falling  mist  and  dew.  The  amount  of 
moisture  thus  supplied  is  sometimes  very  considerable.  "In  that 
part  of  Peru,"  says  Dr.  Thompson,  "  called  Valles,  it  never  rains  at 
all.  But,  during  winter,  the  earth  is  covered  with  so  thick  a  fog  as 
to  intercept  the  rays  of  the  sun.  The  fog  appears  almost  eveiy  day 
during  winter,  with  a  density  that  obscures  objects  at  any  distance. 
About  10  or  11  o'clock  it  begins  to  rise,  but  without  being  totally 
dispersed;  though  it  is  then  no  impediment  to  the  sight,  intercept- 
ing only  the  direct  rays  of  the  sun  by  day,  and  that  of  the  stars  by 
night.  Sometimes  it  is  so  far  dispersed  that  the  disc  of  the  sun  be- 
comes visible,  but  the  heat  from  his  rays  is  still  precluded.  In 
winter  these  vapors  dissolve  into  a  very  small  mist  or  dew,  which 
they  call  garua,  and  thus  everywhere  moistens  the  earth.  These 
garuas  never  fall  in  quantities  sufficient  to  damage  the  road,  or  in- 
commode the  traveler,  but  they  render  the  most  arid  and  barren 
parts  fertile.  They  convert  the  disagreeable  dust  in  the  streets  of 
Lima  into  mud. 

VARIATIONS  IN  THE  TEMPERATURE  OF  WATER. 

Changes  in  the  temperature  of  the  ocean,  and  also  of  deep  lakes, 
are  restricted  in  a  great  measure  to  the  surface.  Below  the  depth 
of  fifteen  or  twenty  fathoms,  the  annual  variations  of  temper- 
ature are  not  perceptible.    In  fresh  water,  where  the  tempera- 


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tare  at  the  surface  is  above  39%  the  temperature  sinks  as  the  depth 
becomes  greater,  until  it  nearly  reaches  a  point  where  it  becomes 
stationary.  On  the  contrary,  when  the  temperature  of  the  surface 
is  below  39°,  the  temperature  increases  with  the  depth,  till  it  reaches 
that  point,  and  at  all  farther  depths  remains  stationary.  Sattssube 
found  the  temperature  of  the  Lake  of  Geneva  at  the  depth  of  1,000 
feet  to  be  42°,  and  could  discover  no  monthly  variations  under  160 
feet.  These  observations  afford  an  explanation  why  the  surface  of 
deep  lakes,  even  in  moderately  high  latitudes,  never  freezes. 
Owing  to  the  maximum  density  of  the  water  being  at  39%  gradually 
as  the  particles  on  the  surface  get  cooled  below  that  point,  they  sink 
to  the  bottom.  Consequently,  before  thd  surface  can  be  frozen,  or 
even  before  its  temperature  can  be  reduced  below  39%  the  tempera- 
ture of  the  whole  water  to  the  bottom  must  be  lowered  to  that 
point.  The  duration  of  cold  weather,  except  in  very  high  latitudes, 
is  usually  too  short  to  produce  this  effect  where  the  depth  of  water 
is  considerable. 

The  great  coldness  experienced  at  the  bottom  of  deep  caverns,  is 
explained  on  the  same  principle  as  the  coldness  near  the  bottom  of 
deep  lakes.  During  the  depth  of  winter,  the  cold  air  at  the  top  of 
the  cavern,  from  its  superior  specific  gravity,  sinks  down  to  the 
bottom.  But,  in  summer,  the  warm  air  at  the  mouth  of  the  cavern, 
owing  to  its  inferior  specific  gravity,  has  no  tendency  to  sink  down, 
and  displace  the  cold  air  below. 

THE  MEAN  TEMPERATURE  OF  AMERICA  COMPARED 
WITH  THAT  OF  EUROPE. 

In  North  America,  the  mean  annual  temperature  is  lower,  and 
the  severity  of  winter  greater,  than  in  corresponding  latitudes  of 
Europe.  Playfaie  says,  "  At  Prince  of  Wales's  Fort,  Hudson  Bay, 
lat.  59%  long.  92°  west,  the  mean  temperature  is  20°  under  the 
standard  ;  at  Nain,  in  Labrador,  16°  ;  at  Cambridge,  in  New  Eng- 
land, 10°.  Mercury  has  been  supposed  to  be  frozen  by  the  natural 
cold  as  far  south  as  Quebec,  lat.  47°. 

The  low  mean  annual  temperature  in  North  America,  compared 
with  that  of  Europe  in  corresponding  latitudes,  may  be  ascribed 
partly  to  the  surface  of  the  land  being  more  generally  covered  with 
forests ;  but  it  is  principally  owing  to  the  want  of  draining,  by  which 
a  large  proportion  of  the  rain  that  falls  is  again  evaporated,*  and  of 
course  a  smaller  proportion  is  returned  to  the  sea  by  rivers.  Forests 
tend  to  increase  the  cold  by  preventing  the  sun's  rays  from  striking 
the  ground.  Evaporation  produces  cold ;  and  marshes  and  lakes 
are  therefore  favorable  to  the  severity  of  the  weather. 

M  Connected  with  the  influence  of  evaporation  upon  the  mean  tem- 
perature," says  Mr.  Hutchison,  "  it  may  be  remarked,  that  a  more 
extended  system  of  what  is  called  tile-drainuag,  and  all  other  means 
by  which  a  larger  proportion  of  rain-water  is  Jteturned  to  the  sea  by 
rivers,  instead  of  being  evaporated  from  the  soil,  will  tend  to  raise  the 
mean  annual  temperature  of  those  countries,  and  those  districts  of 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


79 


countries  where  it  is  generally  introduced.  Hence  it  is  probabla 
that  lands  which  are  at  present  cold,  bleak,  barren,  and  seemingly 
unfit  for  cultivation  will,  by  proper  draining,  be  ultimately  rendered 
comparatively  warm,  dry,  and  productive."*. 

THE  TEADE-WIND 

Is  the  most  regular  of  all  winds,  and  blows  in  the  same,  or  nearly 
the  same  direction,  throughout  the  year.  This  wind,  with  some  few 
exceptions,  extends  to  about  the  oOth  parallel  of  latitude  on  both 
sides  the  equator  around  the  globe.  Its  direction  is  from  east  to 
west,  inclining  to  the  north  of  east  on  the  north  side  of  the  equator, 
and  to  the  south  of  east  on  the  south  side  of  the  equator.  The 
variations  in  its  declination  from  due  east  toward  the  north  or 
south,  seem  to  be  somewhat  determined  by  the  parallel  over  which 
the  sun  is  vertical.  Thus  as  the  sun  advances  from  the  equator 
toward  the  northern  tropic,  the  trade-wind  on  the  south  of  the 
equator  gradually  blows  more  from  the  south  of  east ;  and  on  the 
contrary,  when  the  sun  advances  from  the  equator  toward  the 
southern  tropic,  the  trade-wind  on  the  north  of  the  equator  blows 
more  from  the  north  of  east.  In  short,  the  trade-wind  blows  from 
the  east,  and  its  deviations  from  this  direction  are  toward  the  par- 
allel of  latitude  Avhere  the  sun  is  at  the  time  vertical.  The  larger 
the  expanse  of  ocean  over  which  the  trade-wind  blows,  the  greater 
its  steadiness ;  accordingly  they  are  more  steady  in  the  Pacific  than 
in  the  Atlantic,  and  in  the  South  than  in  the  North  Atlantic  Ocean. 
Within  the  region  of  the  constant  trade-winds  rain  seldom  falls,  but 
it  descends  abundantly  in  the  adjoining  latitudes.  Contrary  to  what 
might  have  been  anticipated,  the  atmosphere  is  peculiarly  cool  and 
refreshing. 

SEA  AND  BREEZES. 

In  all  maritime  or  insular  situations  in  warm  climates,  where  the 
sun  is  nearly  vertical,  and  accordingly  where  it  exerts  a  strong  heat- 
ing influence,  the  surface  of  the  laud  becomes  warmer  during  the 
day  and  colder  during  the  night  than  that  of  the  ocean.  The  conse- 
quence is,  that  the  atmosphere  over  the  land,  from  participating  in 
its  excess  of  warmth  during  the  day,  is  expanded  upward  and  gives 
rise  to  a  current  in  the  upper  portions  of  the  atmosphere  from  the 
land  toward  the  sea,  and  this  in  its  turn  gives  rise  to  a  current  at  the 
surface  of  the  earth  from  the  sea  toward  the  land.  During  the 
night,  however,  when  the  surface  of  the  land  becomes  colder  than 
that  of  the  adjoining  sea,  the  atmospheric  columns  immediately  in- 
cumbent upon  the  land,  by  participating  in  its  coldness,  become  more 
depressed  than  those  over  the  adjoining  sea.  Hence  the  upper  por- 
tions of  the  latter  float  over  upon  the  former.  And  in  consequence  of 
the  additional  weight  thereby  communicated  to  the  atmosphere  over 
the  land,  a  current  close  to  the  earth's  surface  from  the  land  toward 
the  sea  is  produced. 

When  the  sea-breeze  first  sets  in  it  commences  near  the  shore, 
and  gradually  extends  itself  further  out  at  sea,  and  as  the  day  ad- 


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vances  becomes  more  or  less  hot.  Hence  the  sails  of  ships  have 
been  observed  quite  becalmed  six  or  eight  miles  out  at  sea,  while  at 
the  same  time  a  fresh  sea-breeze  has  been  blowing  upon  the  shore. 
The  cause  of  this  is  obvious :  the  mass  of  air  nearest  the  land  is 
the  first  to  rush  in  and  supply  the  place  of  that  which  has  been  rari- 
fied  by  the  heat  of  the  sun. 

THE  CHARACTERISTIC  QUALITIES  OF  WINDS. 

1.  Hot  and  Dsy  "Winds  are  such  as  blow  from  an  extent  of  heated 
land  parched  up  by  long- continued  drought.  Such  winds  are  ex- 
ceedingly unwholesome.  They  dry  the  palate ;  exhaust  the  body ; 
produce  languor,  loss  of  appetite,  restlessness,  and  dejection  of  spir- 
its, and  dispose  the  frame  to  suffer  from  fevers  and  bilious  disorders. 
Their  deleterious  influence  is  best  guarded  against  by  keeping  within 
doors  as  far  as  convenient,  by  sprinkling  the  floors  frequently  with 
water,  and  by  living  upon  an  abstemious,  cooling,  and  moistening 
diet  during  their  continuance. 

2.  Cold  and  Dey  Winds  are  such  as  blow  during  cold  weather 
from  a  cold  toward  a  warmer  climate,  over  a  great  extent  of  land. 
Their  piercing  and  refrigerating  influence  is  partly  owing  to  their 
thermometric  coldness,  and  partly  to  their  dryness  promoting  evap- 
oration, and  thereby  carrying  off  heat  more  rapidly  from  the  human 
body  and  all  other  moist  surfaces. 

Winds  remarkable  for  coldness  and  dryness  are  prolific  of  inflam- 
matory diseases,  such  as  sore  throats,  tooth-aches,  pleurisies,  and 
coughs  and  colds,  and  are  very  injurious  to  asthmatic  patients. 

3.  Hot  and  Moist  Wends  are  such  as  during  the  warmest  season 
of  the  year  are  accompanied  with  wet  weather ;  or  such  as  are 
experienced  in  sultry  weather  on  the  sea-coast,  when  the  wind  blows 
from  the  sea,  and  a  warmer  latitude.  In  all  intertropical  climates 
the  condition  of  the  atmosphere  is  uniformly  hot  and  moist  during 
the  rainy  season.  In  such  climates  this  is  also  the  sickly  season, 
and  that  in  which  fevers  prevail,  especially  those  incidental  to  a 
marshy,  swampy  locality.  It  does  not  appear,  however,  that  this 
class  of  febrile  diseases  is  produced  by  the  immediate  influence  of 
heat  and  moisture,  for  they  never  occur  at  sea,  unless  infection  has 
been  previously  imbibed  on  shore.  These  diseases  seem  rather  to  be 
owing  to  unknown  volatile  substances  which  emanate  from  the  soil, 
or  from  its  vegetable  productions,  when  subjected  to  great  heat  and 
moisture. 

4.  Cold  and  Moist  Winds  are  such  as  prevail  during  wet 
weather  in  high  latitudes,  or  during  rainy  weather  in  temperate 
latitudes. 

An  atmosphere  of  this  kind  disposes  the  human  frame  to  suffer 
from  dropsy,  scrofula,  and  other  diseases  that  arise  from  relaxation 
and  want  of  elasticity  in  the  muscular  fiber.  Warming  clothing, 
nourishing  diet,  and  active  exercise  are  in  such  circumstances  the 
best  guardians  of  health, 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK, 


81 


PROGNOSTICATIONS  OF  THE  WEATHEB 

BY  THE  APPEARANCES  OF  CLOUDS. 

1.  When  clouds  are  observed  to  break  up  into  fragments,  and 
gradually  to  dissolve  by  evaporation,  it  indicates  that  the  region  of 
the  atmosphere  in  which  they  float  is  undersaturated  with  moisture, 
and  prognosticates  dry  weather.  On  the  contrary,  when  clouds  are 
observed  to  form,  or,  when  previously  formed,  are  observed  to  in- 
crease in  bulk  and  density ;  and  also  when  small  detached  clouds 
unite  together  and  form  larger  clouds,  it  indicates  that  the  causes 
immediately  instrumental  in  the  formation  of  clouds  are  in  opera- 
tion, and  prognosticates  that  wet  weather  will  soon  follow. 

2.  When  the  whole  sky  is  covered  with  clouds,  their  further 
formation  and  increase  in  bulk  and  density,  is  indicated  by  their 
descent  to  a  lower  level,  and  their  decrease,  by  their  ascent. 
Accordingly,  when  clouds  begin  to  set  down  on  the  tops  of  hills 
(except  when  this  is  the  result  of  reduction  of  temperature  upon  the 
approach  of  night)  it  prognosticates  rain  ;  and  when  they  begin  to 
rise  above  the  hills,  it  prognosticates  dry  weather. 

3.  Mist  extending  upward  from  the  surface  of  the  earth  on  a 
summer  morning,  foretells  a  dry,  warm  day. 

4.  During  frosty  weather,  the  dissolution  of  mist,  and  the  appear- 
ance of  small  detached  roundish  clouds  of  the  cirro-cumulus  kind 
in  elevated  regions  of  the  atmosphere,  and  partly  or  wholly  obscur- 
ing the  sky,  foretell  that  the  termination  of  the  frost  is  at  hand. 

FROM  THE  COLOR  OF  THE  SKY,  AND  THE  APPEARANCE 
OF  THE  HEAVENLY  BODIES. 

The  darker  the  color  of  the  sky,  when  viewed  perpendicularly 
upward,  the  more  it  indicates  dry  weather ;  and  on  the  contrary, 
the  paler  it  is,  the  more  favorable  to  wet  weather. 

When  the  color  of  the  sun  and  moon  appears  pale  and  dull,  it 
indicates  wet  weather;  and  on  the  contrary,  when  it  is  bright  and 
clear,  it  indicates  dry  weather. 

When  the  horns  of  the  moon  are  sharp,  or  when  the  margin  of 
the  moon  is  generally  well  denned, it  indicates  dry  weather;  and  on 
the  contrary,  when  the  horns  of  the  moon  are  blunt,  and  its  margin 
somewhat  ill-defined,  it  foretells  wet  weather. 

When  the  moon  is  surrounded  by  an  iris  it  indicates  rain.  The 
reason  of  this  is,  that  the  iris  is  produced  by  the  moon's  light  being 
reflected  by  aqueous  vapor  contained  in  the  atmosphere. 

Supposing  no  moon  visible,  i#the  stars  look  larger  and  somewhat 
paler,  less  vivid,  and  at  the  same  time  less  numerous  than  usual, 
it  indicates  an  unusual  amount  of  moisture  in  the  atmosphere,  and 
accordingly  foretells  rain.  On  the  contrary,  when  the  stars  look 
smaller,  more  twinkling,  and  at  the  same  time  more  numerous  than 
usual,  i?"  indicates  an  unusual  smallness  in  the  amount  of  aqueous 
v  qv>.-  s..i  tfio  i'.imo^  h.^r \  a;:d  accord!  iply  f-.rcU  1: :  d:  y  weather. 


82 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


FROM  THE  DIRECTION  AND  FORCE  OF  THE  WIND. 

If  the  wind,  during  the  winter  season,  be  blowing  with  consider- 
able, or,  at  times,  with  great  violence  from  the  south-west,  espec- 
ially if  it  has  been  shortly  previous,  for  a  considerable  length  of 
time  out  of  the  east,  or  north-east,  it  may  be  predicted,  if  wet 
weather  has  not  already  commenced,  that  it  will  very  soon  begin, 
and  that  it  will  last  one,  two,  or  three  days,  or  perhaps  longer. 

If  the  wind  during  the  same  season  of  the  year  blow  from  any 
point  between  north  and  east  inclusive,  and  with  very  little  veloc- 
ity, it  may  be  predicted  that  the  weather  will  continue  dry  and 
frosty,  or  inclined  to  frost,  for  one,  and  with  diminishing  probability 
of  being  correct,  for  two,  three,  or  more  days  thereafter. 

In  general  the  greater  the  velocity  of  the  wind,  and  more  espec- 
ially if  it  be  out  of  a  warm  direction,  the  greater  is  the  probability 
of  rain.  And,  on  the  contrary,  the  less  the  velocity  of  the  wind,  be 
its  direction  what  it  may,  but  especially  if  it  be  out  of  a  cold  direc- 
tion, the  less  the  probability  of  rain. 

When  the  wind  is  out  of  a  cold  and  dry  direction,  and  very  little 
of  it,  and  all  the  other  means  of  prognostication  indicate  a  continu- 
ance of  dry  weather,  a  change  of  wind  to  a  warrn  and  wet  direction, 
and  an  increase  in  its  velocity,  very  soon  reverses  the  prognostica- 
tions to  the  indication  of  wet  weather. 

In  all  anticipations  of  the  character  of  the  weather,  it  is  advisable 
to  draw  our  conclusions  from  every  variety  of  prognostication. 
Thus  not  only  the  present  and  immediately  previous  condition  of 
the  barometer  should  be  taken  into  account,  but  also  the  direction 
and  force  of  the  wind,  and  the  appearances  of  the  clouds  and  sky. 

FROM  THE  MOON'S  AGE. 
It  has  been  very  generally  supposed  that  at  the  changes  of  the 
moon,  or  at  some  fixed  period  of  the  moon's  age,  the  weather  be- 
comes liable  to  change.  This  belief  has  no  solid  foundation  in 
meteorological  truth.  No  good  reason  has  yet  been  discovered  why 
the  moon  should  have  any  iufluence  in  producing  these  changes. 
Though  the  changes  of  the  moon  happen  at  the  same  time  all  over 
the  earth,  it  is  well  known  that  changes  of  weather  are  by  no  means 
simultaneous  in  places  not  very  far  distant  from  each  other ;  indeed, 
it  often  happens,  that  while  it  is  wet  in  one  place,  it  is  dry  and 
beautiful  in  another,  although  both  may  be  similarly  situated  as  re- 
gards sea,  and  other  natural  boundaries.  Predictions  founded  on 
the  changes  of  the  moon  are  now  admittedly  trivial,  and  based  on 
no  sufficient  reason.  Comparisons  have  been  made  by  experienced 
meteorologists  between  the  changes  <JF  the  moon  and  the  changes  of 
the  weather,  but  without  discovering  any  connection  between  them. 
It  is  well,  therefore,  to  utterly  distrust  all  predictions  founded  on 
these  changes.  These  remarks  do  not  of  course  apply  to  the  prog- 
nostications based  on  the  atmospheric  appearance  of  the  luminary. 
They  are  based  on  easily  demonstrated  natural  laws,  aud  will  be 
found  correct. 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


PROGNOSTICATIONS  OF  THE  RAINBOW. 

When  a  rain-cloud  interposes  itself  between  the  sun  and  the 
spectator,  what  is  called  a  rainbow  is  produced.  It  consists  of  two 
bows  or  arches  of  light,  stretching  across  the  sky,  and  decomposed 
into  their  elementary  characters  by  refraction.  The  internal,  or 
principal  rainbow,  which  is  often  seen  without  the  other,  has  the 
violet  rays  innermost,  and  the  red  rays  outermost.  The  external, 
or  fainter  rainbow,  has  the  violet  color  outermost,  and  the  red  inner- 
most. 

The  prognostication  of  the  rainbow  extends  no  further  than  giving 
intimation  that  rain  is  falling  from  tiie  cloud  where  the  rainbow  is 
visible.  If  the  direction  of  the  wind  be  such  as  to  cause  the  cloud 
to  pass  over  the  place  where  the  spectator  is  situated,  rain  may 
there  be  expected  soon  to  fall.  But  if  the  direction  of  the  wind  be 
euch  as  to  cause  the  cloud  to  pass  without  becoming  vertical  to  the 
spectator,  no  rain  in  the  situation  where  he  is  need  be  expected. 

PROGNOSTICATIONS  OF  A  COLD  ARB  ALSO  0E  A  MILD 
WINTER, 

The  principal  prognostication  of  a  cold  winter  is  unusual  cold- 
ness during  the  preceding  summer  ;  and  this  is  always  with  greatest 
accuracy  ascertained  by  the  unusual  lateness  of  the  harvest.  A 
cold  summer  is  on  all  occasions  a  cloudy  and  wet  one.  The  reason 
why  a  cold,  cloudy,  and  wet  summer  foretells  that  a  cold  winter  will 
probably  follow  is,  that  an  unusually  large  proportion  of  the  solar 
heat,  which  ought  to  be  imbibed  by  the  earth  during  summer,  is 
partly  intercepted  by  clouds  before  reaching  the  earth,  and  partly 
carried  off  from  its  surface  by  evaporation.  During  winter  the  tem- 
perature of  the  atmosphere  is  principally  supported  by  the  giving 
out  of  solar  heat  absorbed  by  the  earth  during  the  previous  sum- 
mer. 

Another  prognostication  of  a  cold  winter,  and  which,  if  accom- 
panied with  the  preceding,  increases  its  effect,  is  much  rain  in  the 
fall  of  the  year  (in  August,  September,  and  October),  followed  by 
an  unusual  prevalence  of  northerly  and  easterly  winds  during  Octo- 
ber and  November.  These  dry  winds,  by  increasing  evaporation 
from  a  thoroughly  moistened  soil,  prematurely  carry  off  a  larger 
proportion  than  usual  of  that  heat,  which  by  its  slow  return  from 
the  earth's  surface,  ought  to  mitigate  the  atmospheric  coldness  dur- 
ing the  depth  of  winter. 

A  mild  winter  may  be  prognosticated  by  the  occurrence  of  the 
opposite  circumstances  to  those  previously  stated  which  foretell  a 
cold  winter.  The  first  of  these  is  a  warm,  dry  summer,  which  can 
always  be  best  ascertained  by  the  unusually  early  period  at  which 
harvest  in  such  years  commences.  The  other  prognostication  is  a 
small,  or  only  a  moderate  amount  of  rain  in  the  fall  of  the  year,  at- 
tended and  followed  by  an  unusual  prevalence  of  south  and  south- 
west winds,  of  very  little  or  only  moderate  velocity. 


84 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


MY  PLACES  OE  OBSERVATION,  AND  SOME  GENERAL 
REMARKS  IN  RELATION  THERETO. 

I  have  two  places  of  observation  on  Brooklyn  Heights,  Long  Isl- 
and, N.  Y. — one  is  at  my  dwelling-house,  about  TOO  feet  from  tide- 
water ;  the  other  at  my  office,  on  the  brow  of  the  Heights,  about 
COO  feet  from  the  same  tide-water. 

Long  Island  extends  in  a  line  nearly  S.  W.  to  N.  E.,  is  about  140 
miles  long,  and  from  8  to  20  miles  wide,  and  is  shaped  like  a  ter- 
restrial needle.  The  broad  Atlantic  washes  one  side,  and  the  East 
river  and  Long  Island  Sound  the  other.  Its  western  shore  is  washed 
by  the  East  river,  the  Bay  of  New  York,  and  the  Narrows.  It  has 
no  mountains,  and  but  few  hills. 

To  the  South,  the  nearest  land  is  the  West  India  Islands ;  to  the 
South-east,  the  Cape  de  Verdes,  off  the  western  coast  of  Africa ;  to 
the  East,  the  Azore  Islands ;  to  the  North,  a  narrow  strait,  the 
East  river,  divides  it  from  the  continent  (if  it  can  be  called  a  continent 
since  the  discovery  of  the  N.  W.  passage) ;  to  the  West,  New  York 
Bay,  and  beyond  it  the  continent  stretches  to  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
There  are  no  mountains  within  fifty  miles,  and  those  at  that  dis- 
tance are  not  of  great  altitude. 

The  thermometrical,  and  some  of  the  other  meteorological  observa- 
tions, are  made  at  the  dwelling-house  hourly,  by  four  observers — my 
wife,  our  daughter  Georgiana,  and  myself,  and  an  assistant  in  summer 
makes  and  records  the  4  A.  M.  observations,  and  in  winter  the  5  A. 
M.  observations,  at  which  times  he  takes  the  slip  on  which  the  tem- 
peratures and  some  other  observations  are  recorded  hourly  for  the 
preceding  24  hours,  and  transcribes  the  whole  in  a  journal,  at  the 
same  time  computing  the  cquilibriatzons,  and  writing  opposite 
thereto  what  these  indicate.  The  night  observations  and  records, 
after  bed-time,  are  made  by  myself,  and  the  blanks  which  are  seen 
in  the  tabulated  statements,  result  from  my  absence  from  home. 

The  thermometers  used  are  ten  in  number — but  the  records  are 
made  but  from  four:  two  north  and  two  south,  and  those  in  the  tab- 
ulated statemen  s  which  follow  are  but  from  one  thermometer,  and 
that  with  a  northern  exposure,  and  connected  by  metallic  wires 
with  the  earth  and  with  the  high  atmosphere,  and  with  the  atmos- 
phere also  by  metallic  tubes — no  casing  is  on  or  around  them, 
nothing  but  the  metal  scale  and  the  glass  ball  and  tube.  The  ther- 
mometer from  which  this  record  is  made  is  in  the  open  air,  the  rain 
and  snow  falling  on  it,  and  exposed  to  the  wind,  but  sheltered  from 
the  sun.  Glass  and  metal  insulators  containing  dense  saline  fluids, 
that  hold  a  very  large  per  centage  of  deliquescing  chlorids  in  solu- 
tion, shield  the  instruments  from  any  influence  which  the  surface  of 
the  building  might  otherwise  exercise  upon  them.  The  thermome- 
ters are  ten  feet  from  the  surface  of  the  ground.  The  outer  ther- 
mometer in  the  range  on  which  the  rain  and  snow  fails,  rises  and 
falls  quickly  when  the  rain  or  the  snow  strikes  it.  Observers  who 
record  thermometrical  observations  should  be  experienced  and  com- 
petent, and  very  systematic,  and  be  able  at  once  when  seeing  a 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


So 


great  rise  or  fall,  or  frequent  fluctuations  in  the  temperature  indi- 
cated by  the  thermometers,  to  note  every  particular  connected  with 
these  at  the  very  time,  and  these  records  should  be  reviewed  and 
re-examined  within  the  same  24  hours. 

Observations  made  at  7  A.  M.  at  the  period  of  the  winter  solstice 
may  be  regarded  as  affording  a  good  means  of  determining  an  ap- 
proximation to  the  coldest  hour  in  the  24,  but  observations  made 
at  that  hour  at  the  period  of  the  summer  solstice  afford  no  means  of 
determining  the  coldest  hour  in  the  morning  at  that  period  of  the 
year,  and  the  like  variation  as  the  days  shorten  or  lengthen  from 
solstice  to  solstice.  The  tabulated  statement  which  follows  shows 
but  T5  days  in  the  entire  year  in  which  the  lowest  temperature  in 
the  24  hoars  occurred  at  7  o'clock  in  the  morning,  viz. :  In  Dec. 
on  12  days,  Jan.  12,  Feb.  14,  March  11,  April  2,  May  2,  June  none, 
July  none,  Aug.  none,  Sept.  1,  Oct.  C,  Nov.  15  days.  The  same  re- 
mark will  apply  to  any  one  single  hour  of  the  day  to  determine 
the  highest  temperature,  but  in  a  very  much  lesser  degree.  For 
example,  on  the  29th  of  June,  the  highest  temperature  during  the 
day  occurred  at  9  A.  M.,  and  was  S(i°.  The  coldest  temperatures 
occur  when  there  is  but  little  or  no  wind,  and  the  same  remark  will 
apply  to  the  maximum  temperatures. 

My  house,  where  the  thermometrical  observations  are  made, 
fronts  a  streat  running  east  and  west,  open  west  to  the  Bay,  and  be- 
tween two  streets  running  north  and  south,  and  is  surrounded  by 
a  belt  of  unobstructed  atmosphere  CO  feet  touth,  25  feet  each,  east 
and  west,  and  150  feet  or  more  north. 

The  observations  on  the  direction  of  the  wind,  snow,  rain,  condi- 
tion of  the  sky,  and  appearance  of  lightning,  are  made  at  the  office 
where  the  atmospheric  view  is  wholly  unobstructed,  it  being  an  iso- 
lated building  and  on  high  ground  overlooking  the  great  Bay  of 
New  York  to  the  Narrows. 

My  rain-guages  are  of  my  own  planning,  and  arc  square  tubes,  one 
having  an  inch  surface,  and  the  other  four  inches — are  14  indies 
deep  connecting  with  metallic  pipes  terminating  in  glass  bottles 
which  secures  all  the  water  falling  within  the  tube  from  evapora- 
tion by  wind  or  heat.  The  upper  edge  of  the  guages  are  ground 
to  a  sharp  edge. 

The  altitude  of  our  places  of  observation  is,  on  the  surface  of  the 
ground,  about  70  feet  above  tide.  Lat,  40°  41'  5')"  N.,  Long.  73°  59' 
SO"  W. 


These  papers  are  not  so  full,  nor  in  as  much  detail,  as  I  desired, 
but  are  as  ample  as  opportunities  of  leisure  afford  me  the  means  of 
preparing,  and  if  they  shall  be  found  useful  and  of  interest  to  the 
public  and  help  to  repay  the  publishers  of  this  little  volume  the  ex- 
penses they  have  incurred  in  this  work,  I  shall  feel  that  I  have  been 
abundantly  compensated  for  my  labor. 
Beooklyn  Heights,  Dec.  1, 1856.  E.  MEFJAM. 

8* 


86        TEMPERATURE  TABLES.  BY  E.  MERIAM. 


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92 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


EQUILIBRIUMS  OF  TEMPEBATUEE. 

When  the  temperature  remains  unchanged  for  a  term  of  seven  or 
more  consecutive  hours,  we  denominate  in  equilibria.  This  state 
of  rest  in  the  atmosphere  is  found,  by  carefully-recorded  observa- 
tions, to  result  from  the  shock  of  an  earthquake  at  a  remote  point. 

EQUILTBRIATIONS  OF  TEMPERATURE. 
When  the  temperature  fluctuates  for  a  term  of  seven  or  more  con- 
secutive hours,  and  the  fluctuations  do  not  exceed  two  degrees,  we 
term  that  state  of  the  atmosphere  an  eqiiilibriation  of  temperature, 
and  find,  by  long-continued  observations,  to  have  resulted  from 
successive  shocks  of  earthquakes  at  distant  points. 

COLD  TERMS. 

It  is  a  remark  often  made  by  observing  people,  that  the  cold  lasts 
three  days.  The  conclusion  is  well  founded.  A  quarter  of  a  circle 
of  360  hours  is  90 — which  is  an  evening,  three  full  days,  and  a  morn- 
ing. In  these  cases  the  cold  commences  in  the  evening,  it  continues 
three  full  days,  and  ends  the  morning  succeeding  the  three  days. 

In  the  winter  of  1847-43,  a  question  arose  as  to  the  comparative 
coldness  of  that  winter,  compared  with  that  of  the  preceding  winter. 
In  order  to  determine  this  fact,  I  counted  the  hours  on  my  record- 
book,  during  which  the  temperature  remained  at  and  below  the 
freezing-point  of  Fahrenheit,  and  found  seven  terms  of  90  and  one 
of  45  consecutive  hours.  In  a  communication  I  addressed  to  the 
Board  of  Regents  of  the  University  of  the  State  of  New  York,  and 
which  was  published  in  their  report  to  the  legislature,  Senate 
Document,  No.  71,0/1848,  p.  275,  I  said:  The  inquiry  now  arises, 
to  what  particular  causes  are  the  cycles  owing  ?  Why  should  they 
be  near  a  quarter  of  a  circle  of  330  ?  In  the  winter  of  1843-49  the 
cold  answered  the  second  query,  for,  on  the  31st  of  December,  1848, 
the  temperature  fell  to  and  below  the  freezing-point,  and  did  not 
rise  above  it  till  the  13th  of  January,  1849 — counting  the  hours  on 
the  record,  they  were  found  to  be  315,  which  is  seven-eighths  of  369, 
or  three  and  a  half  times  90  ;  the  next  cold  term  commenced  on  the 
5th  of  February,  and  continued  to  the  11th — its  duration  was  135 
consecutive  hours,  or  one  and  a  half  times,  or  three  eighths  of  360 ; 
the  third  cold  term  commenced  on  the  12th  and  ended  on  the  23d  of 
February, — its  duration  was  270  hours,  or  three  times  90,  or  six- 
eighths  of  360. 

The  causes  of  the  cold  terms  are  found  in  the  record  of  earth- 
quakes. All  great  and  sudden  changes  are  produced  by  the  earth 
upon  its  own  atmosphere. 

Heated  Terms. — The  state  of  the  atmosphere  which  I  denominate 
a  heated  term,  is  that  in  which  for  several  consecutive  days  the 
maximum  temperature  rises  from  S0°  to  and  above  90°. 


AND   WEATHER  BOOK. 


93 


JEE0LITE3,  THITNDER -BALLS,  AND  AUUOSAL 
SHOWERS. 

1355,  November  SOth. — A  ball  of  lire  seen  from  Bon  don,  England, 
in  the  evening ;  it  darted  along  in  a  straight  line  over  about  a  third 
of  the  sphere  ;  it  then  burst  like  a  rocket,  but  without  noise,  falling 
in  a  shower  of  sparks,  which  instantly  disappeared. 

Meteor  at  Porto  Rico  in  December,  day  not  given. 

1856,  January  7th. — A  large  aerolite,  seen  from  Highfield  House 
Observatory,  England,  and  several  other  parts  of  England,  and 
from  the  Isle  of  Wight.  It  was  in  sight  from  4h.  47m.  P.  M.  till  6h. 
Cm.  P.  M.,  and  presented  a  most  beautiful  appearance. 

27th. — A  fine  meteor  seen  from  Highfield  House  Observatory, 
England,  at  12h.  3m.  A.  M. 

February  3d. — Large  aerolite  seen  from  Highfield  House  Observ- 
atory, England,  and  other  places,  at  7h.  55m.  P.  M.  It  spread  into 
a  mass  of  orange-colored  fire,  in  an  oval  form,  the  size  of  five  or  dUc 
full  moons  long,  and  two  broad.  In  a  short  time  it  changed  in- 
stantly to  a  brilliant  green,  then  again  to  a  brilliant  red;  but 
throughout  it  was  tinted  around  the  edges,  and  the  head  did  not 
change  its  color.    It  exploded  without  noise. 

16th. — A  splendid  meteor,  seen  from  Lincolnshire,  England,  ar 
Sh.  45m.  P.  M.  It  was  of  a  bluish  white,  and  fell  without  leaving 
a  train. 

April  5th. — An  aerolite  of  great  brilliancy  seen  from  Harpenden, 
Herts,  England,  at  8h.  30m.  P.  M.  It  exploded  in  a  few  seconds, 
with  a  hissing  sound. 

11th. — A  large  aerolite  was  heard  to  explode  at  9  A.  If.,  from  Bel- 
fast, Rockland,  and  neighboring  towns  in  Maine ;  it  shook  the  build- 
ings. 

11th. — A  splendid  aerolite,  seen  from  the  Liverpool  Observatory, 
England,  at  8h.  30m.  P.  M.  It  was  of  excessive  brilliancy.  The 
colors  were  alternately  intensely  blue,  green,  brilliant  red,  occasion- 
ally yellow.  At  about  8h.  50m.  an  apparent  explosion  took  place,  when 
*to  bodies  became  observable.  At  about  9  it  was  not  discernible 
from  the  mist.  During  the  half  hour  it  had  moved  about  3°  in 
space,  and  had  no  appearance  either  of  ascending  or  descending. 

A  brilliant  meteor  passed  over  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico,  day  not  given. 

July  8. — An  aerolite  seen  from  Memphis  and  other  parts  of  Ten- 
nessee, and  several  places  in  Mississippi,  about  6  P.  M. 

15th.— Meteoric  explosion  heard  in  the  air  over  Leicester  Center. 
Mass.,  between  11  and  12  A.  M. 

17th. — A  brilliant  aerolite  seen  from  Charleston,  S.  C,  at  7  P.  M. 
It  seemed  to  assume  different  shapes  and  colors  as  it  passed  off. 

August  3d. — An  aerolite  seen  to  explode  in  Iowa,  while  the  sun 
was  sr'ning  brightly. 

Several  large  meteors  were  seen  from  Highfield  House  Observ- 
atory, England,  during  the  week  ending  the  5th. 

15th. — A  remarkable  aerolite  seen  from  several  places  on  Lake 
Superior,  and  also  from  Minnesota,  just  after  sunset. 

9 


94 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


27th. — A  superb  meteor  seen  from  New  York  at  9  P.  If.  The 
upper  part  of  the  nucleus  was  of  a  brilliant  red,  the  lower  of  a  pale 
and  whitish  color. 

September  5th. — Meteor  seen  from  Brooklyn  Heights  at  Sh.  SOm. 
P.  M. 

11th. — A  most  brilliant  meteor  seen  from  different  parts  of  Cali- 
fornia in  the  evening,  emitting  long  and  beautiful  streams  of  light. 
It  was  visible  for  about  half  a  minute.  Its  disappearance  was  ac- 
companied with  a  loud  noise  like  thunder. 

iErolites  have,  by  some,  been  supposed  to  come  from  volcanoes  in 
the  moon.  They  have  no  such  origin,  but  are  the  product  of  our 
own  planet. 

Meteors  differ  from  aerolites ;  but  in  published  accounts  met  with 
in  newspapers,  no  distinction  is  made  between  aerolites  and  meteors. 
Meteors,  such  as  fall  in  the  meteoric  showers,  result  from  aurora 
borealis,  and  the  latter  from  volcanic  discharges  from  the  earth's 
interior.  Such  meteors  fall  frequently  in  the  months  of  August  and 
November,  and  less  frequently  in  other  months  of  the  year,  have 
been  found  when  examined  after  reaching  the  earth,  to  be  of  a 
gelatinous  substance,  like  dissolved  starch  or  the  white  of  an  egg ; 
while  aerolites,  which  have  been  found  in  great  numbers  after  reach- 
ing the  earth,  and  have  been  found  by  persons  who  saw  them  fall, 
and  who  were  thus  enabled  to  secure  the  aerolite  before  the  heat  had 
passed  from  it,  are  of  metallic  and  silicious  composition.  iErolites, 
no  doubt,  result  from  the  discharge  of  lightning  through  a  portion 
of  the  atmosphere  holding  mineral  and  earthy  matter  in  suspension, 
or  from  volcanic  discharges  accompanied  by  lightning. 

E.  MEPJAM,  Brooklyn  Heights. 

THUNDER  AND  LIGHTNING. 

The  frequency  of  thunder-storms  is  illustrated  by  the  following 
tabulated  statement  of  lightning,  recorded  in  our  register  for  twelve 
months,  viz.,  October  1st,  1S55,  to  September  20th,  1S5G. 

(  Elsewhere  with-  ) 
1S55,  Oct.— On  Brooklyn  Heights,  2  days.x     in  the  field  of  >7  days, 

(     oar  research.  ) 

5  " 


3 
8 
12 
20 
25 
25 
IS 
il 


Nov. 

Dec. 

"              1  day, 

1S56,  Jan. 

Feb. 

March. 

2  days, 

April. 

u             5  u 

May. 

5  " 

June. 

20  " 

July. 

14  11 

Aug. 
Sept. 

U                     |0  14 

M                  c  " 

Total, 


l^days. 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


95 


This  synopsis,  in  some  cases,  embraces  thunder-storms  occurring 
at  our  place  of  observation  and  elsewhere  on  the  same  day. 

At  Valparaiso,  on  the  western  coast  of  South  America,  thunder 
and  lightning  is  rarely  witnessed ;  but  on  the  opposite  side  of  the 
continent,  in  the  Brazils,  Buenos  Ayres,  etc.,  thunder-storms  are 
very  frequent  and  severe.  The  range  of  the  Andes,  which  attain 
a  great  elevation  between  these  two  points,  appear  to  affect  a  separa- 
tion. In  the  Arctic  zone,  beyond  the  74th  parallel  of  north  latitude, 
we  have  met  with  no  record  of  thunder  and  lightning  ;  and  thunder 
and  lightning  is  less  frequent  at  Melbourne,  Australia — although  the 
temperature  there  sometimes  rises  to  128°  in  the  shade — than  here. 

E.  M. 

ICEBERGS. 

The  following  tabulated  statement,  made  up  from  our  record,  ex- 
hibits the  number  of  vessels  in  each  month  of  the  year,  for  a  period 
of  sixteen  years,  which  reported  meeting  with  icebergs  in  crossing 
the  Atlantic. 


Year. 

:: 

Mar. 

April. 

May.  | 

June.  1 

< 

Sept.  1 

O 

> 
© 

c3 
© 
Q 

Total. 

1S41 

9 

11 

1 

21 

1S42 

7 

31 

11 

16 

22 

1G 

1 

104 

1S43 

3 

1844 

5 

12 

3 

2 

22 

1845 

1 

4 

10 

9 

15 

44 

184G 

1 

1 

2 

4 

1847 

7 

7 

4 

3 

21 

1848 

0 

1S40 

1 

1 

1 

o 

5 

185a 

1 

1 

12 

5 

7 

5 

6 

1 

1 

88 

1851 

1 

7 

30 

37 

G4 

23 

8 

1 

171 

1852 

1 

3 

C 

8 

1 

H 

21 

1S53 

I 

o 

4 

1854 

4 

43 

93 

74 

G7 

37 

6 

2 

340 

1S55 

1 

2 

5 

9 

13 

5 

I 

8  1 

5 

ij 

47 

185G 

2 

28 

24 

14 

47 

41 

21 

7 

21 

2 

ISS 

Many  persons  have  supposed  that  icebergs  affected  the  tempera- 
ture of  the  atmosphere  at  points  remote  from  these  frigid  navigat- 
ors. A  comparison  of  the  iceberg  record  of  the  present  year  with 
the  record  of  the  temperature  of  the  atmosphere,  as  seen  frem 
observations  made  on  Brooklyn  Heights,  show  that  such  supposi- 
tions are  erroneous. 

The  greater  flow  of  icebergs  results  from  intense  cold,  producing 
disruptions  of  the  ice,  and  not  from  the  comparative  mildness  of  the 
Arctic  atmosphere.  This  is  clearly  illustrated  by  the  comparison 
of  our  record  of  Arctic  temperatures  with  the  records  of  the  drift  of 
Arctic  ice.  E.  M. 


96 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


RAIN. 

October,  1355. — Rain  fell  on  13  days,  snow  on  1  day. 

Total  amount  during  the  month   7. 

Xovember. — Rain  fell  on  9  days,  snow  on  '2  days. 

Total  amount  during  the  month   f.10 

December. — Rain  fell  on  10  days,  snow  on  9  days  (7 

inches).    Total  amount  during  the  month   5.65 

January,  1353. — Rain  fell  on  4  days,  snow  on  12  dayj 

(35  inches).    Total  amount  during  the  month   3.05 

February. — Rain  fell  on  3  days,  snow  on  7  days  (4 

inches).    Total  amouut  during  the  month   3.S0 

March. — Rain  fell  on  4  days,  snow  on  8  days  (12  inches). 

Total  amount  during  the  month  o   2.G5 

'April. — Rain  fell  on  11  days.    Total  during  the  month  1.77 

May. — ; Bain  fell  on  14  days.    Total  during  the  month . .  4.10 

June.-Ra.in  fell  on  14  days.    Total  during  the  month  2.70 

July. — Rain  fell  on  9  days.  Total  during  the  month . .  2.35 
August. — Rain  fell  on  12  days.     Total  during  the 

month   8.11 

September.— Rain  fell  on  8  days.    Total  during  the 

month   2.92 


Rai>:  fell  on  114  days,  snow  on  36  days  (53  inches). 

Total  during  the  year   ."   47.63  inches. 

The  melted  snow  i3  included  in  the  rain-table.  The  fall  of  rain 
during  the  twelve  months  is  about  twenty  per  cent,  more  than  the 
average  annual  fall  of  rain  of  this  locality  for  a  term  of  years. 

E.  M. 


LIGHTNING 

ON  THE  SEA, 

From  October  1st,  1355,  to  September  30th,  1856. 

October. — During  this  month  we  have  accounts  of  six  vessels  be- 
ing struck  by  lightning :  four  ships,  one  sloop,  and  one  vessel  not 
specified ;  one  was  sunk,  one  was  set  on  fire,  one  damaged  in  hull 
and  spars,  and  three  damaged  in  spars,  two  slightly.  No  account  of 
any  person  killed  or  injured  by  the  lightning.  Two  of  the  vessels 
were  at  sea,  two  in  dock,  one  on  the  lakes,  and  one  at  a  wharf. 

Xovember. — Only  one  vessel,  a  ship,  during  this  month.  She  was 
at  sea,  and  was  damaged  in  spars  and  rigging.  No  persons  killed 
or  injured. 

December. — Three  vessels  during  this  month:  two  ships  and  one 
brig.  These  were  all  at  sea.  One  was  set  on  fire  and  burned  up,  and 
the  other  two  were  damaged  in  spars  and  rigging.  Two  passengers 
injured  on  board  of  one. 

January. — Two  vessels  during  this  mouth  were  struck:  one  ship 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


97 


and  one  schooner.  One  was  at  sea,  and  the  other  at  anchor  in  a 
hay.  One  was  damaged  in  spars  and  the  other  reported  as  having 
received  no  damage.    No  person  killed  or  injured. 

February. — Two  vessels  during  this  month :  one  ship  and  a  hark, 
both  at  sea.  One  was  damaged  in  hull  and  spars  to  the  amount  of 
$10,000.  The  other  was  struck  twice,  injured  in  spars  and  hull,  and 
one  of  her  sails  set  on  fire.  Four  men  were  knocked  down,  three 
were  not  injured,  hut  one  had  his  clothes  all  burned  off,  and  him- 
self so  badly  injured  that  he  was  not  expected  to  live. 

March. — Seven  vessels  during  this  month  were  struck :  five  ships, 
one  bark,  and  a  brig.  They  were  all  at  sea.  Two  were  struck 
twice,  two  were  damaged  in  spars  and  rigging,  four  slightly  dam- 
aged, and  one  did  not  state  what  damage  received.  Two  men  were 
killed,  eight  were  injured,  one  not  expected  to  recover  the  sight  of 
both  eyes.  One  ship  reports  "  several  of  the  crew  injured,1'  and 
another  "  several  of  the  crew  slightly  injured." 

April. — Two  vessels  during  this  month  were  struck :  a  steamship 
and  a  brig.  One  was  at  sea  and  the  other  at  anchor.  The  damage 
in  either  case  not  stated.    No  person  killed  or  injured. 

May. — Five  vessels  during  this  month  were  struck :  one  ship  and 
four  schooners.  One  was  at  sea,  one  on  Lake  Eric,  and  the  others 
in  harbor  at  anchor.  Four  were  injured  in  spars  and  rigging;  no 
marks  of  the  fluid  could  *be  found  on  the  other,  but  a  man  was 
struck  down  on  board,  and  remained  prostrated  four  days.  No  per- 
son killed  or  injured. 

June. — Fifteen  vessels  during  this  month :  five  ships,  one  bark,  two 
brigs,  six  schooners,  and  one  sloop.  One  was  at  sea,  two  on  Lake 
Erie,  and  the  remainder  in  harbor  or  at  anchor  in  bays.  One  was 
60  badly  injured  in  spars,  rigging,  and  hull,  that  the  captain  had 
great  difficulty  in  getting  her  into  a  harbor  ;  one  Avas  set  on  fire  and 
damaged  otherwise  in  spars ;  eleven  were  damaged  in  spars  and 
rigging ;  the  damage  to  one  was  not  stated,  and  no  marks  of  the 
fluid  could  be  found  on  the  other,  although  six  of  her  crew  were 
badly  burned  and  injured.  Ono  man  was  killed,  six  injured  (men- 
tioned above),  and  four  in  another  vessel  so  stunned  as  to  be  unable 
to  speak  for  some  minutes. 

July. — Sixteen  vessels  during  this  month  were  struck:  five  ships, 
two  barks,  one  brig,  seven  schooners,  and  one  pilot-boat.  Four 
were  at  sea,  one  on  Lake  Erie,  and  the  remainder  were-'in  harbors 
or  bays.  One  was  very  badly  damaged  in  spars,  rigging,  and  hull ; 
one  was  set  on  fire ;  twelve  were  damaged  in  spars  and  rigging,  and 
the  damage  to  two  was  not  stated.  One  man  was  killed,  one  severely 
injured  and  burned,  so  much  so  as  to  be  senseless  twelve  hours  after 
the  accident,  and  one  account  which  says  "  all  hands  on  board  were 
severely  injured  ;  they  lost  the  power  of  speech,  and  were  several 
hours  recovering." 

August. — Seventeen  vessels  during  this  month  were  struck:  two 
ships,  four  barks,  ten  schooners,  and  one  yacht.  Eleven  were  at 
sea,  and  six  were  in  harbor  or  at  anchor.  One  was  damaged  in  spars, 
rigging,  and  hull;  two  were  set  on  fire,  besides  being  otherwise 

9* 


98 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


damaged;  eleven  were  damaged  in  spars  and  rigging;  two  we^e 
slightly  damaged,  and  the  damage  to  one  was  not  stated.  Two  per- 
sons were  killed,  and  eleven  were  injured,  one  badly.  Eight  of  thus- 
vessels  were  struck  on  one  day,  the  8th. 

September.— Six  vessels  during  this  month  were  struck:  one 
steamboat,  two  schooners,  one  sloop,  one  smack,  and  a  sail-boat 
Three  of  these  were  in  harbor,  and  three  on  their  passage.  Three 
were  damaged  in  spars  and  rigging,  one  badly  damaged,  one  di^htly 
and  one  (the  steamboat)  received  no  damage.  Two  persons  were 
injured,  one  of  them  being  very  badly  burned,  and  one  person  (the 
pilot  of  the  steamboat),  was  rendered  senseless  for  a  moment. 

In  addition  to  the  above,  two  vessels  were  struck  during  the  last 
summer,  but  the  month  nor  day  of  the  month  is  not  given,  neither  is 
the  class  of  the  vessels,  or  the  damage  sustained. 

RECAPITULATION  FOR  THE  YEAR. 

Eighty-four  vessels  were  struck  by  lightning,  viz. :  twenty-seven 
ships,  one  steamship,  nine  barks,  tlx  brigs,  one  steamboat,  thirty 
schooners,  three  sloops,  a  pilot-boat,  a  smack,  a  sail-boat,  and  three 
vessels  not  classed. 

Of  these  vessels,  one  was  burned,  one  sunk,  six  set  on  fire,  fifty- 
six  damaged,  nine  slightly  damaged,  four  received  no  damage,  and 
the  damage  to  seven  was  not  stated.  Five  persons  on  board  of  them 
were  killed,  and  twenty  were  injured,  two  of  whom  were  not  ex- 
pected to  recover  ;  besides  two  accounts  which  say  "  several  were 
injured,"  and  one  account  which  says  "  all  hands." 

No  case  of  loss  of  life  by  lightning  has  ever  been  known  in  a  ves- 
sel provided  with  metallic  lightning  conductors ;  nor  have  under- 
writers ever  been  called  upon  (so  far  as  our  inquiries  have  extended) 
to  pay  for  losses  by  lightning  to  vessels  or  cargoes  in  any  case  where 
the  vessel  was  furnished  with  conductors,  where  the  continuity  was 
uninterrupted  to  the  water. 

Iron  ships  and  steamboats  are  perfect  protection  against  lightning. 
No  case  of  loss  of  life  by  lightning  has  been  known  in  an  iron  ship 
or  steamboat  since  such  vessels  have  been  in  use.  Ocean  steamers 
having  masts  require  lightning  conductors  to  protect  their  masts. 
These  facts  put  forever  at  rest  the  idle  fear  expressed  by  some,  that 
lightning-rods  are  dangerous  from  their  supposed  attraction  for 
lightning. _ 

The  New  York  marine  underwriters  deduct  ?|  per  cent,  from  the 
Dremium  of  insurance  on  vessels  furnished  with  conductors. 

E.  MERIAM,  Brooklyn  Heights. 

LIGHTNING 

ON  TnE  LAND  WITHIN  THE  FIELD         OUR  EESEAECU, 

From  October  1, 1S55,  to  September  30th,  1S5G. 
Persons  Killed — Seventy-eight,  viz.  :  in  dwellings,  17;  at  or  in 
doorways,  5 ;  under  trees,  T  ;  in  fields,  G  ;  in  the  street,  3  ;  on  mule$ 
2?  on  horseback  on  a  prairie,  2;  on  horseback  in  u  street,  1;  in 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


09 


barns,  2 ;  returning  from  a  field,  2 ;  in  a  yard,  loading  a  horse  to 
miter,  drawing  water  from  a  well,  on  levee,  on  a  cab-seat,  standing 
near  a  coal-pit,  crossing  a  bridge,  in  a  slied,  in  a  tent,  in  a  school- 
house,  standing  on  the  platform  of  a  railroad  train  on  the  Baltimore 
and  Ohio  Railroad,  walking  on  arail  road  track — one  each — 12 ;  and 
10,  particulars  not  specified. 

Persons  Injured — Eighty-seven  ;  besides-one  account  which  says 
several,  and  another  which  says  a  number. 

Animals  Killed. — 53  horses;  13  mules;  08  cattle;  and  one  ac- 
count that  says  "some;"  1  sheep,  3  hog?,  2  dogs  and  1  cat;  and 
one  account  that  says  "horses  and  cattle." 

Fowls  and  Birds  Killed. — A  fleck  of  ducks. 

Buildings  Burned. — 2  hotels,  8  dwellings,  54  barns,  and  one 
account  which  says  several ;"  8  warehouses,  4  stables,  1  corn-crib, 
1  light-house,  1  car -house,  and  one  account  which  says  "a  build- 
ing." A  barn  in  the  village  of  Bergheinfield,  Rhenish  Bavaria, 
Europe, was  burned  by  lightning,  the  fire  of  which  was  communicated 
to  other  buildings,  and  130  houses  were  consumed. 

Buildings  Struck. — -5  meeting-houses,  142  dwellings,  and  an  ac- 
count which  says  11  several ;"  3  engine-houses,  8  stores,  5  hotels,  4 
school-houses,  4  printing  offices,  11  barns,  and  an  account  which 
says  "a  number  ;"  2  blacksmiths'  shops,  2  machine  shops,  2  facto- 
ries, 2  mills,  2  sheds,  a  court-house,  boat-houso,  hospital,  bath-house, 
stable,  shot-tower,  gas-house,  station-house,  shop,  coach-house,  tool- 
house,  well-house,  corn-crib,  pickling  and  preserving  depot,  foundry, 
carpenter  s  shop,  railroad  depot — one  of  each — nine  buildings  not 
specified,  and  two  accounts  which  say  11  several.11 

Buildings  with  Lightning  B»ds  Struck. — 0  dwellings,  3  meeting- 
houses, 1  hotel,  1  seminary,  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  1  printing- 
office,  and  a  barn.  Of  these,  1  dwelling  was  burned,  6  dwellings,  2 
churches,  and  the  seminary  were  damaged. 

Telegraph  Establishments  Struck. — 7  offices  in  which  instruments 
were  destroyed  or  damaged,  three  accounts  in  which  it  was  stated 
the  wires  were  struck,  and  two  places  in  which  the  posts  were  shat- 
tered. 

Railroads  Struck. — Four  accounts  of  railroad  tracks  being  struck, 
and  one  account  of  a  railroad  train  near  Baltimore. 

Miscellaneous — 3grain  stacks,  4  pikes  of  hay,  and  1  tree  burned. 
A  stack  of  hay  set  on  fira ;  two  wagons,  a  stone  tower, «a  fence,  a 
liberty-pole,  a  flag-staff,  a  carriage-pole,  and  a  wall  struck  and  shiv- 
ered ;  35  trees  were  struck  and  shivered,  besides  two  accounts  which 
say  "several;"  in  five  places  the  ground  was  struck,  and  one  ac- 
count that  says,  "  on  the  17th  of  April,  at  Corpus  Christi,  Texas, 
the  ground  was  torn  up  in  hundreds  of  places,  while  in  all  directions 
are  to  be  seen  the  shattered  fragments  of  trees." 

Boston,  Mass.,  although  frequently  visited  by  thunder-storms,  it 
is  rarely  the  case  that  lightning  strikes  in  that  city ;  but  in  the 
months  of  May,  June,  July,  and  August  of  the  present  year,  the 
lightning  of  six  several  storms  on  as  many  several  days,  struck  in 
fourteen  places  in  Boston. 


100 


NEW  Y  RX  ALMANAC 


Essex,  Mass.,  has  been  remarkably  exempt  from  lightning-shocks 
for  a  series  of  years ;  but  during  the  present  year  every  thunder- 
storm which  has  passed  over  the  town  has  left  a  mark  of  its  visita- 
tion, the  lightning  having  struck  there  in  twenty-five  several  places. 

E.  MERIAM,  Beooi:lyn  Heights. 

EAETEQTJAKES. 

The  following  is  a  brief  statement  of  earthquakes  which  have 
occurred  within  the  field  of*  my  research  for  one  year,  commencing 
October  i,  1S55,  and  ending  September  30,  1853. 

OCTOBER,  1555. 
14. — Shock  of  earthquake  at  La  Ligui,  at  about  S  P.  Iff. 
10. — A  shock  of  earthquake  at  Neufchatel,  Switzerland,  during 
the  night. 

20.  — Shock  of  earthquake  at  Neufchatel,  Switzerland,  at  4  A.  M. 

21.  — A  smart  shock  of  earthquake  in  San  Francisco,  California, 
at  7  f  P.  M.  There  was  much  commotion  in  the  water  of  the  harbor 
a  few  minutes  preceding  the  shock,  which  caused  several  vessels  to 
heave  heavily  at  their  hawsers  and  cables. 

22.  — A  severe  shock  of  earthquake  at  Taranaki,  New  Zealand, 
by  which  several  buildings  were  destroyed. 

25. — Shocks  of  earthquake  in  the  canton  of  Yalais,  Switzerland. 
At  Yeige  two  sharp  shocks  in  the  evening. 

27.  — Shocks  of  earthquake  at  Clear  Lake,  Downieville,  and  Good- 
year's  Bar,  California,  at  3  P.  M.  At  Yiege,  Switzerland,  a  hot 
wind  blew  for  some  time,  and  the  rain  began  to  fall,  and  it  continued 
to  the  morning  of  the  28th. 

28.  — At  Yiege,  Switzerland,  shocks  of  earthquake  commenced  in 
the  night  after  several  claps  of  thunder  at  intervals. 

•20. — At  Yiege,  Switzerland,  shocks  of  earthquake  continued  till  5 
A.  M.    The  number  was  not  fewer  than  thirty-one. 

Shocks  of  earthquake  in  the  Island  of  Goza,  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean, day  not  given. 

NOYEMBER. 

2.  — Severe  shock  of  earthquake  at  Zanzibar,  at  7h.  50ra.  P.  M. 

3.  — Shock  of  earthquake  at  Yillanou,  YValker  Co.,  Georgia. 
S. — Two  shocks  of  earthquake  at  Malta. 

10. — A  series  of  shocks  and  mysterious  noises  at  YVestfield,  Staten 
Island,  New  York,  supposed  to  be  occasioned  by  an  earthquake. 

11  Four  very  heavy  shocks  of  earthquake  at  Belize,  Honduras. 

Severe  earthquake  at  Jeddo,  Japan,  in  the  evening.  The  earthquake 
opened  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  the  city,  and  closed  over  many  thousand 
houses  and  inhabitants.  500  Budhist  and  Sinto  temples,  and  101,000 
dwellings  and  stores  were  destroyed,  and  30,000  lives  lost.  The 
shocks  were  severe  at  Simoda. 

21  A  rumbling  noise  and  a  jarring  of  the  earth  felt  i:i  the  N.W. 

portion  of  Philadelphia,  at  10  m.  before  3  A.  M. 


AND  WExVTHER  BOOK. 


101 


27  Shock  of  earthquake  at  Sierra,  California,  at  31i.  30m.  P.  M. 

23. — A  Jieauy  swell  broke  into  the  harbor  of  Big  River,  California, 
causing  some  shipwreck.  There  was  not  a  breath  of  wind  at  the 
time,  and  the  swell  came  in  with  terrific  violence  several  times. 

DECEMBER. 

3.  — A  mountain  exploded  in  the  State  of  Arkansas,  with  a  rum- 
bling sound  and  a  general  vibration  of  the  earth. 

4.  — A  smart  shock  of  earthquake  at  Barcelona,  Spain,  at  7  P.  M. 

5.  — Shock  of  earthquake  (two  vibrations)  at  Humboldt  Bay,  Cali- 
fornia, at  lib.  20m.  A.  M. 

11.  — Shock  of  earthquake  in  San  Francisco  and  the  Mission 
Dolores,  California,  at  4  A.  M. 

12.  — Severe  earthquake  at  Jeddo,  Japan,  destroying  houses  and 
temples,  and  burying  nearly  3,000  people  beneath  the  ruins. 

14 — Shock  of  earthquake  at  Broussa,  Turkey,  followed  by  others 
for  several  days. 

IT. — Two  shocks  of  earthquake  at  French  Mountain,  Warren  Co., 
New  York,  at  2.  P.  M. 

JANUARY,  1S5G. 

2. — Shock  of  earthquake  in  San  Francisco,  California,  at  10  A  .M. 

4.  — Slight  shock  of  earthquake  at  St.  Jago  de  Cuba, 

5.  — Shock  of  earthquake  at  Ogdensburg,  New  York,  at  14  m.  past 
12  A.  M.  Sharp  shocks  of  earthquake  at  Briggs,  in  the  Upper 
Valais,  at  Aasan,  and  at  Interlacken,  Switzerland,  in  the  afternoon. 

7 — Shock  of  earthquake  at  Locte,  Switzerland,  in  the  night 
0. — Several  shocks  of  earthquake  at  Winchester,  Virginia,  at  3 
A.  M. 

12.  — Slight  shock  of  earthquake  at  St.  Jago  do  Cuba. 

13.  — Slight  shock  of  earthquake  at  Santa  Martha,  New  Granada. 
26. — Two  shocks  of  earthquake  at  Frederic,  Md.,  at  4  A.  M. 

FEBRUARY. 

5. — A  heavy  shock  of  earthquake  at  Skowhegan,  Maine,  at  G  P.  Iff., 
and  another  during  the  night. 

12. — Slight  shock  of  earthquake  at  St.  Jago  de  Cuba,  at  9h..l5m. 
P.  M. 

14.  — Slight  shock  of  earthquake  at  San  Francisco,  California, 
about  9  P.  M.,  and  several  others  during  the  night. 

15.  — Slight  shock  of  earthquake  at  San  Francisco,  California,  and 
a  violent  shock  at  5h.  23m.  A.  M.,  which  was  felt  over  a  great  part 
of  the  State. 

16.  — Earthquake  at  Sonsonate,  Salvador. 

IT. — Earthquake  shock  experioncsd  i'.i  the  night,  by  steamer 
Golden  A(je,  off  the  island  of  Mantuoso. 

18. — Shock  of  earthquake  in  David,  in  the  province  of  Chiriqui, 
C.  A. 

The  earthquakes  during  this  month,  where  the  day  is  not  given, 


102 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


are  as  follows :  a  slight  earthquake  in  Cuba ;  shocks  of  earthquake 
in  Asia  Minor,  which  lasted  ten  days,  and  several  towns  had  been 
destroyed.  A  new  volcano  broke  out  in  Equador,  C  A.,  and  was 
accompanied  by  violent  earthquakes,  felt  over  a  large  portion  of  the 
republic.  In  the  city  of  Cuence  two  churches  were  destroyed,  a  num- 
ber of  private  buildings  were  thrown  down,  and  more  than  fifty 
persons  perished.  The  little  village  of  Delog,  near  where  the  vol- 
cano burst  forth,  has  entirely  disappeared,  and  Paccha  has  suffered 
very  considerably.  This  is  said  to  have  happened  between  the  15th 
and  25th. 

MARCH. 

2  and  3. — Dreadful  earthquake  and  volcanic  eruption  on  the  Island 
of  Great  Sangir,  in  the  Moluccas,  India. 

12. — Shock  of  earthquake  in  Madison,  Conn.,  and  neighboring 
towns,  at  10  P.  M. 

16. — Three  shocks  of  earthquake  at  La  Ligni,  Chili,  at  the  dawn 
of  day. 

21. — Shock  of  earthquake  in  Nelson,  Amherst,  and  Albemarle 
counties,  Virginia,  about  9  A.  M.    Earthquake  at  Mitylene,  France. 

The  shocks  of  earthquake  at  Broussa,  Turkey,  which  commenced 
February  lTth,  1S55,  have  continued  with  intermissions  to  the  pres- 
ent month. 

APRIL. 

14. — Shock  of  earthquake  at  Los  Angelos,  Cal.,  and  the  Monte  in 
the  night.  "  Three  earthquakes  at  Papudo,  Chili,  between  March 
1G  and  April  14. 

IT. — Two  shocks  of  earthquake  at  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico,  in  the  night. 
MAY. 

2. — A  severe  shock  of  earthquake  at  Los  Angelos,  Cal.,  in  the 
night. 

21. — At  Truxillo,  Honduras,  several  explosions  in  the  mountains 
in  the  afternoon. 

JI3NE. 

4. — Lake  Ontario,  at  Oswego,  suddenly  rore  three  feet,  during  a 
thunder  storm,  and  as  suddenly  fell  again.  This  was  repeated  sev- 
eral times. 

8. — A  severe  shock  of  earthquake  in  the  Sandwich  Islands. 
JULY. 

10.  — A  slight  shock  of  earthquake  at  Freeport,  Armstrong  co.. 
Pa.,  in  the  evening. 

11.  — A  very  violent  6hock  of  earthquake  at  Schtinaka,  in  the 
Caucasus,  throwing  down  three  hundred  houses  and  more  than  one 
hundred  ships.    Only  one  person  was  killed,  and  five  wounded. 

10. — Shock  of  earthquake  at  Richmond  Va.,  and  vicinity,  at  '20 
minutes  before  2  o'clock. 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


103 


24. — A  succession  of  slight  earthquakes  in  the  city  of  Mexico,  at  a 
quarter  before  9  A.  M. 

AUGUST. 

3.  — Two  shocks  of  earthquake  at  Valetta,  between  2h  P.  M.,  and  4£ 
P.  M. 

4.  — Slight  shock  of  earthquake  at  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  at  5.15  A.  Iff. 

5.  — A  violent  shock  of  earthquake  at  Belize,  Honduras,  about  5 
P.  M.,  and  occasionally  a  very  slight  trembling  in  the  earth  was  felt 
up  to  the  27tb.  The  same  shock  extended  to  the  Islands  in  the  vi- 
cinity, was  felt  in  Jamaica,  and  was  very  severe  at  Omoa,  where 
tbere  were  one  hundred  and  eight  shocks,  and  where  it  was  felt  for 
eight  days,  slightly. 

14.  — A  slight  shock  of  earthquake  at  Truxillo,  Honduras,  at  5:13 
P.  M. 

15.  — Two  slight  shocks  of  earthquake  at  Truxillo,  Honduras,  one  at 
6  minutes  after  midnight,  and  the  other  at  3:15  A.  M. 

IS. — Earthquake  at  Kona,  Sandwich  Islands. 

21. — Shocks  of -earthquake  were  felt  throughout  Algeria.  They 
were  slight  at  Algiers,  strong  at  Constantina  and  Bona,  and  violent 
at  Philippeville,  where  twenty-two  successive  shocks  occurred,  and 
several  villages  were  destroyed.    There  was  little  loss  of  life. 

26. — Two  shocks  of  earthquake  at  Monterey,  Cal.,  about  15  minutes 
before  9  P.  M. 

2T. — Shock  of  earthquake  at  Monterey  and  Santa  Cruz,  California. 
Shock  of  earthquake  at  Belize,  Honduras. 
29. — Shocks  of  earthquake  at  Monterey  and  Santa  Cruz,  Cal. 

SEPTEMBER. 

17. — A  slight  shock  of  earthquake  at  Hickman,  Ky.,  about  5  A.  M. 

20. — Severe  shock  of  earthquake  at  San  Diego,  Cal. 

26. — Shock  of  earthquake  at  city  of  Mexico  and  Puebla,  at  a 
quarter  before  12  M. 

The  following  earthquakes,  of  which  the  dates  are  not  given,  have 
occurred  during  the  last  twelve  months:  A  severe  shock  of  an 
earthquake  at  Porto  Rico.  Occasionally  shocks  of  earthquake  at  St. 
Christopher,  W.  I.  Several  shocks  of  earthquake  in  Portugal, 
principally  in  the  Algraves.  Various  shocks  of  earthquake  have 
been  felt  in  different  parts  of  Spain.  In  Giozalema,  a  district  not 
far  from  Seville,  seven  shocks  took  place  in  the  space  of  an  hour, 
causing  whole  hills  to  disappear.  Several  severe  earthquakes  at 
Guayquil,  Equador.  Shock  of  earthquake  in  the  city  of  Mexico. 
A  shock  of  earthquake  at  Soleure,  Switzerland.  A  violent  shock 
of  earthquake  in  the  Caucasus.  Severe  earthquake  shocks  in 
Kingston,  Jamaica,  and  the  town  of  Falmouth.  A  shock  of  earth- 
quake at  Broussa,  Turkey. 

Earthquakes  have  been  less  frequent  in  the  twelve  months  em- 
braced in  this  statement  than  heretofore  for  many  years.  We  have 
never  met  with  any  record  of  earthquakes  north  of  the  74th  parallel 
of  north  latitude.    On  the  western  coast  of  South  America,  earth- 


104 


NEW    YORK  ALMANAC 


quakes  are  of  very  frequent  occurrence  ;  but  on  the  eastern,  in  that 
portion  in  which  Brazil  and  Buenos  Ayres  are  situate,  earthquakes 
are  of  very  rare  occurrence. 

E.  MEHIAM,  Beooxlyn  Heights. 

HEGLECT  TO  PUT  UP  LIFE-SAVING  GATES  AT  THE 
FEKBY  BRIDGES. 

1555,  Oct.  25. — Mr.  Thomas  Secor,  residing  in  Delaware  county, 
New  York,  while  stepping  off  the  Jersey  City  ferry-boat,  accidentally 
stepped  between  the  boat  and  the  bridge,  and  had  one  of  his  knees 
badly  crushed.    He  subsequently  died  of  his  injuries. 

Nov.  10. — A  passenger  for  the  5£  P.  M.  train,  on  the  New  York 
and  Erie  Railroad,  stepped  between  the  ferry-boat  and  the  bridge 
as  the  boat  was  landing  its  passengers  in  Jersey  City,  and  narrowly 
escaped  being  crushed.  He  was  only  saved  by  the  timely  warning 
given  by  a  fellow-passenger  to  the  engineer,  who  reversed  the  en- 
gine of  the  boat. 

Nov.  IS. — A  man  walked  overboard  at  the  Fulton  ferry,  on  the 
Brooklyn  side,  under  the  impression  that  the  boat  which  had  entered 
the  slip  was  made  fast.  He  narrowly  escaped  being  crushed  be- 
tween the  boat  and  the  bridge,  but  was  eventually  got  out  without 
injury. 

Dec.  24. — About  5  o'clock  P.  M.,  as  one  of  the  noboken  ferry- 
boats was  approaching  the  landing  at  the  foot  of  Barclay-st.,  a  man 
named  Thomas  Bivington,  residing  at  No.  834  Ninth-st.,  New  York, 
a  ship-fastener  by  trade,  in  attempting  to  step  over  the  chain,  tripped 
his  foot,  and  was  pitched  headlong  over  the  end  of  the  boat  against 
the  bridge.  In  this  position  he  was  caught  across  the  chest  by  the 
boat  and  horribly  crushed,  causing  instant  death.  There  was  no 
cry  or  other  sound,  except  the  cracking  of  the  bones.  He  leaves  a 
wife  and  two  children. 

1356,  Jan.  2G. — About  G  P.  M.,  a  little  girl  about  8  years  of  age, 
daughter  of  Mr.  Metlar,  of  No.  100  Graud-st.,  Jersey  City,  under- 
took to  step  off  the  boat  before  it  was  made  fast  to  the  bridge  on  the 
Jersey  side,  and  fell  between  the  boat  and  the  bridge.  She  was  res- 
cued by  Lemuel  Alfred,  a  deck  hand,  who  leaped  into  the  water 
after  her.  He,  however,  narrowly  escaped  losing  his  own  life  in  the 
attempt.  When  taken  from  the  water  he  was  so  benumbed  with  the 
cold,  and  his  wet  clothing  was  so  heavy,  that  he  was  rescued  with 
great  difficulty.  The  officers  of  the  Br.  steamer  Africa  witnessed 
the  occurrence,  being  on  the  boat,  and  immediately  subscribed  $50 
with  which  to  present  Mr.  Alfred  with  a  medal. 

March  2. — A  man  named  William  Teasell  fell  into  the  water  while 
attempting  to  get  on  board  of  one  of  the  Fulton  ferry-boats.  He 
was  rescued. 

March  22. — A  young  man  in  his  hurry  to  get  on  board  the  Fulton 
ferry-boat,  jumped  overboard.    He  was  rescued  after  some  trouble. 

April  8. — As  the  Peck  Slip  boat  was  nearing  the  Williamsburg 
slip,  a  man  with  a  child  in  his  arms,  thinking  the  boat  was  in,  walked 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


105 


overboard.  The  man  after  a  time  was  rescued,  leaving  the  child 
screaming  in  the  water,  when  the  pilot  jumped  over  and  brought  the 
child  on  shore. 

April  26. — A  man  in  attempting  to  leave  one  of  the  Fulton  ferry- 
boats before  it  was  secrued  to  the  bridge,  fell  between  the  two,  and 
would  have  been  crushed  but  for  the  prompt  action  of  some  of  the 
passengers,  who  dragged  him  out  He  escaped  with  a  slight  bruise 
on  the  knee. 

May  12. — Mr.  Alfred  Appleton,  of  New  York,  had  the  fingers  of 
his  left  hand  badly  crushed,  at  the  South  ferry,  by  attempting  to 
leave  the  boat  before  it  was  secured  to  the  bridge. 

June  IT. — As  a  large  wagon,  heavily  loaded  with  kegs  of  lager 
bier,  was  being  driven  off  one  of  the  Staten  Island  ferry-boats,  at 
the  Whitehall  Slip,  one  of  the  chains  supporting  the  bridge  gave 
way.  Two  or  three  persons  were  a  good  deal  hurt  by  kegs  of  the 
bier,  which  were  thrown  upon  them  by  the  sudden  sinking  of  one 
wheal  of  the  wagon.  Mr.  John  P.  Brown,  of  the  well-known  res- 
taurant in  Maiden  Lane,  experienced  a  sprain  in  his  ankle,  and 
some  severe  bruises.  The  others  injured  were  employees  of  the 
Ferry  Company. 

June  21. — A  man  fell  between  the  boat  and  the  bridge  at  the  Ful- 
ton ferry,  and  would  have  been  crushed  had  not  a  powerful  man 
seized  him  by  the  collar,  and  with  an  effort  extricated  him  from  his 
danger ona  position. 

July  6. — A  middle-aged  man  jumped  after  the  Fulton  ferry-boat, 
on  the  Brooklyn  side,  striking  the  vessel  with  his  chest,  and  thus 
falling  into  the  river.    He  was  rescued  by  the  bridge-man. 

July  15. — A  boy  named  George  Wells,  about  16  years  of  age,  re- 
siding in  Bushwick,  was  drowned  at  the  Grand-st.  ferry,  on  the  New 
York  side.  He  attempted  to  jump  from  the  boat  to  the  shore,  and 
fell  between  that  and  the  bridge,  and  was  not  seen  afterward. 

July  29. — As  the  Jersey  City  ferry-boat  was  landing  at  the  New 
York  side,  about  9£  P.  M.,  two  well-dressed  and  rather  elderly  gen- 
tlemen fell  overboard.  They  were  rescued.  One  of  them  said  that 
he  had  lost  $260  from  one  of  his  pantaloon  pockets.  His  pocket  was 
turned  inside  out :  and  it  was  his  belief  that  it  had  been  picked  by 
some  of  the  kind-hearted  bystanders  who  assisted  him  out  of  the 
water. 

August  15. — A  boy  about  14  years  old,  who  was  standing  outside 
the  chain  on  the  Hamilton  Avenue  ferry-boat,  Wuandanky  was 
thrown  overboard  and  drowned,  by  the  boat  striking  the  dock  on 
entering  the  slip  on  the  New  York  side. 

August  17. — A  young  woman  named  Rosa  Reilly  was  drowned  at 
the  Jersey  City  ferry,  by  attempting  to  jump  ashore  from  the  boat 
before  it  was  made  fast  to  the  bridge.  The  jury  of  inquest  recom- 
mended to  the  Ferry  Company  the  construction  of  gates  upon  their 
bridges  to  prevent  persons  leaving  the  boats  until  they  are  made  fast 

August  20. — An  unknown  man  fell  into  the  dock  at  the  Fulton 
ferry,  Brooklyn,  and  was  rescued  by  Omcer  Wright,  cf  the  Second 
District  Police. 

10 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


Sept.  1. — A  woman  had  her  leg  crushed  at  the  Fulton  ferry 
wharf,  by  the  ferry-boat,  from  which  Bhe  attempted  to  step  off 
before  it  was  made  fast. 

Sept.  15. — As  the  Wall-st.  ferry-boat,  Exchange,  was  leaving  the 
Brooklyn  side,  a  lad,  6on  of  G.  W.  Gerau,  Esq.,  while  jumping 
after  the  boat,  missed  his  footing  and  fell  into  the  slip.  After  sink- 
ing twice,  and  while  yet  under  the  water,  John  Baulser,  one  of  the 
boat  hands,  dove  into  the  water  after  him,  and  rescued  him  in  an 
almost  lifeless  condition. 

Sept.  15. — As  the  Hamilton  Avenue  ferry-boat,  Montauk,  was  enter- 
ing the  slip  on  the  New  York  side,  about  10£  P.  M.,  a  man  attempted 
to  jump  ashore  before  the  boat  was  made  fast  to  the  bridge,  and  fell 
between  the  boat  and  the  bridge,  and  had  both  legs  severely  crushed. 

Sept.  18. — About  9  o'clock  P.  M.,  as  the  Hamilton  Avenue  ferry- 
boat, Montauk,  was  entering  the  slip  on  the  Brooklyn  side,  a  woman 
with  a  child  in  her  arms  about  two  months  old,  attempted  to  step  from 
the  boat  to  the  bridge,  previous  to  the  boat  being  made  fast,  and  fell 
between  the  two  into  the  water,  and  would  have  been  drowned  but 
for  the  noble  conduct  of  a  sailor,  whose  name  we  could  not  ascer- 
tain, who  jumped  overboard  and  rescued  her  and  the  infant.  - 

Sept.  19. — Arthur  Lyons  while  attempting  to  jump  on  board  one 
of  the  Catharine-st.  ferry-boats,  after  it  had  left  the  dock,  fell  into 
the  river,  and  was  with  difficulty  rescued. 

Sept.  20. — Jacob  Warren,  a  colored  man,  employed  on  the  steam- 
boat, Elm  City,  was  drowned  at  the  Peck  Slip  Ferry  Dock. 

Oct.  5. — Another  individual  came  near  getting  his  leg  smashed  at 
the  Fulton  ferry,  by  leaving  the  boat  before  it  had  been  secured  to 
the  bridge. 

Oct.  14. — About  9  o'clock  P.  M.,  as  the  South  ferry-boat,  Louisa, 
was  entering  the  slip  on  the  New  York  side,  a  man  named  Michael 
Larkin  fell  overboard,  forward  the  wheels,  the  boat  passing  clean 
over  him.  The  alarm  being  given,  two  Whitehall  boatmen  put  out 
from  the  slip  in  a  small  boat,  and  succeeded  in  rescuing  him  from  a 
watery  grave. 

Oct.  14. — A  man  named  John  Dellan,  an  English  sailor,  in  attempt- 
ing to  jump  from  the  Peck  Slip  ferry  boat,  Minnesota,  on  the  Wil- 
liamsburg Bide,  about  6£  P.  M.,  fell  between  the  boat  and  the 
bridge,  and  was  crushed  to  death.  The  deceased  had  a  son  and 
daughter  living  in  Williamsburg.  The  boy  had  just  gone  out  of 
the  gate,  when  he  heard  that  a  man  was  killed.  lie  came  back  and 
found  it  was  his  father.  A  German  fell  overboard  on  the  New  York 
side  from  the  same  boat,  on  the  previous  trip.    He  was  rescued. 

E.  MEPJAM,  Brooklyn  Heights. 

SHIP  AND  CARGO  BURNED  BY  LIGHTNING. 

The  captain  of  the  ship  WiUiam  Hitchcock,  which  was  loaded 
with  cotton  and  burned  in  lat.  45°  42',  Ion.  47°,  on  December  19, 1855, 
in  giving  an  account  of  the  occurrence,  says :  "  The  lightning  struck 
the  mizzen  royal  mast,  and  passing  below,  the  shock  was  so  great  I 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


107 


was  satisfied  we  were  injured.  On  examination  I  found  the  smoke 
to  be  raising  from  fore  and  aft  of  the  ship,  and  in  a  few  minutes  we 
were  unable  to  enter  the  cabins.  Our  only  chance  was  to  keep  the 
fire  under,  until  we  could  see  some  chance  to  abandon  the  vessel. 
After  making  every  preparation,  such  as  getting  boats  and  provi- 
sions ready,  we  discovered  a  sail,  and  run  for  her.  She  proved  to 
be  the  General  Parkhill,  of  Charleston,  Captain  Pierce,  who,  as 
soon  as  he  could  understand  our  condition,  kindly  lay  by  us  all 
night.  Our  ship  became  so  hot  that  the  cotton  on  deck,  which  had 
been  taken  from  the  hold,  would  take  fire.  At  noon  cn  the  20th, 
we  succeeded  in  getting  on  board  the  General  Parkhill;  and  the  last 
we  saw  of  our  ship,  she  was  a  burning  mass  above  on  the  ocean. 
We  arrived  at  Liverpool  on  the  31st  December.  My  men,  as  well 
as  myself,  lost  all,  except  what  we  stood  in." 

LIGHTNING  FIRE-BALLS  FROM  VOLCANIC  ERUPTIONS. 

March  2, 1S5C. — The  ship1  s position  was  lat.  37°  30'  N.,  long.  70°  40' 
W.  Temperature  of  water  69°,  air  2S°  Fahrenheit.  The  weather 
dark  and  lowering,  with  sharp  lightning,  and  barometer  falling  fast 
Ship  under  double-reefed  topsail,  foresail,  and  jib.  At  2  A.  M.  com- 
menced blowing  hard,  with  heavy  rain  and  sleet.  At  2£  A.  M., 
'while  shortening  sail,  an  immense  ball  of  fire  struck  the  main-royal 
mast-head,  and  then  fell  on  the  main  hatch,  where  it  exploded  with 
tremendous  force,  filling  the  deck  with  fire  and  sparks,  with  con- 
tinued explosions  of  the  particles,  like  detonating  powder  or  torpe- 
does. Owing  to  the  ice,  sleet,  and  snow  with  which  the  decks,  bul- 
warks, rigging,  and  sails  were  covered,  the  fire  was  soon  extin- 
guished. About  ten  minutes  afterward  a  second  ball  struck  near  the 
same  place,  but  was  driven  by  the  force  of  the  wind  just  clear  of  the 
ship's  side  to  leeward,  when  it  exploded  with  a  loud  report  and 
great  commotion.  There  were  several  men  furling  the  jib  at  the 
time,  and  the  concussion  was  so  great  that  it  lifted  them  nearly  clear 
of  the  boom.  The  tornado  lasted  all  next  day  and  night,  from  N. 
W.  by  N.  The  air  very  cold,  and  water  60",  causing  an  immense 
exhalation  from  the  gulf,  which  congealed  as  soon  as  it  rose,  and 
was  driven  furiously  over  the  ship,  excluding  the  very  light  of  day. 
One  of  the  men  was  knocked  down  and  stunned  for  a  time,  but  was 
not  seriously  injured.  The  mate  was  blinded  by  it,  and  probably 
will  not  recover  the  sight  of  both  eyes.  Had  it  not  been  for  the  ice, 
sleet,  and  rain  which  deluged  the  ship,  there  can  be  no  doubt  but 
that  she  would  have  been  on  fire  from  the  truck  to  the  water.  The 
fore-topsail  was  blown  out  of  the  bolt-rope,  and  the  royal  mast-haad 
seared  as  it  were  with  a  red  hot  iron,  being  all  the  damage  the  ship 
received,  which,  to  say  the  least,  was  very  providential. 

The  Indian  mail  brings  advices  of  another  of  those  dreadful 
earthquakes  for  which  Ternati  and  the  adjoining  localities  in  the 
Moluccas  are  proverbial.  An  eruption  of  the  active  volcano  in  the 
island  of  Great  Sangir,  in  long.  12-4°  50'  E.,  and  lat.  3°  5(y  N.,  has  oc- 
curred.   The  north-western  part  of  the  island  of  Great  Sangir  is 


108 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


formed  by  the  mountain  Avu,  which  has  several  peaks,  the  highest 
being  about  4,000  feet  above  the  sea.  On  the  -west  side  the 
mountain  runs  very  steep  into  the  sea,  at  the  height  of  the  large 
village  Kandhar,  however,  falling  away  to  a  low  promontory. 

Between  7  and  8  o'clock  on  the  evening  of  the  2d  of  March,  a  sud- 
den and  altogether  indescribable  crashing  noise  was  heard,  which, 
indicating  to  the  Sangirese  an  eruption  of  the  volcano,  filled  them 
with  consternation.  Simultaneously  with  this,  the  glowing  lava 
streamed  downward  with  irresistible  force  in  different  directions, 
bearing  with  it  whatever  it  encountered  on  its  destructive  course, 
and  causing  the  sea  to  boil  wherever  they  came  in  contact.  The 
hot  springs  opened  up,  and  cast  out  a  flood  of  boiling  water,  which 
destroyed  and  carried  away  what  the  fire  had  spared.  The  sea, 
obedient  to  an  unusual  impulse,  lashed  the  rocks  with  frightful 
violence,  dashed  upon  the  shore,  and  heaved  itself  with  a  wild 
haste  against  the  land,  as  if  it  strove  to  overmaster  the  fire-stream. 

This  frightful  picture  of  destruction,  the  horror  of  which  was 
increased  by  the  shrieks  of  men  and  beasts,  the  wild  roaring  of  the 
tempest,  and  the  crashing  of  thousands  of  trees  torn  up  and  carried 
away,  was  followed,  about  an  hour  later,  by  peals  of  thunder  which 
shook  the  ground  and  deafened  the  ear.  A  black  column  of  stone 
and  ashes  then  shot  up  from  the  mountain  to  an  immense  height, 
and  fell — illumined  by  the  glare  of  the  lava — like  a  shower  of  fire 
upon  the  surrounding  country  below,  producing  a  darkness  that, 
only  now  and  then  momentarily  broken  by  the  flashes  of  lightning, 
was  so  intense  that  people  could  not  discern  objects  close  at 
hand,  and  which  completed  their  confusion  and  despair.  Large 
stones  were  hurled  through  the  air,  crushing  whatever  they  fell 
upon.  Houses  and  crops  which  had  not  been  destroyed  by  fire,  sunk 
and  disappeared  beneath  the  ashes  and  stones,  and  the  hill-streams, 
stopped  up  by  these  barriers,  formed  lakes,  which,  breaking  over 
their  banks,  soon  proved  a  new  source  of  destruction. 

This  lasted  some  hours.  About  midnight  the  raging  elements 
sank  to  rest ;  but  on  the  following  day,  about  noon,  they  again  re- 
sumed their  work  of  destruction  with  renewed  violence.  In  the 
mean  time,  the  fall  of  ashes  continued  without  intermission,  and  was 
so  thick  on  this  day  that  the  rays  of  the  sun  could  not  penetrate 
through  it,  and  an  appalling  darkness  prevailed. 

Scarcely  recovered  in  some  degree  from  their  fright,  the  inhabit- 
ants of  this  desolated  part  of  Sangir  were  again  disturbed  by  an 
eruption  on  the  17th  of  March,  which  destroyed  many  fields  and  a 
great  number  of  trees  on  the  Tabukan  side. 

Since  then  this  volcano  has  remained  quiet,  and  the  only  symp- 
tom of  its  working  has  been  the  smoke  rising  up  in  all  directions 
from  cracks  and  fissures  in  the  ground.  The  streams  of  lava  on  the 
slopes  are  still  so  slightly  cooled,  that  people  dare  not  venture  to  any 
great  distance  from  the  shore.  According  to  the  accounts  of  the 
natives,  the  top  of  the  mountain  does  not  appear  to  have  undergone 
any  noticeable  alteration. 

On  the  other  side  of  Kandhar,  on  the  extreme  north  point  of  the 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


109 


island,  the  appearance  of  the  devastation  which  has  heen  caused  is, 
if  possible,  even  more  frightful  than  what  has  taken  place  at  Taruna. 
For  here,  where  formerly  there  were  to  he  seen  extensive  fields  bear- 
ing all  kinds  of  crops,  and  thickly-planted  and  endless  groves  of  cocoa- 
nuts,  we  now  find  nothing  hut  lava,  stones,  and  ashes.  The  liquid  fire 
seems  to  have  flowed  from  the  mountain  at  this  point  with  irresistible 
force,  and  in  prodigious  quantity.  Not  only  has  this  fearful  flood,  as 
it  were,  buried  the  whole  district  and  all  that  was  upon  it,  but,  alter 
having  caused  this  destruction  over  an  extent  of  several  miles,  it 
was  still  powerful  enough,  on  reaching  the  shore,  to  form  tAvo  long 
tarjangs  (.capes)  at  places  where  the  depth  of  water  formerly  con- 
sisted of  many  fathoms. 

A  number  of  other  districts  and  places  have  been,  Eome  wholly 
destroyed,  others  greatly  injured  by  the  fire. 

The  loss  of  life  lias  been  great  Ifr  is  estimated  as  follows  in  the 
undermentioned  districts  :  Taruna,  men,  women,  and  children,  722  ; 
Kandha,  men,  women,  and  children,  45 ;  Tabukan,  men,  women,  and 
children,  2,039.    Total,  2,806. 

The  greater  number  met  their  death  in  the  gardens.  They  fled  in 
all  directions  but  were  overtaken  and  swallowed  up  by  the  fatal  fire- 
stream.  Some  tried  to  save  themselves  in  the  trees,  but  were  either 
carried  away  with  them  or  killed  by  the  scorching  heat.  At  Kalou- 
gan  and  Taryang  the  houses  were  filled  with  people  who  were 
stopped  in  their  flight  by  the  lava  streaming  down  on  all  sides,  and 
the  streams  of  boiling  water,  and  who  met  their  death  under  the 
burning  ashes  and  the  tumbling  houses.  Many  who  had  reached  the 
shores,  and  thought  themselves  safe,  became  a  prey  to  the  furious 
waves,  and  many  died  through  sheer  despondency  and  agony. 

E.  MERIAM,  Brooklyn  Heights. 

GUNNING . — SP  OUTING. 

KILLING  AND  "WOUNDING  LITTLE  BIRDS. 
The  following  statement  of  deaths  and  injuries,  resulting  from 
the  cruel  and  wicked  practice  of  gunning,  sporting,  killing,  and 
wounding  little  birds  and  unprotected  animals,  by  unfeeling  men  and 
boys,  witnesses  that  there  is  a  fearful  penalty  attached  to  the  commis- 
sion of  the  offense.  It  will  be  found,  I  have  no  doubt,  by  a  com- 
parison of  the  list  of  deaths  resulting  from  the  use  of  their  own 
guns  or  from  those  of  their  sporting  companions,  that  more  lives  aro 
annually  sacrificed  in  this  inhuman  and  degrading  sport  than  are  ter- 
minated on  the  gallows  for  murders  committed  within  the  same 
field  of  research. 

This  statement  embraces  a  period  of  twelve  months,  viz. :  from 
October  1,  1855,  to  September  30,  1S5G,  during  which  there  were  76 
persons  killed,  and  42  wounded.  Total,  118  persons.  Many  of  the 
wounded  are  not  expected  to  recover.  The  following  are  the  details : 
OCTOBER,  1855. 

4. — A  boy  named  Smith,  wounded  at  Orange,  New  Jersey,  by^the 
discharge  of  his  fowling-piece.    A  boy  named  William  McCarty, 

10* 


110 


NEW    YORK  ALMANAC 


drowned  at  the  foot  of  Hammond-st.,  New  York,  while  drowning  a 
cat. 

11. — Officer  Lassell,  of  Boston,  while  out  with  a  party  gunning, 
was  wounded  by  one  of  his  companions  who  was  firing  at  a  squirrel. 

14.  — "YVillard  and  D.  S.  Younger  were  drowned  in  Ipswich  hay, 
Mass.,  while  gunning. 

15.  — Mr.  D.  D.  Floyd,  of  Newhuryport,  Mass.,  was  accidentally 
killed  while  gunning. 

21.— Edwin  S.  Keeler,  of  Bordentown,  N.  J.,  lost  his  life  while 
gunning. 

25. — Charles  Higgina,  a  hoy,  residing  near  Alton,  Ohio,  killed  his 
mother  while  gunning. 

30.  — Mr.  Henry  Franklin,  of  North  Attlcboro1,  was  killed  by  the 
discharge  of  his  gun. 

31.  — Lewis  Stricklet,  of  Concord,  Ky.,  was  killed  by  the  accidental 
discharge  of  his  gun.  A  young  man  named  Cowdry,  while  gunning 
near  Cabourg,  Canada  West,  was  killed  by  the  discharge  of  his  gun. 

NOVEMBER. 

1.  — Henry  Taber,  of  X.  Fairhaven,  Mass.,  was  badly  wounded  by 
a  companion  while  gunning. 

2.  — A  party  of  young  men  from  Ontario,  N.  Y\,  on  a  hunting  ex- 
cursion to  Sodus  bay,  lost  one  of  their  companions  by  the  discharge 
of  his  gun,  which  scattered  his  brains  in  every  direction. 

10. — Leander  Earle,  of  Boston,  lost  his  life,  while  on  a  gunning 
excursion,  by  the  discharge  of  his  gun. 

13.  — A  young  man  named  De  Witt,  in  Warren  county,  Ts.  J.,  was 
killed  by  two  sportsmen  from  Easton. 

16.  — Joseph  Annin  was  badly  wounded  while  gunning  at  West 
Hoboken. 

19.  — Samuel  Hicks  was  shot  dead  by  a  companion  while  gunning 
in  Henrico  county,  Va. 

20.  — Mr.  Edward  Dougherty,  while  gunning  near  Bergen,  N.  J., 
shot  himself,  from  the  effects  of  which  he  soon  died.  Justin  Higgins, 
of  Detroit,  Mich.,  accidentally  shot  himself,  causing  his  death.  A 
number  of  the  Washington  Star,  of  November,  gives  the  particulars 
of  three  deaths,  and  one  badly  wounded,  of  persons  while  gunning. 

DECEMBER. 

8. — Hon.  Charles  Mason,  of  Hamilton,  N.  Y.,  was  badly  wounded 
while  out  gunning.  Mr.  Lemuel  Barrett,  of  Council  Bluffs,  was 
found  frozen  to  death,  and  much  mutilated  by  wolves,  etc.  He 
started  on  an  elk-hunt  in  company  with  two  others,  one  of  whom 
had  succeeded  in  getting  home,  and  the  other  had  not  been  heard 
from. 

14.  — Two  persons  belonging  to  Chippewa,  Canada,  while  fowling 
in  a  boat,  were  carried  over  the  Falls. 

19.— John  McCallig,  While  gunning  on  Long  Island,  accidentally 
shot  himself.    He  died  on  the  23d. 


AND  "WEATHER  BOOK. 


Ill 


26.— A  young  man  left  Mexico,  Oswego  county,  on  a  hunting  ex- 
cursion, and  has  not  been  heard  of  since. 

31.  A  man  named  Bartholomew,  of  Belvidere,  111.,  was  accident- 
ally shot  by  a  comrade  while  hunting  rabbits.    He  lost  both  eyes. 

JANUARY,  1856. 

3.  A  countryman  found  in  Chicago,  EL,  dead,  with  his  wagon 

and  load  of  game  on  top  of  him.  J.  W.  Gillman,  of  Jonesborough, 
Me.,  while  at  work  in  a  saw-mill,  attempted  to  kick  a  dog,  when  he 
struck  a  saw,  and  had  his  foot  cut  off. 

Jules  du  Callier  left  St.  Louis  on  a  hunting  expedition,with  a  man 
nimed  Hull,  and  was  found  in  the  woods,  shot  through  the  heart. 

30.  Lyman  H.  Lincoln,  while  fox  hunting  in  Shrewsbury,  Vt., 

accidentally  shot  himself,  causing  his  death  next  day. 

MARCH. 

23.  — Mr.  W.  J.  Hatch,  of  Camden,  N.  J.,  was  killed  by  a  man 
named  Lennairs,  who  was  gunning  on  his  grounds.  Lennairs  was 
sentenced  to  twenty  years'  imprisonment  with  hard  labor.  The  only 
son  of  George  Lynn,  of  Washington,  while  hunting,  accidentally 
killed  himscif. 

25. — Crawford  Kurtz  accidentally  killed  himself,  in  Buffalo,  while 
shooting  rats.  A.  McScarlett,  of  Noble  county,  Ind.,  killed  himself 
by  the  accidental  discharge  of  Ms  rifle. 

APRIL. 

4.  — Solomon  Ostrander,  of  Ottawa,  Iowa,  went  out  hunting,  and 
has  not  been  heard  of  since. 

10.  — Charles  Grant  accidentally  shot  himself,  in  Ulster  county,  N. 
Y.,  causing  his  death  on  the  15th.  A  son  of  John  Whitney,  of  Chi- 
cago, 111.,  while  out  fowling,  was  accidentally  shot  by  a  companion. 

11.  — Mr.  L.  P.  Berthrong,  of  Rochester,  while  hunting  in  Cayuga 
county,  accidentally  shot  himself,  causing  his  death  next  day. 

15.  — A  boy  named  Patrick,  died  at  the  New  York  Hospital,  from 
the  effects  of  a  wound  received  from  a  companion  while  gunning. 

16.  — George  Wilds  accidentally  killed  himself,  while  shooting 
muskrats,  near  Paterson,  New  Jersey. 

Mr.  Jackson  Huddleson,  while  gunning  in  Fayette  co.,  ,  mis- 
took a  little  boy  for  a  deer,  and  shot  him,  causing  his  death  in  a  few 
hours. 

21. — At  Horicon  Lake,  Wisconsin,  a  Mr.  Rich,  in  firing  at  a  loon, 
shot  a  man  dead. 

24.  — Mr.  Smith,  while  hunting  near  Macon,  Georgia,  shot  a  Mr. 
Atkins  dead,  having  mistaken  him  for  a  wild  turkey.  Mr.  Atkins 
was  also  hunting.  A  Mr.  Cose,  of  Bedford  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
started  out  to  hunt,  and  was  followed  by  his  two  children.  The 
children  were  not  found  for  twelve  days,  when  they  wore  found 
starved  to  death.  The  mother  has  since  died  of  grief  at  their  loss, 
and  the  father  lias  in  a  critical  condition. 


112 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


MAY. 

2. — Duncan  Gray  was  killed  by  the  accidental  discharge  of  his 
gun  in  Jasper  co.,  Iowa,  while  going  a  hunting. 

A  Chippewa  Indian,  named  Watal,  was  shot  dead  while  shooting 
ducks  in  Benton  co.,  Minnesota. 

21. — James  Sanhorn  was  accidentally  shot  at  Lowell,  Mass.,  caus- 
ing his  death. 

24. — A  man  at  Durham,  Canada,  in  firing  at  some  pigeons,  killed 
a  young  man  named  McLean. 

31. — John  Marsh,  of  Exeter  co.,  New  Hampshire,  was  killed  by 
the  accidental  discharge  of  a  gun,  while  trying  to  shoot  an  eagle. 

JUNE. 

6.  — James  II.  Wilson,  of  Williamson  co.,  Tennessee,  accidentally  « 
shot  himself  dead,  while  shooting  birds. 

7.  — A  son  of  Lyman  Adams  of  Utica,  with  two  other  boys,  while 
firing  at  some  birds  the  barrel  exploded,  wounding  himself  and  one 
of  his  companions. 

12. — Dr.  J.  R,  Terry,  of  New  York,  was  badly  wounded  by  a 
pistol  procured  for  shooting  rats.  Mr.  Lewis  G-ray,  of  Sampson- 
ville,  Ulster  co.,  war,  killed  by  the  bursting  of  a  gun.  Adam  Lewis 
fell  from  the  roof  of  a  four-story  house  at  Cleveland,  while  firing  at 
a  flock  of  pigeons. 

14. — Charles  Morgan,  of  Fayetteville,  New  York,  was  killed  by 
the  accidental  discharge  of  his  gun.  Captain  II.  Garmany,  of 
Ringgold,  Georgia,  while  shooting  birds,  accidentally  shot  himself, 
causing  his  death  ia  about  twenty  houre.  Walter  James,  while 
deer-hunting  at  Rice  Lake,  had  a  dispute  with  three  Indians,  and, 
using  his  hunting-knife,  disabled  all  three  of  them,  wounding  them 
badly. 

17. — Mr.  John  Combs,  of  Beetown,  Wisconsin,  while  hunting, 
accidentally  shot  himself  dead. 

21. — Conrad  Schellings,  of  Westminster.  Md.,  was  killed  by  the 
accidental  discharge  of  his  gun. 

24. — A  man  living  in  Somer's  Court,  Philadelphia,  shot  his  own 
child  by  the  accidental  discharge  of  his  gun.  lie  is  not  expected  to 
survive.  Mr.  Edward  Gentry,  of  Hamilton,  Canada,  had  his  hand 
badly  shattered,  by  the  bursting  of  his  gun  while  fowling. 

26. — A  boy  who  resides  in  Broome-st.,  New  York,  was  wounded 
in  the  hand  while  shooting  rats. 

A  man  near  Detroit,  Michigan,  while  rhooting  birds,  accidentally 
killed  a  young  lady. 

JULY. 

1. — Ebenezer  Whitney,  of  Nelson,  New  York,  killed  himself  whilo 
trying  to  shoot  a  squirrel. 

4. — Mr.  II.  E.  Austin  was  frightfully  wounded  by  the  accidental 
discharge  of  his  gun,  while  shooting  pigeons  at  Rockford,  Illinois. 

9. — Mr.  Samuel  James  accidentally  killed  himself,  while  hunting 
in  Steuben  co.,  New  York. 


AND  "WEATHER  BOOK. 


113 


11. — A  boy  had  his  left  band  badly  fractured  by  a  companion, 
■while  bunting  on  Clove  road,  Brooklyn. 

14 — Mr.  Van  Graves,  of  Chesterfield,  Virginia,  while  bunting 
with  his  son,  was  instantly  killed  by  the  accidental  discharge  of  his 
son's  gun. 

16. — Franklin  Bristow  lost  his  life  while  hunting  at  Ontario, 
Wayne  co.,  New  York,  by  the  accidental  discharge  of  his  gun. 

Martin  Bromley,  of  North  Chili,  New  York,  lost  his  life  by  the 
accidental  discharge  of  his  shot-gun. 

25. — James  G.  Bolles  was  killed  by  lightning,  near  Topeka, 
Kansas,  -while  on  a  hunting  expedition. 

28. — Safer  Schutts,.a  German,  was  -wounded  at  Buffalo,  New  York, 
by  the  bursting  of  his  gun  while  shooting  small  birds.  A  man  at 
Green  Farms,  Connecticut,  dangerously  wounded  by  the  discharge 
of  a  gun  in  the  hands  of  a  companion. 

AUGUST. 

1.  — In  Pike  co.,  Alabama,  two  brothers  named  Dorn,  were  gun- 
ning, when  one  accidentally  killed  the  other. 

2.  — Two  men  shot  in  San  Francisco,  California,  by  the  accidental 
discharge  of  a  gun ;  one  died  soon  after. 

3.  — Silas  M.  Burroughs,  of  Medina,  New  York,  accidentally  shot 
himself  while  gunning,  and  lies  in  a  critical  condition. 

9. — A  young  man  named  Smith  accidentally  shot  himself  through 
the  lungs,  while  out  gunning  near  Lexington,  Connecticut.  Augus- 
tus Howell,  of  Powerville,  New  Jersey,  accidentally  killed  himself 
while  shooting  woodcock. 

11.  — Two  boys  shot  at  Peekskill,  New  York,  by  a  man  firing  at  a 
bird.    There  is  hopes  of  their  recovery. 

12.  — Joseph  Loud  shot  by  a  companion  while  gunning  at  New 
Bedford,  Mass.    His  wounds  are  not  mortal. 

16.  — Mr.  Francis  L.  Lord  was  shot  by  the  accidental  discharge  of 
a  gun,  while  fowling  at  Baldwins ville,  Mass.  He  is  not  expected  to 
survive. 

17.  — Harrison  Miller  was  shot  by  a  companion,  while  gunning  at 
Gerry,  New  York.  He  was  not  expected  to  recover.  Mr.  N.  Bal- 
lard fell  from  a  tree  breaking  his  neck,  at  Hampton,  New  Hamp- 
shire, while  trying  to  get  at  a  squirrel  he  had  shot. 

18.  — Robert  Miller  accidentally  shot  himself  in  Berwick,  Maine ; 
he  is  not  expected  to  survive. 

21.— Mr.  Moss,  of  Turk's  Creek,  ,  while  hunting,  was  shot  by 

a  companion,  who  mistook  him  for  a  panther. 

23. — A  son  of  Mr.  E.  Oliver  was  badly  wounded  at  S.  Reading, 
Mass.,  by  the  accidental  discharge  of  his  gun  while  fowling. 

24 — A  man  shot  and  wounded  by  two  sportsmen,  who  were 
gunuing  near  Baltimore.  A  young  man  shot  at  Grafton,  New  York, 
by  a  companion  while  gunning.  He  will  be  a  cripple  for  life.  A 
party  of  boys  were  gunning  at  Milan,  New  York,  when  one  acci- 
dentally shot  another  through  the  heart. 


114 


>-zvr  Ycr.s  a iMA vac 


25. — A  man  seriously  injured,  by  a  companion  shooting  him,  while 
gunning  near  Princeton,  New  Jersey. 

25. — Hon.  William  Halstod  was  badly  wounded  at  Trenton,  New 
Jersey,  by  the  accidental  discharge  of  a  gun. 

29. — Two  children  shot  and  wounded  by  a  man  near  Troy,  New 
York.  A  sportsman  shooting  at  a  duck  in  Horicon  Lake,  Wiscon- 
sin, shot  a  man  through  the  heart  near  by.  The  ball  struck  a  wave, 
and  bounded  back  in  a  line  varying  only  about  fifteen  degrees. 

SEPTEMBER. 

6l — William  Doughty  was  shockingly  wounded  by  the  accidental 
discharge  of  his  gun.  near  Camden,  New  Jersey,  while  fowling. 
Albin  C  Bean  was  shot  by  a  companion,  while  gunning  at  Candid, 
New  Hampshire,  causing  has  death. 

T. — A  man  shot  dead  in  Bethlehem,  New  York,  by  persons  who 
were  hunting  on  his  grounds.    The  murderer  was  arrested. 

9. — A  m^n  named  Allen  shot  and  killed  a  woman  in  Wobura, 
Mass.   He  was  arrested. 

16. — Mr.  F.  EL  Ayres  was  severely  mangled  in  a  contest  with  a 
grizzly  bear  in  California. 

IS. — Thomas  M.  YinaL  of  Scitaate,  Mass.,  while  gunning,  was 
instantly  killed  by  the  accidental  discharge  of  his  gnn. 

19.— Thomas  Webb  was  instantly  killed  at  Tarrytown,  New  York, 
by  the  accidental  discharge  of  his  gun,  on  his  return  from  a  hunt- 
ing excursion. 

24.  — Dr.  William  IE  Allen,  of  Maehias,  Maine,  was  instantly 
killed  by  the  accidental  discharge  of  his  gnn,  when  returning  from 

i  ~Z.1~JLTl~  ri; ■'ITSl'j'Z. 

25.  — William  Smith  was  instantly  killed  by  the  discharge  of  his 
gun,  near  Danville,  New  Jersey,  while  gumsing. 

26.  — A  man  in  Rockland  co_,  New  York,  was  wounded  by  the  ac- 
cidental discharge  of  a  companion's  gun,  while  out  gunning. 

E.  MERLAM.  Bzooxltx  Heights. 


DEATHS  AND  INJURIES  FROM  TEE  U5L  01 
CAMPKENE 

And  other  preparations  known  as  Spiett-Gas,  Bu335ixg-Fx.uid,  etc_, 
etc,  for  the  purpose  of  iUumination,  within  the  field  of  our  re- 
search, during  twelve  months,  viz. :  from  October  15th,  1855,  to 
October  15th,  1356. 

Killed,  57. 

Injured,  105, 16  of  whom  are  not  expected  to  recover. 
Amount  of  property  destroyed,  in  such  cases  where  the  amount  was 
tinted,  HOMBSt  ' 

These  details  show  that  our  field  of  research  is  a  limited  one,  and 
yet  the  deaths  are  very  numerous.  Buniing.  fluids  should  not  be 
used  in  a  building  of  any  kind  for  the  purpose  of  iUumination, 


A>~D  "WEATHER  BOOK. 


11 


OCTOBER 

15.  — A  camphene  lamp  exploded  mt 
set  the  place  on  fire. 

24. — A  camphene  lamp  exploded  at 
set  the  place  on  fire.  Mr.  Hamm  was 
down  of  the  stoop  while  taking  out  a  1 

29. — A  camphene  lamp  exploded  in 
set  ire  to  tie  i.:iii:r. 


SMBER. 


8  John  Fo 

Market,  New  " 


camphene  lam; 
she  will  not  su 
New  York. 

19.— Miss  Ma 
the  upsetting  o: 
burned  as  to  di 

22.  Mrs.  Wi 

sewing,  was  so 
she  died  next  <] 

29.  — A  girl  n; 
burned  by  the 
filling  a  lighted 
by  baring  cara] 
asleep,  to  awai 

30.  — A  fire  a 
of  a  camphene 
voung  man  can 


Maine,  was  badly  burned  b 
;  filling  a  lighted  lamp.  So 

burned,  at  ISO  West  Forty 
of  a  fluid  lamp  which  he  wa 
i  morning.  Mr.  Tatem  wa 
armada,  bv  the  expiation  of  i 


ploded. 


116 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


DECEMBER. 

4.— Mrs.  Handy  died  at  131  Suffolk-st.,  New  York,  from  the  ef- 
fects of  burns  received  last  September  by  the  explosion  of  camphene. 
At  Waterville,  Maine,  a  boy  aged  4  years  was  shockingly  burned  by 
the  explosion  of  a  fluid  lamp. 

11.  — A  fluid  lamp  exploded  at  Dr.  J.  Smith's,  Brooklyn,  setting 
the  place  on  fire,  and  destroying  several  hundred  dollars'  worth  of 
dentist's  materials. 

14. — A  camphene  lamp  burst  in  James-st.,  Brooklyn,  causing  an 
alarm  of  fire. 

22.  — Mrs.  A.  Amendi,  residing  at  77  Murray-st.,  New  York,  was 
terribly  burned  by  the  explosion  of  a  camphene  lamp. 

23.  — A  crockery  store,  in  Av.  A,  New  York,  was  set  on  fire  by  the 
lighted  wick  of  a  fluid  lamp  setting  fire  to  a  can  of  camphene.  Mr. 
Miller  was  badly  burned.    Loss,  $75. 

2G. — Mrs.  Harrison,  residing  in  Lorimer-st.,  Brooklyn,  died  from 
burns  received  by  the  explosion  of  a  fluid  lamp.  Her  husband  was 
severely  burned,  but  not  dangerously. 

31. — A  camphene  lamp  burst  at  309  Grand-st.,  New  York,  causiDg 
an  alarm  of  fire. 

JANUARY,  1856. 

3. — A  fire  occurred  at  109  Mott-sL,  New  York,  from  a  camphene 
lamp  being  thrown  down. 

9. — The  camphene  lamps  in  an  omnibus  at  Bloomington,  111.,  fell 
and  burst,  burning  the  omnibus.    Loss,  about  $400. 

12.  — The  still  exploded  in  the  Alcohol,  Pine-oil,  and  Burning 
Fluid  Manufactory,  in  Camden,  New  Jersey,  scalding  two  men  se- 
riously ;  one  died  shortly  after. 

17. — A  camphene  lamp  exploded  at  S59  Tenth  Av.,  New  York, 
and  set  fire  to  some  goods. 

19. — A  camphene  lamp  exploded  at  184  Williain-st. ,  New  York, 
burning  five  persons  badly,  and  setting  fire  to  the  place.  Mr.  Stenle, 
one  of  the  injured,  died  on  the  27th. 

21.— Mrs.  Sarah  Elliott,  of  121  East  Thirty-ninth-st.,  New  York, 
was  so  badly  burned  by  the  explosion  of  a  fluid  lamp,  that  she  died 
next  day. 

23. — Catharine  McGuire,  of  G5  Pitt-st,  New  York,  was  so  badly 
burned  by  the  explosion  of  a  fluid  lamp,  that  she  died  on  the  25th. 
Miss  Cecilia  Hubbard  died  at  Baltimore,  from  injuries  received  by 
the  explosion  of  a  camphene  lamp. 

FEBRUARY. 

1. — A  camphene  lamp  exploded  at  73  Roosevelt-st.,  New  York,  set- 
ting the  place  on  fire. 

G. — A  young  woman  in  Mr.  Armstrong's,  Carmine-st.,  New  York, 
was  seriously  burned  by  the  explosion  of  a  fluid  lamp. 

8. — Mrs.  Gardner,  of  Front-st.,  Brooklyn,  was  severely  burned  by 
the  explosion  of  a  fluid  lamp. 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


117 


25. — A  caniphene  lamp  exploded  at  59  Sheriff-st.,  New  York,  burn- 
ing Mrs.  Klime  severely,  and  set  the  building  on  fire. 

27. — A  fire  occurred  in  Washington-st.,  Albany,  caused  by  cam- 
phene taking  fire  while  filling  a  lighted  lamp.  A  girl  severely  burned 
in  Myrtle  Av.,  Brooklyn,  by  the  upsetting  of  a  camphene  lamp. 
Mrs.  Catharine  Peuhler  and  her  daughter,  residing  in  Baltimore, 
severely  burned  by  a  camphene  lamp. 

MARCH. 

4.  — A  little  girl  badly  burned  at  719  Myrtle  Av.,  Brooklyn,  by  the 
explosion  of  a  camphene  lamp. 

(3. — A  little  girl  badly  burned  in  Smith-st.,  Brooklyn,  by  a  cam- 
phene lamp. 

13. — A  camphene  lamp  exploded  at  1S6  Pearl-st.,  New  York,  set- 
tin?  fire  to  the  building.  Another  exploded  in  a  fancy  goods  store, 
410  Pearl-st. 

17. — A  crockery  store  in  Division-st.,  New  York,  set  on  fire  by 
camphene,  and  a  man  badly  burned. 

20.  — Mrs.  Timms  was  so  badly  burned  by  camphene,  at  3G4  Pearl- 
st,  New  York,  while  filling  a  lighted  lamp,  that  she  died  on  the 
30th  ;  a  little  child  was  also  injured.  A  camphene  lamp  exploded  in 
Elm-st.,  near  Grand-st.,  causing  an  alarm  of  fire.  A  child  of  Mr. 
Charles  Allen,  of  Gowanus,  Long  Island,  New  York,  severely  burned 
by  the  explosion  of  a  camphene  lamp. 

21.  — Mary  Ford  severely  burned  at  21  Hester-st.,  New  York,  by 
the  ignition  of  camphene  while  filling  a  lamp. 

24. — Mrs.  Frances  Long  seriously  burned  at  172  Deiancey-st., 
New  York,  by  the  explosion  of  a  camphene  lamp  ;  it  caused  consid- 
erable damage. 

it). — A  house  in  Bushwick,  Long  Island  (worth  $900),  burned 
down  by  fire  caused  by  the  explosion  of  a  camphene  lamp ;  and  an- 
other damaged  to  the  s  mount  of  $600.  Three  persons  badly  burned 
in  Baltimore,  by  the  explosion  of  an  ethereal  oil  lamp. 

APRIL. 

I.  — A  camphene  lamp  exploded  at  152  Canal-st,  New  York,  set- 
ting the  place  on  fire  and  burning  a  man  badly.    Damage,  $150. 

5.  — A  camphene  lamp  exploded  at  375  First  Av.,  New  York,  de- 
stroying the  contents  of  a  barber's  window. 

8. — No.  201  Third  Av.,  New  York,  damaged  to  the  amount  of 
$250,  supposed  to  be  caused  by  a  fluid  lamp. 

10. — A  fluid  lamp  and  can  exploded  at  250  Stanton-st.,  New  York, 
burning  five  persons  dangerously,  and  setting  the  building  on  fire  ; 
Mrs.  Cohen,  one  of  the  injured,  it  is  feared  can  not  recover. 

12. — Mrs.  Swartz  severely  burned  at  27  Madison-st.,  New  York, 
by  the  explosion  of  a  camphene  lamp  ;  it  caused  an  alarm  of  fire. 

MAY. 

II.  — Rachel  Stuart  died  from  the  effects  of  burns  received  by  the 
explosion  of  a  camphene  lamp,  corner  of  Seventh  Av.  and  Eleventh- 
st.,  New  York. 

11 


118 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


21. — House  No.  70  West  Forty-sixth-st.,  New  York,  was  set  on 
fire,  supposed  to  be  caused  by  the  explosion  of  a  fluid  lamp.  Miss 
Charlotte  Janes,  aged  15,  daughter  of  Bishop  Janes,  of  Basken- 
ridge,  New  Jersey,  so  severely  burned  by  the  explosion  of  a  cara- 
phene  lamp,  that  for  some  days  her  life  was  despaired  of. 

30.  — Miss  Mary  Anne  Young  badly  burned  by  the  explosion  of  a 
fluid  lamp,  at  Philadelphia  ;  recovery  doubtful.  The  oil  works  and 
turpentine  still  of  Mr.  E.  C.  Holbrook,  at  Wakulla,  Fla.,  were  de- 
stroyed by  fire.  Loss,  some  $15,000.  Mr.  Collins,  formerly  of 
Brooklyn,  New  York,  was  at  work  in  the  building  when  the  explo- 
sion of  gas  occurred,  and  was  covered  with  flames.  He  ran  for  the 
river,  some  200  feet  distant,  and  plunged  in.  The  unfortunate  man 
was  rescued  from  the  water,  and  lingered  about  thirty  hours  in  the 
most  excruciating  agony,  when  death  relieved  him. 

31.  — A  girl  about  12  years  of  age  severely  burned  by  the  explo- 
sion of  a  fluid  lamp,  in  Newark,  New  Jersey. 

JUNE. 

5. — A  young  man  in  Chicago  had  a  narrow  escape  by  the  ignition 
of  a  barrel  of  alcohol  from  a  spirit  lamp  in  his  hand  while  in  the 
act  of  drawing  some  alcohol. 

"7. — A  camphene  lamp  exploded  in  305  Bleecker-st.,  New  York,  set- 
ting fire  to  the  place. 

9.  — A  camphene  lamp  exploded  at  4S  Eighth  Av.,  New  York,  burn- 
ing two  persons  badly.  A  camphene  lamp  exploded  in  a  house  in 
Water-st.,  Philadelphia,  frightfully  burning  a  young  lady,  and  set- 
ting fire  to- the  furniture. 

10.  — A  camphene  lamp  and  can  burst  on  board  of  bark  Rolla,  in 
lat.  32°,  long.  75°,  settting  fire  to  the  cabin,  and  burning  the  steward 
so  badly  that  he  died  in  forty-eight  hours. 

11.  — A  dealer  in  explosive  burning  fluid  had  his  sign  (a  highly 
variegated  lantern)  destroyed  by  the  fluid,  on  Fulton-st.,  Brooklyn. 

18. — A  camphene  factory,  in  West  Twelfth-st.,  New  York,  took 
fire  and  was  damaged,  in  stock  and  building,  $450. 

20. — A  camphene  lamp  burst  in  a  dry  goods  store  in  Salmon  Falls, 
N.  H.,  setting  the  place  on  fire,  and  consuming  $5,000  worth  of 
stock. 

23. — Mr.  Lord  and  his  wife  badly  burned  on  a  barge  at  New 
Brunswick,  New  Jersey,  by  the  explosion  of  a  fluid  lamp.  Mrs.  L. 
died  of  her  injuries. 

.  24. — A  little  girl  in  Albany,  daughter  of  Joel  White,  badly  burned 
by  the  explosion  of  a  camphene  lamp. 

25.  — A  camphene  lamp  exploded  in  86  Ann-st.,  New  York ;  and 
another  at  99  Gold-st.  A  little  girl  named  Lyons,  severely  burned 
in  Philadelphia,  by  the  explosion  of  a  fluid  lamp.  A  son  of  Mr. 
John  Regan,  of  Lynn,  Mass.,  so  badly  burned  by  the  explosion  of  a 
fluid  lamp,  that  he  died  nex£  morning ;  the  room  was  also  set  on 
fire. 

26.  — A  little  girl  named  Scott,  in  Albany,  badly  burned  by  the  ex- 
plosion of  a  camphene  lamp. 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


119 


27. — Mr.  J.  W.  Paramou,  of  Cleveland,  Ohio,  and  his  niece,  se- 
verely burned  by  the  explosion  of  a  camphene  lamp.  The  condition 
of  the  latter  is  critical. 

JULY. 

1.—  A  fluid  lamp  burst  at  212  Myrtle  Av.,  Brooklyn,  setting  the 
place  on  fire,  and  burning  one  person  severely. 

3.  — A  family  of  five  persons  terribly  injured  by  the  bursting  of  a 
camphene  lamp  on  Sugar  river,  Indiana.  The  mother  died  in  fifteen 
hours,  and  the  other  four  are  not  expected  to  live. 

4.  — Ellen  Mallen  very  severely  burned  at  285  Ninth  Av.,  New- 
York,  by  the  explosion  of  a  camphene  lamp. 

C. — A  camphene  lamp  exploded  in  the  hands  of  Mrs.  Ryan,  Al- 
bany, injuring  her  painfully.  A  little  girl  in  Providence,  Rhode 
Island,  so  severely  burned  by  the  explosion  of  a  fluid  lamp,  that 
she  died  next  day. 

10  A  stable,  corner  of  Thirty-ninth-st.  and  Broadway,  New  York, 

destroyed  by  the  explosion  of  a  barrel  of  camphene.  Loss,  $300. 
A  boy  named  Smith  so  severely  burned  that  he  died  on  the  23d. 

12.  — Catharine  Fay  so  badly  burned  by  the  bursting  of  a  cam- 
phene lamp,  at  80  Catharine-st.,  New  York,  that  she  died  on  the  23d. 

13.  — Two  negro  women  and  two  children  burned  to  death  near 
Smithfield,  Virginia,  by  fire  from  camphene  ;  and  three  children  so 
badly  burned  that  they  are  not  expected  to  recover.  The  owner 
would  have  refused  $1,000  for  each  of  the  women. 

18  Mary  Herbert  so  badly  burned  at  69  Prospect-st,  Brooklyn, 

by  the  explosion  of  a  fluid  lamp,  that  she  died  on  the  3d  of  August. 
The  place  was  set  on  fire. 

19  A  fluid  lamp  exploded  in  the  drug  store  corner  of  Forty- 
four  th-st.  and  Ninth  Av.,  New  York,  and  falling  on  the  head  of  Mr. 
H.  Gertzen,  burned  him  in  a  dreadful  manner.  F.  Betz  was  also 
severely  burned.  The  stock  was  damaged  by  fire  to  the  amount  of 
$25.  A  fluid  lamp  exploded  at  131  Endicott-st.,  Boston,  burning  a 
Mrs.  Smith  very  badly. 

20. — A  fire  broke  out  in  Messrs.  Siddon  &  Zennis's  Camphene, 
Turpentine,  and  Alcohol  Distillery,  Furman-st.,  Brooklyn.'  It  was 
soon  extinguished. 

21 — Mrs.  Lee  was  so  badly  burned  by  the  breaking  of  a  cam- 
phene lamp  in  Albany,  that  she  died  on  the  29th.  Miss  Margaret 
Fitzpatrick,  residing  in  Baltimore,  so  badly  burned  by  her  clothes 
taking  fire  from  an  ethereal  oil  lamp,  that  she  died  on  the  24th. 

22.  — A  camphene  lamp  exploded  in  a  house  in  Liberty-st,  Albany, 
burning  two  persons  severely. 

23.  — A  fluid  lamp  exploded  in  Newark,  New  Jersey,  burning  Mrs. 
Ticknor  and  her  son,  the  latter  so  badly  that  he  died  in  five  hours. 

24.  — A  young  lady  in  Portsmouth,  New  Hampshire,  had  her  dress 
burned  off  by  some  burning  fluid  taking  fire.    She  escaped  injury. 

24. — A  little  girl  named  Foster,  aged  13  years,  at  Jamaica,  Long 
Island,  so  badly  burned  by  the  explosion  of  a  fluid  lamp  that  she 
died  next  day. 


120 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


26. — A  campliene  lamp  burst  at  175  Division -st.,  New  York,  set- 
ting the  store  on  fire.  Damage  about  $60.  A  campliene  lamp  ex- 
ploded in  a  >.ouse  in  Atlantic-st. ,  Brooklyn,  burning  one  person 
badly. 

29.  — A  fire  occurred  in  Boston,  caused  by  the  ignition  of  campliene 
(by  a  cigar)  while  being  drawn  from  a  barrel,  which  destroyed  prop- 
erty to  the  amount  of  $60,000 ;  causing  the  loss  of  nine  lives^  and 
four  badly  wounded,  besides  several  persons  missing.  A  camphene 
lamp  burst  in  a  house  corner  of  Sixth  and  Fourth-sts.,  South  Boston, 
severely  burning  Catharine  Blackman,  and  setting  the  house  on 
fire. 

30.  — A  camphene  lamp  exploded  in  a  grocery  store,  corner  of 
Arch  and  Pearl-sts.,  Albany,  setting  the  place  on  fire.  Sarah  Moore, 
aged  22,  died  at  the  Penn.  Hospital,  Philadelphia,  from  the  effects  of 
burns  caused  by  the  explosion  of  a  fluid  lamp. 

31.  — A  house  in  Third-st.,  Philadelphia,  was  set  on  fire  by  the 
bursting  of  a  fluid  lamp.  Not  much  damage  done,  except  to  furni- 
ture. 

AUGUST. 

1. — A  camphene  lamp  exploded  in  Mr.  John  Bale's,  Bellville,  New 
Jersey,  burning  the  girls  badly,  and  killed  a  child. 

4. — A  camphene  lamp  exploded  in  a  house  in  Lumber-st,  Albany, 
burning  a  Mrs.  Stevens.  A  campheue  lamp  exploded  at  30^ 
Bleecker-st.,  New  York,  burning  a  domestic  in  a  shocking  manner" 
and  set  the  house  on  fire. 

6. — A  camphene  lamp  exploded  at  137  Washington-st.,  New  York, 
settiag  fire  to  the  premises. 

12.  — A  fluid  lamp  exploded  at  33  Butler-st.,  Brooklyn,  setting  the 
house  on  fire,  badly  burning  the  servant-girl,  and  nearly  causing  the 
death  of  a  young  child.    Damage  to  the  house,  $60. 

13.  — A  camphene  lamp  exploded  in  a  saloon  on  Broadway,  Albany, 
burning  one  person  so  bad  that  his  life  is  despaired  of,  and  doing 
considerable  damage  to  the  fixtures. 

16.— A  camphene  lamp  exploded  in  the  building  corner  of  Marion 
and  Spriug-sts.,  N.  Y.  A  camphene  lamp  exploded  in  a  house  in 
Lincoln-«t.,  Boston,  enveloping  a  Miss  Norton  in  flames.  She  rau 
into  the  street  with  the  blaze  rising  all  around  her  from  her  waist 
to  her  head,  when  a  man  succeeded  in  tearing  her  clothes  from  her 
body  before  she  was  very  seriously  injured. 

A.  camphene  lamp  exploded  in  Covington,  Ky.,  burning  a  little 
girl,  named  Broaddus,  to  death.  At  Elizabethtown,  N.  J.,  two 
boys  were  playing  with  camphene,  when  one  of  them  poured  a 
liberal  quantity  on  the  clothes  of  the  other,  and  then  set  fire  with  a 
match.  The  boy  ran  into  the  street  enveloped  in  flames,  and  before 
his  clothes  could  be  torn  off,  was  badly,  though  not  dangerouslv, 
burned. 

19.— -The  burning-fluid  and  camphene  manufactory  in  Washin^ton- 
st.,  Philadelphia,  caught  fire  from  the  explosion  of  a  fluid  lamp, 
and  the  building  (two  story  brick),  with  its  contents,  was  entirely 
destroyed.       .  * 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


121 


21. — Bridget  Green,  residing  at  OS  Oak-st,  N.  Y.,  was  dangerously 
burned  by  the  explosion  of  a  can  of  camphene. 

23. — A  camphene  lamp  exploded  at  O'j  West  Broadway,  N.  Y., 
setting  the  place  on  fire.  Two  young  women  burned  to  death  in  St, 
Louis,  Mo.,  ia  consequence  of  tneir  clothes  taking  fire  while  filling  a 
lighted  gas  lamp. 

30.— Elizabeth  Baker  died  at  200  Avenue  B,  N.  Y.,  from  the 
effects  of  burns  received  by  the  upsetting  of  a  camphene  lamp. 

SEPTEMBER. 

C. — A  camphene  lamp  exploded  in  the  Reformed  Dutch  Church  in 
152d-st.,  N.  Y.,  setting  the  building  on  fire,  and  burning  Geo.  Ingles, 
the  sexton,  so  badly  that  he  died  soon  after.  The  building  was 
damaged  to  the  amount  of  $300.  Mrs.  Charlotte  Morgan  died  at 
133  West-st.,  N.  Y.,  from  burns  received  in  December  last,  by  the 
explosion  of  a  fiuid  lamp. 

10.  — A  camphene  lamp  burst  at  85  Fourth-st,  N.  Y.,  setting  the 
place  on  fire.    Damage  about  $:5. 

11.  — A  camphene  liiinp  exploded  at  18  White-st.,  N.  Y.,  burning 
John  Drinker,  jr.,  so  badly  that  he  died  on  the  ISth.  A  camphene 
lamp  exploded  in  the  window  of  a  boot  and  shoe  maker  in  Second- 
st.,  Brooklyn,  breaking  several  panes  of  glass. 

12.  — A  camphene  lamp  exploded  on  the  canal  boat  John  Smith, 
near  Port  Jackson,  N.  Y.,  burning  the  captain's  wife  and  two  chil- 
dren. Tiie  captain  threw  or.e  of  the  children  overboard  to  quench 
the  fire,  when  it  was  drowned.  The  mother  is  not  expected  to  re- 
cover. 

13.  — A  camphene  lamp  exploded  in  a  house  in  Warren-st.,  Brook- 
lyn, injuring  one  person  badly,  and  setting  the  house  on  fire. 

14.  — A  camphene  lamp  exploded  on  board  the  schooner  Banquet, 
lying  at  the  foot  of  Delancey-st.,  N.  Y.,  burning  a  colored  man 
dangerously.  Mr.  John  Cross  was  severely  burned  at  Hudson, 
N.  Y.,  by  a  camphene  lamp. 

16. — A  camphene  lamp  exploded  at  14  Allen-st.,  X.  Y.,  seriously 
burning  Louis  Attenwalder.  Mrs.  Price,  together  with  her  servant- 
girl,  residing  at  the  corner  of  Willet  and  Houston-sts.,  were 
dangerously  burned  by  the  explosion  of  a  camphene  lamp. 

18. — William  Manning  and  his  wife  seriously  injured,  by  the 
bursting  of  a  camphene  lamp,  corner  of  Pearl-st.  and  Franklin- 
place,  Brooklyn.  An  elegant  fluid  lamp  was  burned  up  on  Fulton-st, 
Brooklyn. 

21. — Mrs.  Jackson  was  severely  burned  at  Lockport,  N.  Y.,  by  the 
explosion  of  a  fluid  lamp. 

23. — A  grocery  store,  No.  13  Hicks-st.,  Brooklyn,  burned  down  by 
the  explosion  of  a  camphene  lamp.  Loss  about  $3,000.  A  fluid 
lamp  exploded  in  Montgomery-st.,  Albany,  burning  Mrs.  Carroll  so 
badly  that  she  died  on  the  25th. 

25. — A  camphene  lamp  exploded  at  150  Ludlow-st.,  N.  Y,  which 
set  fire  to  the  building.  A  camphene  lamp  exploded  in  a  house*  on 
Chapel-st.,  Albany. 

11* 


122 


NEW   YORK  ALMANAC 


OCTOBER. 

1.  — A  young  woman,  named  Mary  Haven,  cook  on  a  canal  boat, 
died  in  Tompkins  co.,  N.  Y.,  from  the  effects  of  burns  received  by 
the  fall  and  breaking  of  a  camphene  lamp.  Four  other  persons 
were  badly  burned. 

2.  — Mrs.  Myers,  residing  at  the  corner  of  Stagg  and  Morrell-sts., 
Brooklyn,  so  "badly  burned  by  the  explosion  ot  a  fluid  lamp,  tbat 
Bhe  died  on  the  4th.  Mrs.  Jane  Littleheld,  of  Rockport.  Mass.,  was 
burned  to  death  by  the  explosion  of  a  can  of  burning  fluid. 

3.  — A  child  of  Mr.  James  Holiingsworth,  of  Newark,  N.  J.,  aged 
ten  years,  so  badly  burned  by  the  explosion  of  a  can  of  camphene. 
in  her  hands,  that  she  died  on  the  4th. 

6. — Elizabeth  Jackson  died  at  the  New  York  Hospital,  from  the 
effects  of  burns  received  by  the  explosion  of  a  camphene  lamp.  A 
store  and  d --veiling  burned  down  in  Mount  Vernon,  Westchester  co., 
N.  Y.,  by  the  explosion  of  a  can  of  burning  fluid.    Loss  $5,000. 

T. — An  ethereal  oil  lamp  exploded  in  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  horribly 
burning  five  persons — two  of  them,  it  is  feared,  fatally. 

0. — A  camphene  lamp  exploded  at  160  Johnson-st.,  Brooklyn,  E.  D.. 
which  burned  the  store  and  dwelling,  and  considerably  damaged  an 
adjoining  building.    Loss  $2,500. . 

10. — A  fluid  lamp  burst  in  Boston,  badly  burning  a  young  woman, 
named  Bridget  Cocklin. 

12. — A  camphene  lamp  exploded  in  Albany,  burning  a  little  girl, 
named  Morrison. 

E.  MERLA.M,  Brooklyn  Heights. 

DIRECTIONS  FOB,  BE5T0EING  PERSONS  APPARENTLY 
DE0WNED. 

I  have  received  the  following  from  R.  B.  Fouues,  Esq.,  of  Boston, 
an  officer  of  the  Massachusetts  Humane  Society, 

Convey  the  body  to  the  nearest  house,  with  head  raised.  Strip 
and  rub  drv.  Wrap  in  blankets.  Inflate  the  lungs  by  closing  the 
nostrils  with  thumb  and  finger,  and  blowing  into  the  mouth 
forcibly,  theu  pressing  with  hand  on  the  chest.  Again  blow  in  the 
mouth  and  press  on  the  chest,  and  so  on,  for  ten  incites,  or  until 
he  breathes.  Keep  the  body  warm,  extremities  also.  Continue 
rubbing.    Do  not  give  up  so  long  as  there  is  any  chance  of  success. 

SAFETY  DURING-  THUNDER-STOBMS. 

Many  perrons  suffer  greatly  from  fear  during  thunder-storms,  and 
J  have  recorded  cases  of  death  from  such  fear. 

My  investigations  and  researches  into  lightning  phenomena  ex- 
tend over  a  period  of  more  than  forty  years,  and  the  memoranda 
which  I  have  thus  been  enabled  to  make  are  probably  the  most 
minute  and  most  extensive  in  existence.  The  testimony  of  this 
immense  memoranda  presents  the  following  results : 

First.— I  have  met  with  no  account  of  loss  of  human  life  by  light- 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


123 


ring  ia  a  steamboat,  iron  vessel,  ieon  building,  or  in  a  ware- 
house filled  with  ieont,  or  in  a  2AILKOAD  cae.  Steamboats  have 
been  in  use  more  than  sixty  years,  railroad  cars  thirty  years,  and 
iron  vessels  and  iron  buildings  about  twenty  years.  This  puts  at 
rest  the  objection  so  often  raised,  that  metals  are  most  dangerous 
for  the  reason,  they  say,  that  metals  attract  lightning.  That  inetals 
conduct  and  distribute  lightning  is  clearly  evident,  but  how  far 
metals  attract  lightning,  is  a  matter  of  conjecture  ;  but  I  am  free  to 
express  this  opinion — that«a  building  with  a  metallic  rod  or  rods  is 
no  more  liable  to  be  struck  by  lightning  than  a  building  without 
such  necessary  appendages,*  and  when  struck  is  protected,  as  aro 
also  the  inmates  of  the  building. 

It  is  often  seen  that  mankind  are  more  ready  to  take  counsel  of 
their  fears  than  to  seek  after  that  truth  that  is  to  be  found  every- 
where in  nature. 

To  the  man  who  objects  to  having  metallic  lightning  conductors 
on  his  house  or  his  vessel,  because,  forsooth,  he  says,  **  metals  are 
dangerous,  they  attract;  lightning,"  I  at  once  appeal  to  his  own  ex- 
perience and  observation,  and  inquire  of  him  whether  he  has  ever 
known  or  heard  of  a  death  by  lightning  in  a  steamboat,  where 
metals  are  most  abundant;  or  in  a  railroad  car  that  runs  on  iron 
wheels  on  an  iron  track,  and  is  drawn  by  an  iron  locomotive ;  or  in 
an  iron  building,  or  iron  ship,  or  warehouse  fuTed  with  bar  iron  or 
iron  castings?  A  moment's  reflection,  a  moment's  consideration, 
compels  hiin  to  give  a  reply  ia  the  negative.  Then  I  inquire,  what 
are  your  fears  based  upon"?  lie  stands  mute,  unable  to  mako  a 
reply. 

Second — Letters  which  I  have  received,  from  time  to  time,  from 
the  Secretaries  of  the  Navy  of  the  United  States,  state  that  none  of 
the  vessels  of  the  U.  S.  Navy  have  received  any  damage  by  lightning 
if  the  conductors  were  up, 

Third.-~In  1S39  the  British  Board  of  Admiralty  organized  a  com- 
mission to  inquire  into  the  cases  of  damage  by  lightning  to  vessels 
in  the  English  Navy.  That  commission  was  a  long  time  in  session, 
and  made  an  elaborate  report,  in  the  conclusion  of  which  they  say 
that  no  case  of  injury  or  damage  by  lightning  has  been  experienced 
by  any  vessel  in  the  English  Navy,  if  the  conductors  were  up  and 
the  continuity  uninterrupted  to  the  water. 

Fourth,-*- The  marine  Insurance  Companies  in  New  York  make  a 
deduction  of  2^  per  cent.  Gn  the  premium  of  insurance  on  all  vessels 
furnished  with  conductors.  There  is  no  case  on  record  of  a  claim 
being  made  on  marine  underwriters  for  loss  or  damage  by  lightning 
to  a  vessel  furnished  with  metallic  lightning  conductors,  but  they 
have  paid  millions  of  dollars  for  losses  by  lightning  where  the  ves* 
eels  were  without  conductors. 

I  regard  these  facts  as  conclusive  to  the  protection  which  lightning 
conductors  afford  upon  the  ocean. 

In  August,  1S-43,  I  addressed  a  letter  to  Commodore  Stringham, 
of  the  U.  S,  Navy,  Commandant  of  the  U.  S.  Navy  Yard,  Brooklyn, 


124 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


in  relation  to  the  size  of  lightning  conductors  used  in  lie  Navy  of 
the  U.  S.    The  following  is  a  copy  of  his  reply : 

Commandant's  Office,  Navy  Yard,  Brooklyn, 
August  10th,  18413. 
Sir  :    In  reply  to  your  note,  I  have  to  state  that  the  iron  used  for 
conductors  of  vessels  of  war  in  the  navy,  is  of  the  following  dimen- 
sions, viz. : 

For  sloops  of  war,  one  quarter  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 
For  frigates  and  ships  of  the  line  live-sfxteenths  of  an  inch. 

Respectfully  your  obedient  servant,  S.  H.  STRINGrHAM. 
E.  Mekiam,  Brooklyn. 

The  cost  of  iron  wire  of  the  size  mentioned  in  Commodore  String- 
ham's  letter  is  less  than  a  cent  per  foot,  and  when  made  into  a  chain, 
to  render  it  portable  on  board  a  vessel,  will  not  cost  to  exceed  from 
six  to  seven  cents. 

Fifth. — I  have  known  or  heard  of  but  one  instance  of  lo'-s  of  life 
by  lightning  in  a  building  provided  with  a  metallic  conductor  of  any 
kind  reared  for  the  purpose  of  protection,  and  that  was  a  house 
struck  by  lightning  on  the  8th  of  July,  1855,  at  North  Prairie,  Wis- 
consin, in  which  a  person  was  instantly  killed.  This  house  was 
furnished  with  a  lightning  conductor.  I  have  received  several  letters 
from  Wisconsin  in  relation  to  this  case  of  lightning,  but  none  of 
them  have  accounted  for  the  failure  of  the  rod  to  conduct  the  light- 
ning. I  think  if  I  could  have  examined  the  house  myself  I  could 
have  discovered  the  cause  of  the  failure,  and  perhaps" it  may  be  in 
my  power  to  make  that  examiation. 

I  have  thus  briefly  stated  the  facts  showing  the  absolute  protec- 
tion that  lightning  conductors  afford  to  human  life,  and  also  to 
property ;  also,  that  metals  do  not  so  attract  lightning  as  to  render 
conductors  dangerous ;  and  also  the  very  best  evidence  that  light- 
ning-rods made  of  one-fourth  and  five-sixteenth  inch  iron  are  suf- 
ficiently large  for  conductors. 

Iron  wire  of  what  is  called  number  one  size,  is  five-sixteenths,  and 
number  two  size  is  one-fourth  inch  diameter,  and  costs  in  New  York 
less  than  one  cent  per  foot,  and  can  be  had  of  sufficient  length  for  a 
rod  in  one  entire  piece.  Some  persons  prefer  rods  of  a  larger  size, 
but  large  rods  can  not  be  made  in  one  piece  of  sufficient  length 
without  joints,  and  no  rod  should  consist  of  more  than  one  piece. 
To  these  who  want  larger  rods  we  say  take  two,  three,  or  more 
wires,  and  place  them  together,  and  in  the  aggregate  a  large  rod  is 
obtained  at  a  very  little  cost,  and  all  in  one  continuous  conductor, 
and  without  joints.  The  great  suspension  bridge  over  Niagara 
River  is  made  of  iron  wire  of  less  than  half  of  the  taze  here  de- 
scribed ;  and  another  across  the  same  river,  a  little  below  the  cata- 
ract, of  wire,  and  is  to  bear  the  immense  train  of  cars  of  the  great 
Central  Railroad. 

A  lightning-rod  of  number  two  iron  wire  can  be  made  of  one 
hundred  and  forty  feet  in  length,  at  Messrs.  Cooper  and  Hewitt's 
iron  works,  at  Trenton,  New  Jersey,  and  that  firm  keeps  on  hand  at 


AST)  W 


and  if  there  be  a  cupola  en  tl 
a  conductor  also.  The  cond: 
above  the  top  of  the  chimn* 
into  tiie  ground  to  the  depth 
near,  terminate  the  rod  in  th 
so  that  in  case  of  drought 
surface.  A  cesspool  in  the  \ 
rod  should  reach  the  bottom 
terns  are  not  a  good  terminal 
cupola  to  the  ground,  the  cor 
near  contact  with  tin  or  copp 
ings,  but  should  be  separate 
parts  a  continuous  descent.  a. 
necessary,  let  it  be  a  gentle 
ings  "with  metal  roofs  requii 
ney  reaching  only  to  the  met 
a  broader  surface  than  a  poii 
with  the  earth  by  a  rod  fro 
cides  to  the  root;  each  met, 
earth  by  a  rod.  Where  th» 
laces,  it  will  invariably  sel 
length  should  hsve  three  cod 
one  foot  or  more  above  the  r 
depth  of  permanent  moistn 
midjllft  rod  will  of  necessity 
against  contact  with  noils.*  a 
should  be  laid  under  it  in  tl 
shingles. 

Meeting-houses  with  big} 
from  other  buildings.  It  is 
strengthened  by  an  iron  spi 
upon  which  a  wind  vane  is  a 
be  useless;  the  lightning  w 
befl,  if  there  is  such  a  fixtui 
the  belfry  and  the  ground, 
would  have  two  or  more  rod 
the  lightning  to  and  into  the 
ing  should  be  each  funnshec 

School-houses  particular! 


12G 


NEW  YOFiK  ALMANAC 


There  is  no  objection  to  a  great  number  of  rods,  provided  each  rod 
is  in  one  piece,  and  extends  to  and  into  the  earth. 

All  out-buildings  should  be  protected  in  the  same  way  as  the  barns. 

Shade-trees  near  dwellings,  or  in  pastures  where  cattle,  sheep,  or 
horses  resort  for  shelter,  should  each  have  a  rod,  the  cost  of  which 
will  be  but  a  few  shillings.  Shade-trees  near  buildings  should  have 
rods,  for  such  appendages  to  dwellings  afford  no 'protection  against 
lightning. 

Insulation  is  an  important  matter,  and  the  most  difficult.  I  prefer 
glass  insulators  to  any  other,  and  these  should  have  a  bore  so  large 
that  both  the  lightning  and  the  water  of  the  rain  can  pass  through. 
I  see  many  rods  put  up  with  insulators  so  small,  that  the  water 
from  a  moderate  rain  running  down  the  rod  will  more  than  fiH  the 
opening,  and  of  course  will  unfit  the  rod  for  a  lightning  conductor, 
as  Ughtning  will  not  pass  through  the  water.  The  best  mode  of 
fastening  the  insulators  to  the  building  is  with  a  screw  pointed  iron 
holder,  made  like  the  letter  P,  six  inches  long,  and  this  should  have 
a  good  coat  of  paint  on  it.  Brick  or  stone  buildings  require  a 
different  fastening,  and  probably  a  wood  cleet  nailed  to  the  building, 
and  a  screw  holder  inserted  in  the  cleet,  would  be  the  best  mode. 

Any  person  of  ordinary  capacity  can  put  up  a  lightning-rod. 

In  reference  to  rods  now  in  use,  my  remarks  under  the  fifth  head 
are  sufficient. 

I  regard  every  man  who  constructs  a  lighining-rod  as  rendering  a 
good  service,  and  although  I  differ  in  opinion  with  all  of  them  as  to 
the  mode  of  construction,  still  I  have  a  kind  feeling  toward  every 
individual  following  the  business  of  putting  up  lightning  conductors 
as  a  profession.  I  have  never  had  any  pecuniary  interest  whatever 
in  the  furnishing  or  putting  up  of  lightning-conductors,  and  my  only 
object  in  devoting  so  much  time  to  the  subject,  is  to  benefit  my  fellow 
men :  the  accomplishing  of  which  is  the  highest  reward  thij  eajth 
can  give. 

Thunder-storms  occur  in  all  seasons  of  the  year — summer,  spring, 
autumn,  and  winter.  Even  snow-storms  are  occasionally  accom- 
panie  A  by  thunder  and  lightning. 

In  illustration  of  the  frequency  of  thunder-storms,  and  the  danger 
of  neglecting  protection,  I  will  mention  that  during  the  month  of 
July  of  the  year  1S54,  we  recorded  thunder-storms  at  places  within 
the  field  of  our  research,  on  twenty-seven  of  the  thirty-one  days  of 
that  month,  during  which  thirty-nine  persons  were  killed  by  light- 
ning. The  only  days  exempt  from  thunder-storms  in  July,  1854, 
were  the  first,  third,  twelfth,  and  fourteenth,  and  ve  may  yet  hear 
of  thunder-storms  on  some  or  all  of  these  days. 

The  wire  rods  are  so  cheap,  and  so  easy  of  construction,  that  no 
building  should  be  without  these  great  safeguards.  Almost  every 
newspaper  we  receive  in  the  summer  contains  accounts  of  loss  of  life  or 
the  burning  of  property  by  lightning,  and  it  does  seem  to  me  surpris- 
ingly wonderful  that  people  will  continue  to  neglect  protection  with 
such  testimony  of  the  efficacy  of  lightning-conductors  before  them. 

Many  persons  suffer  greatly  from  fear  during  thunder-storms. 
Such  should  seek  a  solace  in  that  declaration  of  Scripture,  in  which 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


127 


the  writer  of  the  Book  of  Jou  says  that  the  Almighty  made  a  way 
for  the  lightning  of  the  thunder.  A  calm  and  confiding  state  of 
mind  during  terrific  thunder-storms  is  exceedingly  requisite,  and  a 
humble  trusting  in  that  protection  which  the  great  Creator  ex- 
tends over  all  the  work  of  his  hands. 

It  will  afford  me  gratification  to  he  of  service  to  any  and  every 
body,  and  any  informntion  that  may  be  needed  as  to  particular  cases 
will  be  answered  with  all  convenient  dispatch,  on  application  by 
letter  by  mail  or  otherwise. 

I  can  not  close  this  paper,  long  as  it  is,  without  adding  something 
in  relation  to  the  best  mode  of  resuscitating  persons  struck  down 
by  lightning.  Cold  water  should  be  freely  used,  and  the  body  first 
sprinkled  with  cold  water,  and  then  drenched  with  water,  and  this 
should  be  continued  for  hours,  or  until  animation  is  restored,  and  if 
that  fail,  add  salt  to  the  water  and  continue  the  drenching.  I  have 
the  record  of  a  person  being  resuscitated  after  five  hours  drenching 
with  cold  water.  E.  MERIAM. 

New  York,  November,  1856. 

TABLE 

Of  the  periods  when  the  Hudson  river  Opened  and  Closed  at 
Albany,  as  far  as  the  same  can  be  ascertained  iciihout  a  mora 
particular  examination  of  different  records,  including  those  con- 
tained in  the  Report  of  the  Regents  of  the  University,  which  at 
present  I  have  not  the  leisure  to  make. 


Winter. 


1789-90 
11790-91 
,1791-92 

1T92-93 
1793-91 
j  179 1-95 
;  1795-96 

1796-  97 

1797-  93 

1798-  99 

1799-  1800 

1800-  01 
1S01-02 
1302-03 
1803-04 
1304-05 
1805-06 

1306-  07 

1307-  0S 
1S08-09 
1309-10 


Rivers  open  or  free  of  ice. 


River  closed  ; 
or  obstructed  | 
by  ice. 

Feb.  3,  1790  March  27,  1790 
Dec.    8,  1790     "     17, 1791 

"     8,  1791  Probably  early  in  March 

"    12,  1792  March  0,  1793 

"  20,  1793  "  17,  1794 
Jan.  12, 1795  1st  si.  arr.  at  N.Y.  from  Alb.  Mar.  29 

"    23,  179G 

Nov.  23,  1796  N.  riv.  open  15tb,  above  Po'keepsie 
"    26,  1797- 
"    23, 1798 
Jan.    6, 1800  Feb.    23, 1S0O 
3, 1S01 

Feb.   3,  1S02  March  19, 1302 
Dec.  16, 1802 

Jan.  12, 1804  April  6,1304 
Dec.  13,  1804 

Jan.    9, 1806  Feb.    20, 1S06 
Dec.  11,  1806  April     8, 1S07 
Tan.    4,  1808  March  10, 1308 
Dec.    9,  1809 
Jan.  19.  1S10 


No.  days 
i  closed. 


128 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


1S10-11 

1811- 12 

1812-  13 
11313-14 

1814- 15 

1815- 16 
[1816-17 
jlSlT-13 
11315-19 

1819- 20 

1820-  21 

1321-  22 

1322-  23 
182-3-24 
1S24-25 
1825-26 
ilS26-27 
1S27-23 
1823-29 
1889-80 
i 1830-31 
; 1331-32 
11832-33 
1883-84 

11834-  85 

11835-  36 

11836-  37 

11837-  33 

11838-  39 
1839-40 
1S40-41 
1341-42 
1842-43 
1343-44 

1844-  45 

1845-  46 

1846-  47 
1347-4S 
1S4S-49 
1849-50 
1350-51 
1S51-52 
1852-53 
1S53-54 
1854-55 
1S55-56 


River  closed 
or  obstructed 
by  ice. 


Dec.  14, 1310 
"    20, 1311 
"    21, 1312 
u    22,  1S13 
«    10,  1314 
"      2.  1315 
"    16,  1816 
«     7, 1317! 
"    14,  ISIS 
"    13,  1819 
Xov.  13,  1820 
Dec.  13.  1821 
tt    24,  1822 
"    16,  1823 
Jan.    5, 1825 
Dec.  13, 1825 
"    24, 1826 
Xov.  25,  1827 
Dec.  23. 182S 
Jan.  11, 1330 
Dec.  S3,  1830 
"      5,  1831 
"    21.  1832 
«    13,  1833 
M    15,  1334 
Nov.  SO,  1335 1 
Dec.    7,  1336 
"    13,  18371 
Xov.  25,  1333 
Dec.  IS,  1839 
"      5.  1S40 
"    19,  1841 1 
Xov.  29, 1S42 
Dec.  9,1343 
"    11,  1S44 
"      4, 1S45 
u    15,  1846 
»    24, 1S47 
"    27.  1343 
"    25,  1S49 
«    17, 1850 
«    13,  1851! 
*    22,  1852 
"    30,  1853  j 
,   "  13,1854, 
"  26,1855' 


Rivers  cpen  or  free  of  ice. 

March  10, 1310 
"  16, 1312 
"     12, 1S13 


u    25,  ISIS 
April    3, 1819 
March  25, 1S20 
«     15, 1S21 
«    15, 1S22 
«     24, 1S23 
3, 1S24 
6, 1325 
Feb.    26, 1S26 
March  20,  1827 
Feb.     8, 1S23 
April    1. 1829 
March  15,  1S30 
"     15, 1831 
4i     25, 1S32 
21, 1S33 
Feb.    24, 1834 
March  25, 1835 
April    4, 1S36 
March  28, 1S37 
«     19, 1838 
«     21, 1S39 
Feb.    21, 1840 
March  24,  1841 
Feb.     4, 1S42 
April  13,1843 
March  14, 1844 
Feb.    24, 1845 
March  15, 1846 
April    6, 1847 
March  22, 184S 
"     19, 1849 
«      9, 1S50 
Feb.    25,  1851 
March  23, 1852 
«     21, 1S53 
M     16, 1S54 
"     20, 1855 
April  10,1856 


AND  "WEATHER  BOOK. 


129 


REMARKABLE  INCIDENTS 

CONNECTED  WITH  THE  CHANGES  OF  TEMPERATURE. 

17D2.  January  10. — The  ice  lodged  in  the  East  river  for  some  time, 
and  several  people  walked  over  it  to  and  from  New  York  to 
Brooklyn. 

170G.  December  2-1.— Ice  from  New  York  to  Staten  Island. 

1797.  January  7th. — In  the  afternoon  of  the  8th  the  ice  closed  up  the 
passage  between  the  Battery  and  Governor's  Island,  and  300 
people  were  counted  upon  it,  some  skating  and  some  going 
to  the  Island.  It  moved  away  the  next  tide.  Before  the 
12th  for  several  days  the  pilots  would  not  take  charge  of  any 
vessel  going  to  sea  on  account  of  the  ice. 
"  December  24. — A  body  of  ice  across  the  East  river.  Several 
people  crossed  on  foot. 

1800.  December  22.— The  river  at  Albany  is  open  and  quite  free  of 
ice. 

"   December  28. — A  sloop  came  down  from  Albany. 
1805.  January  6. — A  cake  of  ice  lodged  in  the  East  river  between  this 
city  and  Brooklyn,  on  which  many  persons  crossed  the  river. 
"   January  22-23. — Several  persons  crossed  the  Hudson  from  the 
State  Prison,  then  in  New  York,  to  Hoboken. 
1303.  November  2G.— The  river  is  closed  at  Albany. 
"    December  15. — The  river  is  open  at  Albany. 

1810.  March  10. — The  steamboat  makes  her  first  trip  to  Albany. 

1811.  March  16. — The  first  sloop  from  Albany. 

"   March  23. — First  trip  of  steamboat  to  Albany. 
1817-18.  Notes. — This  winter  was  long  and  intensely  cold.    On  the 
3d  of  March,  1818,  the  ice  moved  in  a  body  downward  for 
some  distance,  and  there  remained  stationary.    The  river 
was  not  clear  until  March  25th. 

1820.  The  river  closed  on  the  13th  Nov.,  opened  on  the  20th,  and 

finally  closed  Dec.  1.  This  was  one  of  the  four  winters 
during  a  century  in  which  the  Hudson,  between  Paulus 
Hook  and  New  York,  was  crossed  on  the  ice  ;  the  other  three 
being  1740-41, 1765-66,  and  1779-80. 

1821.  January  13. — A  cake  of  ice  lodged  between  Brooklyn  and  New 

York,  and  many  persons  crossed  on  it. 
w   January  £5. — The  coldest  day  in  thirty  years.  Thermometer 
7°  below  zero.  Several  persons  crossed  the  North  river  from 
Paulus  Hook  to  New  York  on  the  ice. 
"   January  26. — H.  Laight  and  John  Thomas  Jones,  with  thou- 
sands, crossed  to  Paulus  Hook  on  the  ice.    The  harbor  com- 
pletely closed.    Persons  crossed  at  the  Narrows  from  Long 
to  Staten  Island;  *>'lso  from  Staten  Island  to  the  city. 
1S24.  January  12. — The  river  was  clear  of  ice,  and  remained  so  for 
several  hours. 

1S27.  The  river  opened  and  closed  repeatedly  during  this  winter. 
Dec.  21,  it  closed  a  second  time. 


130 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


1830-31.  Opened  in  consequence  of  heavy  rains,  and  closed  on  the 
10th  January,  1831. 

1833.  Opened  again  Jan.  3  ;  closed  again  Jan.  11. 

1842.  February  G. — In  consequence  of  heavy  rains,  the  river  opened 
in  front  of  the  city  of  Albany  on  the  8th  of  January,  and  can 
hardly  be  said  to  have  closed  again  during  the  season.  The 
ice,  however,  continued  piled  up  some  miles  below,  at  and 
about  Barren  Island,  near  Schisodack  Landing,  and  thus 
rendered  the  channel  impassable.  Cold  weather  followed 
about  the  middle  of  February,  and  again  obstructed  the 
navigation.  A  steamboat  arrived  again  on  the  1st  of  March, 
1842. 

1852.  January  20. — Thousands  of  persons  crossed  on  the  ice  between 

Brooklyn  and  New  York  in  the  morning. 
1856.  January  28. — People  crossed  from  Brooklyn  to  Governor's 

Island  and  back  on  the  ice. 
'*    February  1. — A  man  crossed  from  foot  of  20th-street  to  Wee- 
hawker!,  2£  miles,  on  the  ice. 
"    Februarys. — Several  persons  crossed  on  the  ice  from  Jersey 

City  to  New*York,  and  also  from  Williamsburg  to  the  Navy 

Yard  across  Wallabout  bay. 
"    February  9. — Three  men  walked  from  Fulton-street,  Brooklyn, 

to  Burling  Slip,  New  York,  on  the  ice. 
"   February  1*.). — Persons  crossed  the  East  river  on  the  ice. 
"    February  21. — Horses  and  -wagons  cro^ssd  to  Randall's  Island 

for  a  month  past  on  the  ice,  and  to-day  persons  crossed  to 

Blackw ell's  Island  on  the  ice. 

In  February,  1S05,  the  winter  was  so  severe,  that  hickory  wood 
rose  to  eight  dollars  for  a  carman's  load.  On  the  5th  of  that  month 
the  Legislature  of  the  State  passed  an  act,  authorizing  the  Corpora- 
tion of  New  York  to  tear  down  the  forts  at  the  Battery  and  Rhine- 
landers,  and  distribute  the  timber  among  the  poor  for  fuel.  The 
forts  were  demolished,  and  converted  to  lire  wood. 

THE  WEATHER  OF  THE  COMING  WINTER. 

The  more  I  see  of  the  changes  and  conditions  of  the  weather,  and  of 
the  variations  of  the  seasons,  the  more  I  am  satisfied  that  it  is  not  in 
the  power  of  any  human  being  to  foretell  what  the  weather  will  be 
for  even  a  single  day  ahead.  In  the  autumn  of  1S55  many  persons 
predicted  a  mild  winter,  and  many  indications  to  that  ettect  were 
mentioned  in  the  newspapers — they  all  proved  fallacious.  The 
safest  plan  is  for  every  body  to  prepare  for  hard  winters— if  they 
prove  mild  they  have  so  much  more  cause  for  increased  thankfulness. 
If  there  is  any  matter  in  this  little  book,  in  relation  to  the  weather, 
that  I  have  not  written,  I  deem  it  a  duty  to  myself  to  ask  the  pub- 
lishers to  inform  the  readers  that  I  am  cognizant  of  nothing  but 
what  my  name  is  affixed  to,  E.  MERIAM. 


NEW  YOEE  CITY. 


NEW -YORK  CITY  deserves  a  more  detailed  account  of  its  origin, 
rise,  and  progress,  than  our  space  allows ;  but,  as  the  New  York 
Almanac  would  be  imperfect  without  some  historical  account,  we 
shall  attempt  a  brief  sketch  of  the  history  of  the  great  American 
metropolis/  Without  going  so  far  back  as  did  our  learned  historian, 
Diedrich  Knickerbocker,  in  his  famous  "  History  of  New  York," 
we  will  state  simply,  that  the  Hudson  river,  and  Manhattan  or  New 
York  Island,  were  discovered  by  the  intrepid  English  navigator, 
Henry  Hudson,  on  the  ?d  of  September,  1601).  Hudson  was  in  the 
employ  of  the  East  India  Company,  of  Holland  ;  and  he  had 
previously  explored  the  North  Sea,  with  the  endeavor  to  discover  a 
north-western  passage.  This  attempt  was  fruitless ;  and  Hudson, 
returned  to  Holland.  Henry  Hudson,  with  twenty  men,  English 
and  Dutch,  sailed  from  Texel,  in  a  vessel  called  the  Half  Moor.. 
After  doubling  the  Cape  of  Norway,  he  continued  his  voyage  toward 
Nova  Zembla,  until,  meeting  with  ice,  he  resolved  to  proceed  south, 
toward  Virginia.  In  doing  this  he  discovered  and  explored  New 
York  bay  and  the  Hudson  river,  which  he  penetrated  with  his 
chip  as  far  as  he  thought  prudent,  and  thence  in  a  boat  above 
Albany. 

On  the  7th  of  November,  1603,  Hudson  returned  to  Dartmouth, 
England,  and  from  this  place  sent  an  account  of  his  voyage  and  ex- 
plorations to  the  Holland  West  India  Company.  The  point  of  the 
island  on  which  New  York  is  built,  he  found  in  the  possession 
of  Indians.  The  Indians  on  the  island  proved  unfriendly;  those 
on  the  west  or  Jersey  shore  were  friendly  to  the  white  men,  but 
deadly  enemies  of  the  islanders.  In  1G10  the  Company  sent  a 
second  vessel  to  the  Hudson  river  for  the  purpose  of  trading  with 
the  Indians.  In  1612  the  Dutch  erected  a  fort  on  the  southern  ex- 
tremity of  Manhattan  Island.  This  fort  consisted  of  a  redoubt, 
which  overlooked  the  Hudson  river.  Thus  the  settlement  of  New 
Amsterdam,  as  it  was  called,  was  commenced.  In  1614,  an  expedi- 
tion from  Virginia,  under  Captain  Argal,  took  possession  of  New 
Amsterdam,  which  at  that  time  consisted  of  only  four  houses  out- 
side the  fort.  Shortly  afterward,  an  arrangemeut  was  made  with 
the  English,  by  which  the  Dutch  remained  in  peaceable  possession 
of  the  place  for  fifty  years.  The  settlement  gradually  increased  in 
numbers,  and  the  settlers  drove  a  thriving  trade  with  the  Indians, 
receiving  furs  in  exchange  for  beads,  trinkets,  blankets,  and 
hatchets.  The  sturdy  Dutchmen  would  have  led  a  happy  life, 
had  not  their  peace  been  broken  by  their  frequent  quarrels 
with  the  English  colonies  on  the  Connecticut  river,  and  the  Swedes 
on  the  Delaware.    In  1623,  the  Dutch  having  purchased  the 


132 


NEW   YORK  CITY. 


southern  extremity  of  the  island,  with  the  permission  of  the  Indians 
erected  a  fort  stronger  than  the  former  one ;  and  most  of  the 
settlers  resided  within  this  work,  until,  the  colony  increasing,  it 
was  necessary  to  build  some  houses  on  the  outside  near  it,  which 
was  the  commencement  of  Pearl-street  This  fort  stood  near  the 
present  site  of  Bowling-green. 

The  Dutch  resolved  to  establish  a  permanent  colony  at  New- 
Amsterdam,  and  in  1629  commenced  the  ''golden  reign  of  Wouter 
Van  T wilier,"  who  was  appointed  governor  that  year,  and  who  held 
office  nine  years.  In  1G35,  he  erected  another  and  more  substantial 
fort,  which  was  burned  with  all  its  buildings  in  1741,  and  was  never 
rebuilt  In  1644  the  Stadt  House,  or  City  Hall,  was  built,  on  the 
corner  of  Pearl-street  and  Coenties-slip.  On  the  11th  of  May,  1647, 
Peter  Stuyvesant,  the  last  of  the  Dutch  governors,  arrived,  and  held 
the  office  seventeen  years,  until  the  colony  was  captured  in  1664.  He 
was  a  soldier,  and  had  lost  a  leg  in  the  capture  of  Tobago.  The 
iirst  public  school  was  established  in  the  city  in  1G52.  In  1655, 
Governor  Stuyvesant  captured  Fort  Cassimer,  now  Newcastle,  on 
the  Delaware  river,  from  the  Swedes.  The  Delaware  river  was 
then  called  the  South  river,  whence,  probably  the  Hudson  received 
the  appellation  of  North  river  in  contra-distinction.  In  1656  a 
market-house  was  built  at  the  present  corner  of  Pearl  and  Broad- 
streets.  The  city  at  that  time  had  120  houses  and  1,000  inhabitants. 
In  1653  the  first  public  wharf  was  built  where  "Whitehall-street  now 
is.  The  governor'  s  house  stood  opposite,  at  the  beginning  of  Water- 
street.  The  first  map  of  the  city  was  sent  to  Holland  in  1660.  In 
16G4  New  Amsterdam  was  surrendered  to  the  English,  and  was 
taken  possession  of  by  the  Duke  of  York.  It  now  took  the  name 
of  New  York.  Nine  years  afterward,  it  was  recaptured  by  the 
Dutch,  who  held  possession  of  it,  however,  for  only  one  year.  In 
1663  a  carriage-road  was  ordered  to  be  made  to  Harlem,  none  hav- 
ing existed  before.  In  the  same  year  a  race-course  was  established 
at  Hempstead.  In  1673,  the  post-rider  commenced  making  his 
trips  between  New  York  and  Boston.  In  1676  a  law  was  passed  to 
pave  streets.  In  1677  there  were  3S4  houses  and  12  streets  in  the 
city.  In  16S4  the  first  watch  was  appointed,  consisting  of  S  persons, 
at  12  pence  each  per  night  In  1606  the  city  owned  40  ships,  62 
sloops,  and  60  boats.  In  the  same  year  the  Trinity  church  was 
built ;  it  was  afterward  enlarged,  and  was  burned  in  1776.  In  1696 
it  was  ordered  that  a  City  Hall,  valued  at  £3,000,  should  be  built.  In 
1699,  the  old  City  Hall  was  6old  to  John  Rodman,  merchant,  by 
"public  outcry,"  for  £920.  The  docks  and  slips  in  the  city  in  1701 
were  rented  for  £25  per  annum.  In  1711,  Wall-street  was  paved 
from  William  (then  Smith)  street,  to  the  English  church.  In  1711 
a  slave-market  was  established  in  Wall-street,  near  the  East  river. 
In  1712  a  negro  insurrection  occurred ;  the  negroes  fired  the  city  in 
several  places,  and  murdered  several  of  the  citizens.  Nineteen  of 
them  were  executed. 

In  1713  a  ropewalk  was  established  in  the  Commons.    This  rope- 


NEW  YORK  CITY. 


133 


walk  stood  in  Broadway,  opposite  the  Park.  A  Presbyterian  church 
^7as  built  in  Wall-street  in  1719.  The  New  York  Gazette,  a  weekly 
newspaper,  was  established  in  17'15.  In  1731  the  boundaries  of  the 
colonies  were  finally  settled  with  Connecticut.  The  first  stage-route 
to  Philadelphia  was  established  in  1732,  and  stages  departed  for 
Boston  monthly,  taking  a  fortnight  for  the  journey.  A  law  was 
passed  in  17S3  to  preserj-o  the  fish  in  Fresh-water  pond,  now  Canal 
and  adjacent  streets.  In  this  year  the  House  of  Correction  was 
instituted.  In  1740  the  New  York  Society  Library  was  founded. 
A  severe  fire  broke  out  in  the  fort  in  1741,  which  destroyed  the  old 
Dutch  church  and  the  Secretary's  office.  The  yellow  fever  pre- 
vailed to  an  alarming  extent  in  this  and  the  following  year.  The 
famous  "  Negro  plot"  occurred  in  the  year  1741.  The  city  at  this 
time  contained  12,000  inhabitants,  2,000  of  whom  were  slaves.  The 
people  were  aroused  to  the  highest  pitch  of  excitement  at  the  report 
of  the  plot,  which  although  it  may  have  really  existed,  the  rumor 
was  exaggerated  tenfold,  the  fears  of  the  citizens  being  aroused  by 
frequent  fires  and  robberies.  Some  Irish  Catholics  were  implicated 
with  the  negroes ;  20  white  persons  and  154  negroes  were  imprisoned  ; 
of  these,  13  negroes  were  burned  at  the  stake,  at  the  present 
junction  of  Pearl  and  Chatham-streets,  then  out  of  town  ;  20  were 
hung,  one  in  chains,  on  an  island  in  Fresh-water  pond,  where  the 
Arsenal  now  stands ;  78  were  transported  to  foreign  parts,  and  50 
were  discharged.  In  1745  the  only  coach  in  New  York  was  owned 
by  Lady  Murray.  A  theatre  was  established  in  1750.  The  Mo- 
ravian church  in  Fulton-street  was  built  in  1751,  and  in  1752  St. 
George's  chapel  was  erected  in  Beekman-street.  An  Exchange  was 
also  erected  by  private  subscription  (the  Corporation  giving  £100), 
on  the  west  side  of  Broad-street,  at  the  lower  extremity.  O.te 
thousand  stand  of  arms  was  imported  from  England  in  1755  by  the 
Corporation,  at  an  expense  of  £3,000  ;  and  the  Corporation,  for  the 
purpose  of  discharging  this  "  excessive  and  alarming  debt,"  peti- 
tioned for  a  lottery.  In  1701  Vcsey-street  was  graded  and  paved  ; 
and  lamps  and  lamp-posts  were  purchased.  St.  Paul's  church  was 
erected  in  1705.  In  the  same  year  a  congress,  composed  of  delegates 
from  the  colonies,  met  in  New  York.  The  Stamp  Act  created  great 
excitement.  The  Brick  church  in  Beekman-street  was  built  in 
1767.  The  first  Methodist  church  in  America  was  built  in  John- 
street  in  176S.  In  1709  the  North  Dutch  church  in  William-street 
was  erected.  The  New  York  Hospital  was  founded  by  subscription 
in  1703.  The  expense  of  lighting  the  city  in  1770  was  £700  per  an- 
num. An  iron  railing,  which  is  still  standing,  was  made  around 
Bowling  Green,  at  an  expense  of  £S00,  in  1771.  Warren-street  v.  a  J 
surveyed  and  regulated  in  1771.  The  city  on  the  20th  of  August, 
1776,  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  British  by  the  disastrous  battle  of 
Long  Island.  On  the  21st  of  September  following,  a  fire  broke  out, 
and  before  it  ceased  destroyed  nearly  one  eighth  part  of  the  city, 
493  houses  having  been  consumed.  Before  the  fire  New  York  con- 
tained 30,000  inhabitants,  and  4,200  houses.  The  winter  in  1739  was 
12* 


134 


NEW  YORK  CITY. 


so  intensely  cold  that  the  ferry  from  New  Jersey  to  Courtlandt-street 
was  completely  blocked  up  with  ice,  and  loaded  teams  and  artillery 
were  passed  over  on  this  natural  bridge.  The  Hudson  river  was 
measured  at  this  place  on  the  ice,  and  was  found  to  be  six  thousand 
feet  wide.  The  25th  of  November,  1733,  is  the  most  memorable  day 
in  the  history  of  our  city.  On  that  day  the  British  evacuated  the 
city  after  holding  possession  of  it  seven  years,  and  General  Wash- 
ington, at  the  head  of  the  American  army,  entered  it.  The  British 
flag  was  still  flying  at  the  Battery  when  the  Americans  arrived,  and  „ 
it  was  hauled  down  with  difficulty,  for  the  British,  on  leaving,  had 
greased  the  staff.  Yet  their  malice  was  not  gratified  ;  the  "  meteor 
flag  of  England"  came  down,  and  soon  in  its  place  floated  the  banner 
of  the  free.  During  their  occupancy  of  the  city  the  British  had 
constructed  works  across  the  island  near  Duane-street  They  had 
destroyed  all  the  churches,  or  converted  them  into  barracks,  riding, 
schools,  or  hospitals,  except  the  English  church,  and  the  schools 
and  colleges  had  been  shitt  up.  The  city  at  that  time  did  not  extend 
further  north  than  Murray-street.  Mr.  Cruger,  treasurer  of  the 
Corporation,  having  joined  the  British  army,  left  the  country  with 
them,  and  took  away  the  books  and  acconnts  of  the  city.  General 
Washington,  La  Fayette,  John  Jay,  and  Baron  Steuben,  at  different 
dates  received  the  freedom  of  the  city.  To  Washington  especially 
were  the  citizens  of  New  Yrork  grateful  for  his  services  during  the 
War  of  Independence.  Aside  from  the  freedom*  of  the  city,  he 
received  an  address  of  congratulation  and  thanks,  and  all  united  in 
praising  the  soldier,  general,  statesman,  and  patriot.  In  1TS5,  the 
first  congress  after  the  war  was  organized  in  the  City  Hall,  corner 
of  Wall  and  Nassau-streets.  In  this  year  the  Bank  of  New  York 
went  into  operation.  The  adoption  of  the  new  constitution  of  the 
United  States  was  celebrated  by  a  grand  federal  procession.  The 
30th  of  April,  1735,  was  a  gala-day  in  the  city  of  New  Yrork ; 
General  Washington  was  inaugurated  in  the  open  gallery  of  the  old 
City  Hall,  facing  Broad-street ;  at  the  conclusion  of  the  imposing 
ceremony,  the  immense  gathering  shouted  with  one  voice,  "  Long 
live  George  Washington !"  It  seems  almost  a  desecration  to  have 
removed  the  building  in  which  this  ceremony  was  performed ; 
where  Washington  received  the  highest  honors  which  a  grateful 
people  could  bestow;  but  the  present  magnificent  structure,  the 
Custom-house,  which  occupies  the  site  of  old  Federal  Hall,  is  a 
fitting  memorial  of  that  occasion  which  will  to  all  lime  be  held  in 
reverential  remembrance  by  every  American  citizen. 

In  1733,  Broadway  was  opened  through  the  fort  to  the  Battery. 
Under  the  direction  of  Major  L'Enfant,  the  City  Hall  was  repaired, 
at  a  great  expense  for  that  time.  Major  L'Enfant  received  for  this 
work  the  thanks  of  the  Corporation,  the  freedom  of  the  city,  and  an 
offer  of  ten  acres  of  the  public  land,  which  last  he  politely  declined, 
in  1795  the  Park  theater  was  erected.  The  yellow  fever  prevailed 
this  year  from  July  to  November.  Two  thousand  and  eighty-six 
persons  died  of  the  epidemic.    In  1799  the  Manhattan  Company  re- 


NEW  YORK  CITY. 


135 


ceived  an  unconditional  charter  for  furnishing  the  eity  with  pure 
and  wholesome  water.  This  company  failed  in  its  object.  In  this 
year  the  old  Exchange  in  Broad-street  was  ordered  to  be  demolished. 
On  the  20th  of  December  the  intelligence  of  the  death  of  Washington 
was  received  in  the  city.  The  bells  of  the  city  were  muffled,  and 
tolled  from  twelve  to  one  for  the  next  fourteen  days ;  the  citizens 
wore  crape  for  six  weeks,  and  a  funeral  oration  was  delivered  at 
St.  Paul's  church  by  G-ovemeur  Morris.  In  1801  the  United  States 
Navy  Yard  at  the  Wallabout  bay,  in  Brooklyn,  was  established. 
In  the  same  year  the  Fulton  Ferry  to  Brooklyn  was  leased  for 
$2,000  per  annum.  This  year  the  Corporation  seemed  resolved  to 
perform  wonders ;  Broadway  was  ordered  to  be  continued  and 
opened  through  Thomas  Randall's  land,  called  the  Sailors'  Snug 
Harbor,  to  meet  the  Bowery;  the  surplus  earth  was  to  be  carted 
into  Fresh-water  pond,  and  a  City  Hall  was  voted  to  be  ereetcd, 
the  sum  of  $250,000  being  devoted  to  the  object.  Contracts  were 
entered  into,  and  on  the  20th  of  September,  1S03,  the  foundation- 
stone  was  laid  with  due  ceremony  by  the  Mayor,  Edward  Living- 
stone. In  1807  the  first  successful  attempt  to  navigate  by  steam 
was  made  by  Robert  Fulton  and  Edward  Livingstone  on  the  Hud- 
son. On  the  4th  of  July,  1811,  the  Corporation  met  for  the  first 
time  in  the  new  City  HalL  The  old  City  Hall  in  Wall-street  was 
sold  in  1312.  O  i  the  20th  of  June,  TS12,  the  United  States' 
Government  declared  war  against  England.  Robert  Fulton  leased 
the  Fulton  Ferry  this  year  for  $4,000  per  annum,  for  the  purpose 
of  establishing  new  steamboats  upon  it.  An  experiment  was  made 
with  gas  lights  in  the  Park  in  the  month  of  August.  In  January, 
1821,  the  bay  and  rivers  were  for  the  first  time  since  1780  closed 
with  ice.  In  1823  burials  were  prohibited  south  of  Canal-street; 
and  in  the  same  year  the  old  Potter's  field  was  leveled  and  laid 
out  into  a  public  park,  and  called  Washington  square.  The  New 
York  Gaslight  Company  was  incorporated  in  1823.  On  the  11th  of 
May,  18  .'5,  gas  pipes  were  laid  in  Broadway,  on  both  sides,  from 
Canal-street  to  the  Battery.  In  1353  there  were  263  miles  of  gas 
pipe  in  the  city.  In  1S25  the  Merchants'  Exchange  in  Wall-street 
was  commenced.  On  the  26th  of  October,  1825,  the  completion  of 
the  Erie  eanal  was  announced  by  the  firing  of  cannon  along  the  en- 
tire line,  from  Buffalo  and  back,  in  12  hours.  On  the  15th  of 
November  following,  the  first  canal-boat,  arrived  in  New  York,  and 
was  greeted  with  great  manifestations  of  joy.  The  Merchants'  Ex- 
change was  completed  in  1827.  In  1829  the  American  Institute  in 
New  York  was  instituted.  The  cholera  raged  in  1832  to  a  fearful 
extent  On  the  night  of  the  16th  of  December,  1835,  the  great  fire 
occurred.  The  number  of  buildings  consumed  was  648,  and  the 
amount  of  property  destroyed  was  estimated  at  $18,000,000.  The 
South  Dutch  church  and  the  Merchants'  Exchange  were  consumed. 
But  tiie  burned  district  was  rapidly  covered  with  buildings  more  ele- 
gant and  commodious.  In  1837  the  Croton  Aqueduct  was  com- 
menced, and  on  the  4th  of  July,  18-12,  the  waters  of  the  Croton  were 


136 


2TEW  YORK  CITY. 


let  into  the  distributing  reservoirs,  and  our  citizens  were  furnisned 
with  an  abundant  supply  of  pure  and  wholesome  water.  In  tho 
years  lS5^-i,  the  World's  Fair  was  held  in  the  Crystal  Palace,  art 
elsgant  and  spacious  glass  and  iron  building,  erected  for  tho 
purpose,  near  the  distributing  Reservoir.  A  magnificent  grove, 
called  Jones's  Woods,  is  now  being  laid  out  iato  a  public  ground, 
under  the  name  of  the  Central  Park,  which,  when  completed,  wLl 
form  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and  commodious  parks  ia  any  city 
of  the  Old  World  or  the  New.  We  here  conclude  this  hasty  glance 
at  the  annals  of  the  city  of  New  York,  the  metropolis  of  the  United 
States,  and  the  pride  of  the  American  nation. 


GOVEEHMEii  T  W  THE  UNITES  STATED 

The  17th  Presidential  term  of  four  years  commenced  on  the  4tls 
of  March,  1S5J,  and  will  expire  on  the  3d  of  March,  1S57. 

Franklin  PL-rcc,   N.  II.,  President^  Salary,  $£5,000 

Jesse  Bright,  Ind.,  Vice-Pres.,  pro  tem~,  "  8,0:>O 
Wm.  L.  Marcy,.     N-  Y.,  Secretary  of  State,  k-  8,000 

James  Guthrie,  Ky*  Secretary  ©f  the  Trc as.,  l-  8,000 
Jeff.  Davis,  Miss. r  Secretary  of  War,  41  8,000 

James  O.  Dobbin,  N„  C,  Secretary  ©f  the  Navy,  l*  8,000 
ttobt.  McClelland,  Mich.,  Sec.  of  the  Interior,  "  8,000 
James  Campbell,  Pa.,  Postmaster-GeneraL  1 1  S.00D 
Caleb  dishing,      Mass.,  Attorney-General,  "  8,000 

At  the  last  Presidential  eleclion,  held  Nov.  4lh,  1S5J,  James 
Buchanan,  of  Pennsylvania,  was  elected  President,  and  John  C 
Breckenridge,  of  Kentucky,  was  elected  Vice-President,,  for  the 
ensuing  four  years. 


THE  MINT. 

The  annual  report  of  the  Director  cf  the  Mint  gives  the  following 


statement  of  the  deposits  and  coinage 
year  ending  June  CO,  1S55 : 

Entire  gold  deposit, 

Entire  silver  deposit,  . 

Gold  coinage, 

Silver  " 

Copper   41  . 

Gold  pieces, 

Silver  11 

Copper  ** 


t  the  various  mints,  for  tlio. 


$G4,223,S9? 
5,793,114 
5.1,097,183 
5,219,150* 
22,457 
3,870,001 
22,S4S,700» 
?,274,147 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


137 


CITY  GOVEENMENT.  1857 

Fernando  "Wood,  Mayor  ;  office  No.  6  City  HalL 

Abram  D.  Russell,  City  Judge. 

Richard  Busteed,  Counsel  to  Corporation. 

David  T.  Valentine,  Clerk  of  the  Common  Counsel;  office  No.  8 
City  Hall. 

BOARD  OF  ALDERMEN. 


WARD 

1—  William  Wilson. 

2 —  Hiram  Corwin, 

3 —  Morgan  L.  Harris. 

4 —  Bartholomew  Healy. 

5 —  Henry  R  Hoffmire. 

6 —  John  Clancy. 

7 —  Thomas  Adams. 

8—  William  Tucker. 

9 —  Solomon  Banta. 

10—  .John  Griffith. 

11 —  James  R  Steers. 


"WARD 

1" — David  S.  Jackson. 

13 —  Edward  McConneli. 

14 —  Peter  Monaghan. 

15 —  Orison  Blunt. 

16 —  Peter  Fulmer. 
IT — William  Coulter. 

18—  Jacob  H.  Valentine. 

19 —  Thomas  McSpeddon. 

20—  William  McCoukey. 

21—  James  Owens. 

22—  William  B.  Drake. 


BOARD  OF  COUNCILMEN. 


DISTRICT 

1 —  Henry  South. 

2 —  John  Von  Glahn. 

3—  Wm.  H.  BultecL 

4 —  Thos.  Monroe. 

5 —  John  Baulch. 

6 —  James  Reilly. 

7 —  Ge  rge  P.  Bickford, 

8 —  James  L.  Waugh. 

9 —  James  Clark. 

10—  Robert  Donnell. 

11 —  Henry  Hughes. 

12 —  George  McKinley. 

13—  M.  Gilmarten. 

14 —  George  W.  Warner. 

15 —  Joseph  S.  Forbes. 

16 —  Freeman  Poole. 

17 —  Jonas  N-  Philips. 
IS— Peter  Crawford. 

19 —  Joseph  D.  Martin. 

20 —  Ledgard  Avery. 

21 —  John  Kennard. 

22 —  Alexander  HemphilL 

23—  Richard  P.  Clark. 

24—  Isaac  O.  Hunt. 

25—  Horatio  Reed. 


DISTRICT 

26—  John  Van  Tine. 

27—  Jesse  S.  Seckles. 

28—  H.  W.  Collyer. 

29—  David  Hogg. 

30—  F.  L  A.  Boole. 

31—  B.  F.  Rhodes. 

32 —  G.  Cushman. 

33—  Charles  Doty. 

34 —  J.  McConneli,  Jr, 

35 —  Ephraim  Reed. 

36—  Hugh  O'Brien. 

37 —  Thomas  Kelly. 

38 —  George  Kerr. 

39— John  H.  Brady. 

40 —  Robert  W.  Chapman. 

41 —  Franklin  J.  Otterson. 

42 —  George  M.  Pike. 

43 —  Thomas  Hearn. 

44 —  Samuel  Hopper. 

45 —  C.  Ackerman. 

46—  Wm.  H.  Mansfield. 

47—  J.  M.  Reynolds. 

48 —  Nicholas  KisseL 
4*— John  Walsh. 

50 — Bernland  Reilly. 


138 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


IHST.  DIST. 


51 —  Peter  Lodewiek. 

52—  F.  W.  Weigarid. 

53 —  Nathaniel  Nesbitt. 

54—  C.  Fitzgerald. 

55 —  Charles  H.  HassweU. 


56 — Charles  Addorns. 
51 — Homer  Franklin. 
53 — Bryan  McCahill. 
5} — Hen.  A.  Cargill. 
— Isaac  A,  Hopper. 


HEADS  OF  DEPARTMENTS. 

Police  Fernando  Wood,  Mayor;  Bureau  of  Chief  of 

Police,  No.  1  City  Hall. 
Finance     ....  Azariah  C.  Flagg,  Comptroller ;  office.  No.  5 

Hall  of  Records. 

Streets  Joseph  S.  Taylor,  Street  Commissioner ;  office, 

No.  I  Hall  of  Records. 
Repairs  £  Supplies.  Nathan  S.  Selah,  Commissioner  Repairs  and 

Supplies ;  office,  basement  City  Hall,  east 

wing. 

Streets  cO  Lamps  .  Joseph  E.  Ebling,  Commissioner  Streets  and 
Lamps ;  office,  Essex  Market. 

Croton  Aqueduct  .  My ndert  Van  Schaick,  President ;  office*  Ro- 
tunda, Park. 

11  Thos.  R.  De  Forest,  Commissioner;  office. 

Rotunda,  Park. 

"  Alfred  W.  Craven,  Chief  Engineer ;  office,  Ro- 

tunda, Park. 

Qit j  Inspector  '    .    .  George  W«  Morton  ;  office,  G  Center-st. 
Law  Richard  Busteed,  Counsel  to  Corporation. 


OFFICE-HOLDERS. 

A  list  of  the  principal  officers  whose  salaries  are  paid  out  of  the  City- 
Treasury,  with  their  names,  and  by  whom  appointed: 


Fernando  Wood,  Mayor,  elected  by  the  people    .       .      .  $3,000 
James  M.  Smith,  Recorder,  elected  by  the  people       .       .  5,00;} 
Abraham  D.  Russell,  City  Judge,  elected  by  the  people      .  5,000 
David  T.  Valentine-,  Clerk  of  the  Common  Council,  appointed 
by  the  Board  of  Aldermen  ;  do.  of  Supervisors,  with  al- 
lowances for  extra  work,  appointed  by  the  Board  of  Su- 
pervisors   2,35> 

Alexander  Ming,  Mayor's  Clerk,  appointed  by  the  Mayor  .  1,250 

Wm.  II.  Stevens,  First  Marshal,        "                   M        .  1,'250 

Wm.  M.  Cook,  Mayor's  Secretary,     "                   "  1,250 

Azariah  C.  Flagg,  Comptroller,  elected  by  the  people  .  .  3,000 
A.  S.  Cady,  Clerk  to  Comptroller,  appointed  by  Comptroller 

and  Board  of  Aldermen  .       .  ■   1,500 

Henry  H.  Howard,  Receiver  of  Taxes,  appointed  by  Mayor 

and  Board  of  Aldermen   3,000 

John  P.  Hone,  Deputy  Receiver  of  Taxes,  appointed  by 

Mayor  and  Board  of  Aldermen   2,500 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


139 


Anson  V.  Stout,  City  Camberlaiu,  appointed  by  Mayor  and 


Board  of  Aldermen   $500 

Anson  V.  Stout,  allowed  for  clerk  Lire   400 

James  Taylor,  Keeper  of  the  City  Hall  and  Park,  appointed 

by  Comptroller  and_Board  of  Aldermen  ....  1,000 
Fifteen  persons  to  clean  City  Hall  and  Courts,  appointed  by 

Keeper      .    7,142 

Three  Tax  Commissioners,  appointed  by  Board  of  Super- 
visors, each      .........  2,500 

Three  Clerks,  appointed  by  Board  of  Supervisors,  each     .  1,000 

Joseph  S.  Taylor,  Street  Commissioner,  elected  by  the  people  2,5.0 
Edward  Merritt,  Inspector  of  Side- walks,  appointed  by 

Street  Commissioner,        .    1,200 

Rufus  E.  Crane,  Superintendent  of  Wharves,  appointed  by 

Street  Commissioner  and  Board  of  Aldermen       .       .  1,000 
W.  H.  Hebbard,  Superintendent  of  Lands  and  Places,  ap- 
pointed by  Street  Commissioner  and  Board  of  Aldermen  1,500 
Nathaniel  S.  Selah,  Commissioner  of  Repairs  and  Supplies, 

elected  by  the  people   2,000 

William  Goodheart,  Superintendent  of  Roads,  appointed  by 
Commissioner  of  Repairs  and  Supplies  and  Board  of  Al- 
dermen   1/250 

James  living,  Superintendent  of  Repairs  to  Public  Build- 
ings, appointed  by  do   1,500 

Henry  C.  Woolsey,  Superintendent  of  Pavements,  appoint- 
ed by  do   1,500 

Henry  C.  Woolsey  allowed  for  horse  and  wagon  by  do.      .  250 
Alfred  Carson,  Ohief  Engineer  of  Fire  Department,  ap- 
pointed by  Fire  Department  and  Common  Council       .  0,000 
Twelve  Fire  Wardens,  appointed  by  Fire  Department  and 

Common  Council,  each   GOO 

Twenty-seven  Bell-ringers,  appointed  by  do.,  each  .  .  GOO 
Jos.  E.  Ebling,  Commissioner  of  Streets  and  Lamps,  elected 

by  the  people   2,500 

James  Dowey,  Superintendent  of  Lamps  and  Gas,  appointed 

by  Commissioner  of  Streets  and  Board  of  Aldermen   .  1,500 

James  Dowey  allowed  for  horse  and  wagon,  by  do.      .       .  250 

Morgan  L.  Mott,  Superintendent  of  Streets,  appointed  by  do.  1,500 
S.  T.  Webster,  Clerk,   appointed  by  Superintendent  of 

Streets  and  Board  of  Aldermen   1,C00 

Matthias  Gooderson,  Superintendent  of  Markets,  appointed 
by  Commissioner  of  Streets  and  Lamps  and  Board  of 

Aldermen   1,000 

Myndert  Van  Schaick,  President  of  Croton  Aqueduct  De- 
partment, appointed  by  Mayor  and  Board  of  Aldermen  2,000 
Theodore  R.  De  Forest  Commissioner,  appointed  by  do.  .  2,000 
Alfred  W.  Craven,  Chief  Engineer,  appointed  by  do.  .  2,000 
George  W.  Morton,  City  Inspector,  elected  by  the  people  .  2,500 
Richard  Busteed,  Counsel  to  Corporation,  elected  by  the 

people                                                                 .  3,500 


140 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


Richard  Busteed,  by  virtue  of  Act  April  1st,  1S54       .      .  $6,500 

"  allowed  for  clerk-hire       ....  2,500 

Corporation  Attorney,  appointed  by  Council  and  Board  of 

Aldermen   2,000 

Thomas  J.  Oakley,  Chief-Justice  of  the  Superior  Court, 

elected  by  the  people   5, 

Edward  Slosson,  Justice  of  the  Superior  Court,  elected  by 

the  people   5,0(  0 

Murray  Hoffman,  do.,  elected  by  do   5.'000" 

John  Duer,  do.,  elected  by  do   5.000 

Joseph  S.  Bosworth,  do.,  elected  by  do.        .      .      .      .  5,000 

Lewis  B.  Woodruff,  do.,  elected  by  do.  .  .  .  .  5,000 
George  T.  Maxwell,  Clerk  of  Superior  Court,  appointed  by 

the  Justices  of  Superior  Court   2,500 

D.  P.  Ingraham,  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas, 

elected  by  the  people   5,000 

C.  P.  Daly,  do.,  elected  by  do  .  5,000 

John  R.  Brady,  do.,  elected  by  do   5,000 

B.  H.  Jarvis,  Clerk  of  Court  of  Common  Pleas. 

A.  Thompson,  Justice  of  Marine  Court,  elected  by  the  people  3,000 

A.  K.  Maynard,  "  44  "  3,000 

Florence  McCarthy,         44  44  44  3,000 

James  Green,     Judge  of  Dist.  Court.  "  44  2,000 

Bart.  O'Connor,  44  44  14  2,000 

Wm.  B.  Meede,  "  44  "  2,000 

Wm.  H.  Van  Coits  "  44  44  2,000 

John  Anderson,  Jr.,  "  14  44  2,000 

Anson  Willis,  "  14  4  4  2.000 

Thos.  Pearson,  44  "  "  2,000 

William  Mitchell,  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  allowed 
$2,500  by  the  State,  and  $S  per  day  for  services  out  of 

the  county,  elected  by  the  people  .      .      .      .  1,500 

James  J.  Roosevelt,  do.,  elected  by  do.         ....  1,500 

Henry  E.  Davies,  do.,  elected  by  do   1,500 

Thomas  W.  Clerke,  do.,  elected  by  do.         ....  1,500 

W.  H.  Peabody,  do.,  elected  by  do.       .      .      .      .      .  1,500 

Peter  B.  Sweeney,  Public  Administrator,  appointed  by  Cor- 
poration and  Board  of  Aldermen   1,250 

Wm.  H.  Faulkner,  Regulator  of  Clocks,  appointed  by  Com- 
missioner of  Streets  and  Places  and  Board  of  Aldermen  300 
George  W.  Matsell,  Chief  of  Police,  appointed  by  Police 

Commissioners   .      .      .  2,500 

W.  McKellar,  Clerk  of  do.,  appointed  by  Chief  of  Police  and 

Police  Commissioners   1,500 

Michael  Halpin,  Captain  of  Police,  First  Ward,  appointed 

by  Police  Court   1,000 

James  Leonard,  do.,  Second  do.,  appointed  by  do.  .  .  1,000 
James  A.  Hopkins,  do.,  Third  do.,  appointed  by  Police 

Commissioners   1,000 

J.  Murray  Dichett,  do.,  Fourth  do.,  appointed  by  do.  .  .  .  1,000 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


141 


Daniel  Carpenter,  Captain  of  Police,  Fifth  Ward,  appointed 

by  Police  Commissioners   $1,000 

Joseph  Dowling,  do.,  Sixth  do.,  appointed  by  do.        .       .  1,000 

Edward  Letts,  do.,  Seventh  do.,  appointed  by  do.       .       .  1,000 

Charles  S.  Turnbull,  do.,  Eighth  do.,  appointed  by  do.       .  1,000 

Abraham  Ackerman,  do.,  Ninth  do.,  appointed  by  do.        .  1,000 

George  W.  Morris,  do.,  Tenth  do.,  appointed  by  do.    .       .  1,00  3 

Peter  Squires,  do.,  Eleventh  do.,  appointed  by  do.       .       .  1,000 

Galen  T.  Porter,  do.,  Twelfth  do.,  appointed  by  do.    .       .  1,0OQ 

John  F.  Russell,  do.,  Thirteenth  do.,  appointed  by  do.       .  1,00 J 

David  Kissner,  do.,  Fourteenth  do.,  appointed  by  do.         .  1,000 

George  W.  Dillis,  do.,  Fifteenth  do.,  appointed  by  do.        .  1,000 

John  D.  McKee,  do.,  Sixteenth  do.,  appointed  by  do.  .       .  1,000 

Jedediah  W.  Hart,  do.,  Seventeenth  do.,  appoiuted  by  do.  .  1,000 

Harris  Wines,  do.,  Eighteenth  do.,  appointed  by  do.    .       .  1,000 

Francis  J.  Twomcy,  do.,  Nineteenth  do.,  appointed  by  do.  .  1,000 

William  Joyce,  do.,  Twentieth  do.,  appointed  by  do.          .  1,000 

Francis  C.  Speight,  do.,  Twenty-first  do.,  appointed  by  do.  1,000 

Daniel  Wilter,  do.,  Twenty-second  do.,  appointed  by  do.  1,000 

Four  Interpreters,  appointed  by  the  Police  Court,  each       .  600 

A.  O.  Hall,  District  Attorney,  elected  by  the  people  .  .  5,000 
John  Sedgwick,  Assistant  Attorney,  appointed  by  District 

Attorney   2,500 

Richard  B.  Connelly,  County  Clerk,  elected  by  the  people  .  3,000 

Alexander  W.  Bradford,  Surrogate,       "               "         .  5,000 

George  T.  Maxwell,  Clerk  of  Board  of  Education       .       .  2,000 


OFFICIAL  DIRECTORY. 

Chief  of  Police  .  .  .  Office,  Basement  No.  1  City  Hall. 
Sheriffs  Jury         .      .       .  "1st  floor         4  " 

Clerk  of  Board  of  Councilmen  "         "  5  " 


Judge's  Chambers  Common  Pleas     "     2d  floor,  No.  17  City  HalL 


Health  Commissioner     .                 M         11  6 

Resident  Physician        .                 "         "  G 

Inspector  of  Vessels       ..**•*  6 

Fire  Marshal  ....          "         "  6 

First  Marshal         ...           mm  g 

Superintendent  of  Carts                  M         "  G 

Commissioner  of  Jurors        .**-••  7 

Clerk  of  Common  Council     *          "         "  S 

Keeper  of  City  Hall       .       .          »          "  9 

County  Clerk   ....          "         "  10 

Sheriff                                          »         "  11 

Corporation  Library  Room     .          "         "  12 

Naturalization  Office  .  .  4i  "  12£ 
Governor's  Room    ...          "2d  floor  14 

Board  of  Aldermen  ,  .  "  "  15 
Judge's  Chambers  Common  Pleas     "     2d  floor,  No.  17  ( 

13 


142 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


Superior  Court,  part  1st,  2d  floor  New  Court  House. 
"  2d 

Clerk  of  Superior  Court,  office,  No.  IS         City  Hall. 

Court  of  Common  Pleas,  part  1st        .      19  " 

"   2d        .  20 
Board  of  Councilmen    .       .       .       .      19  &  21  " 
Commissioner  of  Repairs  &  Supplies    .        2  &  3  " 
Collector  of  Assessments,  North-west  corner  of  basement  City  Hall. 
Clerk  of  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  No.  13  City  Hall. 

The  following  are  located  in  the  New  Court  House,  corner  of  Cen- 
ter and  Chambers-sts : 
Clerk  of  Marine  Court,  3d  floor,  No.  19. 
Marine  Court      .       .      "  15. 
Receiver  of  Taxes,  basement  2. 
Tax  Commissioners,     "  1. 
District  Attorney,  2d  floor  3d. 
Recorder. 
Law  Library. 

Supreme  Court,  Special  and  General  Term,  Chambers. 
Circuit  Court. 

Court  of  Oyer  and  Terminer. 
United  States  Court. 

The  following  are  in  the  Rotunda  (Park). 
Governor  of  Almshouse,       .  office,  1st  floor. 
Croton  Aqueduct  Department,     '*    2d  " 
"Water  Surveyor,    .      .      .      M     *'  " 

The  following  in  the  Hall  of  Records  (Park). 
"  Register,  office,  1st  floor,  No.  1  and  2. 

Surrogate,  office,  lot  floor,  No.  3. 

Street  Commissioner,  office,  2d  floor,  No.  4. 

Comptroller,  office,  2d  floor,  No.  5. 
■  Collector  of  City  Revenue,  office,  2d  floor,  No.  5. 

Board  of  Fire  Commissioners,  office,  Fireman's  Hail. 
.  Superintendent  of  Buildings. 

14  Streets,  office,  rear  of  Essex  Market. 

"  Lamps  and  Gas,  office,  Essex  Market. 

"  Pavements,  office,  Commissioner  of  Repairs  and 

Supplies. 

"  Wharves,  office,  No.  4  Hall  of  Rf  cords. 

Commissioner  of  Streets  and  Lamps,  office,  Essex  Market. 
Corporation  Counsel,  office,  No.  51  Chambers-st. 
Public  Administrator,  office,     **  " 
Corporation  Attorney,  office,  No.  25  " 
United  States  Marshal,  office,  College  Place. 
Coroner's  office,  Chambers-st. 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


143 


JUSTICES'  COURTS. 


First  District,  35  Warren-st. 
Second 


Fourth,  Sixth,  and  Fourteenth  Boards,  between 

Center  and  Broadway. 
Jefferson  Market, 
cor.  Fifth-st.  and  First  Av. 
cor.  Grand  and  Clinton-sts. 
Broadway,  Junction  of  Thirty-fourth-st. 
cor.  Eighty-sixth-st.  and  Fourth  Av. 
Commissioners  of  Emigration,  81  Anthony-st 

United  States  District  Attorney,  cor.  Murray-st.  and  College  Place. 
United  States  Commissioner,  "  4i  »♦ 


Third 

Fourth 

Fifth 

Sixth 

Seventh 


BOARD  OF  EDUCATION  FOE  1857. 


WARD 

1 —  Samuel  Auld, 
J.  W.  Brown. 

2 —  H.  L.  Stewart, 
John  Hooper. 

4 — V.  N«  Lecompte, 
AV.  II.  Avery. 

4 —  Eugene  Shine, 
John  Ware. 

5 —  William  B.  Eager, 
J.  M.  Tuthill. 

6 —  William  Sinclair, 
Walter  Roche. 

7—  William  B.  Tweed, 
A.  Denike. 

8—  John  R.  Lydec, 
E.  Bootman. 

9—  II.  Williamson, 
Albert  Smith. 

10 —  George  H.  Clarke, 
Daniel  Slote. 

11 —  Aaron  B.  Rollins, 
George  White. 


VART) 

12— J.  Mackean, 
A.  V.  Williams. 

12 — J.  L.  Scofield, 
S.  Brooker. 

14—  A.  H.  Green, 
Thomas  Boese. 

15—  E.  C.  Benedict, 
R.  Burlew, 

10— William  J.  Haskett, 
L.  W.  Smith. 

17—  R.  C.  Fellows, 
J.  F.  Henry. 

18—  William  II.  Neilson, 
S.  Baldwin. 

19—  John  C.  Hull, 
R.  S.  Grav. 

20—  William  Monteith, 
N.  J.  Waterbury. 

21 —  John  Davenport, 
L.  Barney. 

22 —  Peter  Masterson, 
J.  Edwards. 


POPULATION  OF  THE  GLOBE. 


Africa,  variously  estimated  from  G0,000,000  to      .      .  100,000,000 

America,   58,252,883 

Asia,  including  Islands,   626,000,000 

Australia  and  Australian  group  of  Islands,  .  .  .  1,445,000 
Europe,   263,517,521 


Polynesia  (a  mere  estimate,  as  there  are  few  or  no  data),  1,500,000 


144 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


DESCRIPTION  OE  THE  CITY. 

New  York  city  is  the  principal  city  of  the  State  of  New  York,  and 
is  the  largest  city  in  the  United  States.  In  wealth,  commerce,  and 
population,  New  York  deserves  to  be  styled  the  London  of  America. 
The  City  Hall  is  in  latitude  40°  42'  40"  N.  ;  and  in  longtitude,  74° 
V  8"  W.  from  Greenwich,  and  3°  0'  16"  E.  from  Washington.  It  is 
210  miles  south-west  of  Boston,  145  miles  south  of  Albany,  225  miles 
north-east  of  Washington,  670  miles  north-east  of  Charleston,  1370 
miles  north-east  of  New  Orleans,  and  372  miles  south  of  Montreal. 

The  closely-built  portion  of  New  York  is  situated  on  the  southern 
extremity  of  New  York  or  Manhattan  Island,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Hudson,  or  North  river,  with  the  East  river,  which  connects  the 
harbor  of  New  York  with  Long  Island  Sound.  The  island  contains 
about  14,500  acres  of  ground,  and  extends  from  the  confluence  of  the 
two  rivers,  13£  miles,  to  Kingsbridge,  and  has  an  average  breadth 
of  one  and  three-fifth  miles.  The  greatest  breadth  is  on  the  line  of 
Eighty-eighth-street,  about  two  miles  and  a  half.  Three  bridges, 
Harlem  bridge,  Macomb's  bridge,  and  King's  bridge,  connect  the 
island  with  the  mainland  on  the  north. 


PARKS,  ETC,  IN  NEW  YORK. 

NAME  AND  LOCALITY.  ABE  AS. 

Sq.  feet.  a.  r.  p.  f. 

Battery — Extreme  southern  end  of  the  Island  453,609  10  2  .22  239 
Bowling  Green. — Broadway,  Whitehall,  and 

State-st   24,4S3    0  2   9  253 

The  Park. — Broadway,  Chambers,  Center-sts. 

and  Park  Row   472,0SO  10  3  14  0 

Duane  Park. — Duane,  Hudson,  and  Green- 

wich-sts   5,783   0  0  21  66 

Five  Points  Park. — Park,  Orange,  and  Little 

Water-sts   6,727   0  0  24  193 

Hudson  Square, — Hudson,    Laight,  Varick, 

and  Beach-sts   177,962   4  0  13  183 

Washington  Square.— -University  Place,  Wa- 

verly  Place,  Macdougal,  and  Fourth-sts   424,634   9  2  39  246 

Tomkins  Square.— A  v.  A.,  Seventh-st,  Av. 

B.,  and  Tenth-st   457,764  10  2   1  112 

Abingdon  Square. — Hudson-st.,  Troy-st.,  and 

Eighth  Av   9,021    0  0  33  36 

Union    Place.  —  Broadway,  Fourteenth-st., 

Fourth  Av.,  and  Seventeenth-st   151,0S0   3  1  34  253 

Stuyvesant  Square.— On  Second  Av.,  between 

Fifteenth  and  Seventeenth-sts   171,190   3  3  28  217 

Gramercy  Park.— Between    Twentieth  and 

Twenty-first-sts.,  Lexington  Av.  and  Irving 

Place   73,600   1  2  30  92 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


145 


NAME  AND  LOCALITY.  A3EAS. 

Sq.  feet    a.  r.  p.  f. 

Madison  Square. — Fifth  Av.,  Twenty-sixth-st., 

Madison  Avenue,  and  Twenty-third-st   299,250   6  3  19  47 

Bloomingdale  Square. — Fifty-ninth-st.,  Ninth 

Av.,  Fifty-third-st.,  and  Eighth  Av   730,066  18  0   9  13G 

Hamilton  Square. — Sixty-sixth-st,  Fourth  Ay. 

Sixty-ninth-st.,  and  Third  Av   649.S90  15  0    0  000 

Observatory  Place. — Fifth  Av.,  Ninety-fourth- 

st,,  Fourth  Av.,  and  Eighty-ninth-st   1,122,375  25  3   2  160 

Manhattan  Square.  —  Seventy-seven th-st., 

Eighth  Av.,  Eighty-seventh-st,  a:-:d  Ninth 

Av   830,030  19  0   8  182 

Mount  Mctris.— Between  120th  and  124th  sts. 

on  the  Fifth  Av   878,665  20  0  27  114 

Central  Park. — Between  Fifty-ninth  and  106th  • 

sts.,  Fifth  and  Eighth  Avs   730   0  0 


DAY-STATIONS  OF  POLICEMEN. 

FIRST  WARD. 

No.  1 — Merchants*  Exchange,  in  Wall-st.  ;  2 — Post  Office,  in 
Nassau-st. ;  3— South  Ferry,  foot  of  Whitehall-st 

SECOND  WARD. 
No.  1— Broadway,  comer  of  Ann-st. ;  5! — Fulton  Ferry. 

THIRD  WARD. 

No.  1 — Barclay-st.  Ferry;  2 — Courtlandt-st ;  3 — Washington  Mar- 
ket; 4 — Hudson  River  Railroad  Depot;  5 — Broadway,  corner  of 
Courtlandt-st. ;  6 — West-st. 

FOURTH  WARD. 
No.  1— Peck  Slip  Ferry  ;  2 — Catharine  Ferry. 

FIFTH  WARD. 

No.  1 — Corner  of  Broadway  and  Canal-st. ;  2 — Corner  of  Hohokeu 
and  West-sts. 

SIXTH  WARD. 
No.  1 — Park ;  2 — Corner  of  Bowery  and  Bayard-st. ;  3 — At  the 
Five  Points  (two  policemen) ;  4 — On  the  east  side  of  Broadway, 
from  Park  to  Canal-st. 

SEVENTH  WARD. 
No.  1 — Corner  of  East  Broadway  and  Catharine-st. ;  2 — Corner 
of  Jackson  and  Monroe-sts. 

13* 


146 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


EIGHTH  WARD. 
No.  1 — Corner  of  West  and  Spring  sts. ;  2 — Corner  of  Laurens 
and  Grand-sts. ;  3 — Corner  of  Charlton  and  Varick-sts. 

NINTH  WARD. 
No.  1 — Hoboken  Ferry,  foot  of  Christopher-st. ;  2 — Foot  of  Thir- 
teenth- st. 

TENTH  WARD. 

No.  1 — Corner  of  Grand-st.  and  Bowery;  2 — Corner  of  Forsyth 
and  Division-sts. 

ELEVENTH  WARD. 
No.  1— Dry  Dock,  at  the  head  of  Av.  D.  ;  2— At  the  Ferry,  foot 
of  Ilouston-st. ;  3 — At  the  corner  of  Columbia  and  Houston-sts. 

TWELFTH  WARD. 

No  Day  Stations. 

THIRTEENTH  WARD. 
No.  1 — Corner  of  Grand  and  Clinton-sts.  ;  2 — Corner  of  Grand 
and  East-sts. 

FOURTEENTH  WARD. 
Xo.  1 — Corner  of  Bowery  and  Brooine-st. ;  2 — Corner  of  Walker 
;md  Mulberry-sts. 

FIFTEENTH  WARD. 
No.  1 — University  Place,  east  side,  between  Tenth  and  Eleventh 
sts. ;  2 — Washington  Parade  Ground. 

SIXTEENTH  WARD. 
No.  1— Corner  of  Seventeenth-st.  and  Tenth  Av. ;  2— Corner  of 
Twenty-fourth-st.  and  Seventh  Av. 

SEVENTEENTH  WARD. 
No.  1— Av.  A.  and  First-st. ;  2— Third  Av.  and  Tenth- st. 

EIGHTEENTH  WARD. 
Xo.  1— Union  Park ;  2— Stuyvesant  Square ;  3— Madison  Square. 

NINETEENTH  WARD. 
No.  1— Sixty-first-st.  and  Third  Av.  ;  2— Forty-second-st.  and 
Third  Av.  ;  3—Forty-third-st.  and  Tenth  Av.  ;  4— Bloomingdale  in 
Broadway. 

TWENTIETH  WARD. 

N0#  i  Corner  of  Thirty-second-st.  and  Sixth  Av. ;  2— Corner  of 

Thirtieth-st.  and  Seventh  Av. ;  3— Corner  of  Twenty-ninth-st.  and 
Eighth  Av. ;  4— Corner  of  Twenty-seventh-st.  and  Tenth  Av. ;  5— 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


147 


Corner  of  Thirty-eighth-st  and  Ninth  Av. ;  6 — Corner  of  Thirty- 
sixth-st.  and  Eighth  Av. ;  7 — Corner  of  Thirty-fifth-st.  and  Seventh 
Av. ;  8 — Corner  of  Thirty-first- st.  and  Eleventh  Av. ;  9 — Corner  of 
Thirty-ninth-st.  and  Broadway ;  10 — Corner  of  Thirty-ninth-st.  and 
Eleventh  Av. ;  11 — Corner  of  Thirtieth-st  and  Eleventh  Av. 

TWENTY-FIRST  WARD. 

No  Day  Stations. 

TWENTY-SECOND  WARD. 
No  Day  Stations. 

POLICE  STATION-HOUSES 

p  v.  tool. 

DISTRICT      STATION-nOUSE,  WHERE  LOCATED. 

No.  1. — Franklin  Market. 

2.  — 49  Beekman-st. 

3.  -35  Barclay-st. 

4.  -9  Oak-st. 

5.  — 49  Leonard-st. 

6.  — No.  9  Franklin  st 

7.  — Gouverneur  Slip. 

8.  — Cor.  Wooster-st.  and  Prince. 

9.  — In  Charles  between  Hudson  and  Bleeker  sts. 

10.  — Essex  Market. 

11.  — 663  Fourth-st. 

12.  — 126th-st.,  between  Third  and  Fourth  Avs. 

13.  — Cor.  Attorney  and  Delancey-sts. 

14.  — Center  Market. 

15.  — 220  Mercer-sL 

16.  — Twentieth-st.,  between  Seventh  and  Eighth  Avs. 

17.  -43  Sixth-st, 

18.  — 319  Second  Av. 

19.  — Fifty-ninth-st.,  near  Third  Av. 

20.  — Thirty-fifth-st,  between  Eighth  and  Ninth  Avs. 

21.  — Twenty-ninth-st,  between  Fourth  and  Fifth  Avs. 

22.  — Eighth  Av.,  near  Forty-eighth-st. 

BELL-TO  WER3  IN  NEW  YORK  CITY. 

City  Hall.  Thirty-third-st 
Essex  Market  Macdougal-st. 
Jefferson  Mark2t.  lODth-st 
Union  Market.  Marion-st 
Twenty-second-st. 

FERRIES. 

NEW  YORK  AND  BROOKLYN. 
CATHARINE  FERRY— Starts  from  Catharine  Slip,  running  from 
5  A.  M.  to  9  P.  M.,  every  10  minutes;  from  9  to  12  P.  M.,  every 
2  0  minutes. 


148 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


FULTOX  FERRY— Starts  from  foot  of  Fulton-st.,  running  from 
7  A.  M.  to  7  P.  M.,  all  the  time  ;  from  7  to  9  P.  M.,  every  7  minutes : 
from  9  to  12  P.  M.,  every  10  minutes ;  from  12  to  3  A.  M.,  every  15 
minutes;  from  3  to  7  A.  Iff*,  every  20  minutes. 

GOUVERNEUR  FERRY— Starts  from  foot  of  Gouverneur-st, 
running  from  5  A.  M.  to  8  P.  M.,  every  10  minutes ;  from  S  P.  M.  to 
11  P.  Iff.,  every  20  minutes.  % 

HAMILTON  AVENUE  FERRY— Starts  from  foot  of  Whitehall- 
st.,  running  from  4]  A.  M.  to  6  A.  M.,  every  half  hour ;  from  6  A. 
M.  to  7  P.  M.,  ahout  every  12  minutes;  from  7  P.  M.  to  9  P.  M., 
every  15  minutes  ;  from  9  to  12  P.  M.,  every  half  hour. 

ROOSEVELT  FERRY — Starts  from  foot  of  Rocsevelt-st,  run- 
ning from 5  to  6  A.  M.,  every  half  hour;  from  G  A.  M.  to  7  P.  M., 
every  12  minutes  ;  from  7  to  9  P.  M.,  every  15  minutes;  from  9  to 
11  P.  M.,  everv  half  hour. 

SOUTH  FERRY — Starts  from  foot  of  Whitehall-st,,  running 
from  7  A.  M.  to  7  P.  M.,  every  8  minutes;  from  7  to  11  P.  M.,  every 
10  minutes;  from  11  P..M.  to"  5  A.  M.,  every  half  hour;  from  5  to 
7  A.  M.,  every  15  minutes. 

WALL-STREET  FERRY — Starts  from  foot  of  Wall-st.,  running 
from  5  A.  M.  to  12  P.  M.,  every  10  minutes. 

NEW  Y'ORK,  BULL'S  FERRY,  AND  FORT  LEE. 
Boat  leaves  foot  of  Spring-st.  three  times  daily. 

NEW  YORK  AND  CALVARY  CEMETERY. 
Boat  leaves  foot  of  East  Twenty-third-st.,  hourly. 

NEW  Y'ORK  AND  ELIZABETIIPORT. 
Boat  leaves  Pier  No.  f ,  North  River,  every  afternoon. 

NEW  Y'ORK  AND  GREENPOINT. 

Boat  leaves  foot  of  Tenth-st.,  running  from  4  A.  M.  to  1  A.  M., 
every  20  minutes. 

NEW  YORK  AND  HOBOKEN. 

BARCLAY-STREET  FERRY— Leaves  foot  of  Barclay-st.,  run- 
ning from  6  A.  M.  to  7 P.  M.,  every  15  minutes ;  from  1{  to  12  P. 
M.,  every  half  hour ;  from  12  P.  M.  to  4  A.  M.,  every  hour ;  from  4 
to  6  A.  M. ,  every  half  hour. 

CANAL-STREET  FERRY— Leaves  foot  of  Canal-st,  running  from 
5}  A.  M.  to  9  P.  Iff.,  every  half  hour. 

CHRISTOPHER-STREET  FERRY— Starts  from  foot  of  Chris- 
topher-st,  running  from  6£  A.  M.  to  7£  P.  M.,  every  half  hour. 

NEW  YORK  AND  JERSEY  CITY. 
COURTLANDT-STREET  FERRY— Starts  from  foot  of  Court- 
landt-st.,  running  from  5  A.  M.  to  6}  P.  M.,  every  7 J-  minutes ;  from 
6|  to  10£  P.  M.,  every  15  minutes;  from  10£  P.  M.  to  5  A.  M.,  cv.ry 
half  hour. 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


149 


NEW  YORK,  NEWTOWN,  AND  PENNY  BRIDGE. 
Boat  leaves  foot  of  East  Twenty-third- St.,  running  half  hourly, 
from  9  A.  M.  to  6  P.  M. 

NEW  YORK  AND  PAVONIA  AVENUE. 
Boat  leaves  foot  of  Chambers-st. 

NEW  YORK  AND  STATEN  ISLAND. 
PORT  RICHMOND  FERRY— Boat  leaves  foot  of  Whitehall-st., 
touching  at  New  Brighton,  Sailor's  Snug  Harbor,  Factoryville,  Ber- 
gen Point,  and  Port  Richmond,  every  hour  and  a  half. 

QUARANTINE  FERRY — Boat  leaves  foot  of  Whitehall-st.,  land- 
ing at  Quarantine,  Stapleton,  and  Vanderbilt's  Landing,  every  hour, 
from  6  A.  AL  to  7  P.  It 

NEW  YORK  AND  WILLIAMSBURG-. 

GRAND-STREET  FERRY— Leaves  foot  of  Grand-st.,  running 
from  4  A.  M.  to  10  P.  M.,  every  12  minutes ;  from  10  to  12  P.  M., 
every  20  minutes ;  from  12  to  4  A.  M.,  every  half  hour. 

HOUSTON-STREET  FERRY— Starts  from  foot  of  Houston-st., 
running  from  6  A.  M.  to  10  P.  M.,  every  10  minutes  ;  from  10  to  12 
P.  M.,  every  20  minutes ;  and  from  12  to  G  A.  M.,  every  half  hour. 

PECK  SLIP  FERRY— Leaves  Peck  Slip,  running  from  0  A.  M. 
to  7  P.  M.,  every -8  minutes;  from  7  P.  M.  to  6  A.  M.,  every  20 
minutes. 

TELEGRAPH  COMPANIES. 

Boston  and  New  York  Printing  (House's),  21  Wall-st.,  to  New- 
Haven,  Hartford,  Springfield,  Providence.  Boston,  and  all  towns  east. 

Crrr,  connecting  Union  Place  with  the  Astor  House  and  Wall-st., 
and  uniting  with  the  great  Eastern,  Southern,  and  Western  Lines  at 
the  office  in  Wall-st.  Offices,  S69  Broadway,  G  Chatham  Square,  21 
Wall-st.,  and  422^  Broadway. 

Merchants1  Marine,  114  Merchants'  Exchange.  A.  A.  Leggett, 
Superintendent. 

National,  23  Wall-st.,  to  Pittsburg,  Cincinnati,  Louisville,  St. 
Louis,  Memphis,  New  Orleans,  and  all  offices  west  and  south-west. 
J.  D.  Reid,  Superintendent. 

New  York,  Newfoundland,  and  London  ;  office  11  Cliff-st. 
Peter  Cooper,  President ;  Moses  Taylor,  Treasurer. 

New  York  and  Erie  Railroad, 'foot  of  Duane-st,  to  all  places 
on  the  line  of  the  road  and  its  branches.  Also  Montrose,  Honesdale, 
Carbondale,  Hyde  Park,  Scranton,  Pittstown,  and  Pompton.  L.  G. 
Tillotson,  Superintendent. 

New  York  and  Sandy  Hook,  114  Merchants'  Exchange.  A.  A 
Leggett,  Superintendent. 

New  York  and  Washington  (House's),  21  Wall-st.,  to  Paterson, 
Trenton,  Philadelphia,  Baltimore,  Washington,  Pittsburg,  Rich- 
mond, Cincinnati,  Detroit,  Louisville,  St.  Louis,  Chicago,  Savannah, 
Memphis,  New  Orleans,  etc.    Francis  Morris,  President. 


150 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


New  Yoek,  Albany,  and  Buffalq  ;  offices  21  Wall-st.,  St.  Nicho- 
las and  Metropolitan  Hotels,  and  Corn  Exchange,  to  Croton  Falls, 
Poughkeepsie,  Hudson,  Troy,  Albany,  Schenectady,  Amsterdam, 
Canajoharie,  Little  Falls,  Utica,  Rome,  Syracuse,  Newburg,  Ogdene- 
burg,  Fulton,  Watertown,  Rondout,  Kingston,  Kinderhook,  Fonda, 
Oneida,  Palmyra,  Auburn,  Geneva,  Canandaigua,  Rochester,  Ba- 
tavia,  Buffalo,  connecting  with  Canada  via  Troy  and  Buffalo,  with 
Oswego  via  Syracuse,  and  with  the  west  and  south-west  via  Buffalo. 
George  Curtis,  President. 

New  Yoek  and  New  England  Union,  23  Wall-st.,  connects 
with  Boston,  Providence,  Worcester,  Springfield,  Hartford,  New 
Haven,  Bridgeport,  Stamford,  Norwalk,  Meriden,  Middletown,  Nor- 
wich, New  London,  New  Bedford,  Taunton,  Fall  River,  Newport. 
Woonsocket,  Pawtucket,  Canada,  and  the  other  British  Provinces. 
H.  M.  SchiefMin,  President. 

New  Yobk  State  Peinting  (House1  s) ;  office  2£  Wall-st. ,  to  Al- 
bany, Buffalo,  Cleveland,  Cincinnati,  St.  Louis,  intermediate  places 
and  Canada. 

New  Yoex  and  Washington  Magnetic  (Morse's),  5  Hanover 
Place,  and  1S1  Broadway,  to  Jersey  City,  New  Brunswick,  Prince- 
ton, Trenton,  Philadelphia,  Wilmington,  Havre  de  Grace,  Balti- 
more, Washington,  etc.   W.  P.  Westervelt,  Superintendent. 

Teansatlantic,  office  111  Broadway,  H.  B.  Tebbetts,  Agent. 

Washington  and  New  Oeleans,  Hanover-st.  cor.  Exchange 
Place,  to  Alexandria,  Fredericsburg,  Richmond,  Petersburg,  Norfolk, 
Wilmington,  Raleigh,  Fayetteville,  Cherau,  Camden,  Columbia. 
Charleston,  Augusta,  Savannah,  Macon,  Griffin,  Atlanta,  Columbus, 
Montgomery,  Cahawba,  Mobile,  and  New  Orleans.  Amos  Kendall, 
President. 

INSTITUTIONS  0E  THE  CITY  0E  NEW  YORK. 

Columbia  College,  Park  Place,  Charles  King,  LL.D.,  President. 
University  of  the  City  of  New  Y'ork,  University  Place,  John  C. 

Green,  President. 
New  York  Hospital,  Broadway,  between  Duane  and  Worth-sts.,  Geo. 

Newbold,  President. 
Ladies'  Association  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Orphan  Asylum,  Prince - 

st.,  Mrs.  Baretu,  Directress. 
Bloomingdale  Asylum,  Bloomingdale  Road. 

College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  Twenty-third-st.  &  Fourth 
Av.,  Alexander  H.  Stevens,  M.D.,  LL.D.,  President. 

Institution  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb,  Fiftieth-fit,  near  Fourth  Av., 
Harvey  L.  Peet,  LL.D.,  President. 

Association  for  the  Relief  of  Respectable  Aged  and  Indigent  Fe- 
males, Twentieth-st,  between  Second  and  Third  Avs.,  Mrs. 
Innes,  1st  Directress. 

Institution  for  the  Blind,  Ninth  Av.  between  Thirty-third  &  Thirty- 
fourth-sts.,  Isaac  Wood,  M.D.,  President 

Prison  Association  of  New  York,  Center-st.  near  Chambcrs-st.,  Hon. 
Rennselaer  N.  Havens,  President 


AND  "WEATHER  BOOK. 


151 


Society  for  the  Reformation  of  Juvenile  Delinquents,  foot  of  Tweiity- 

Third-st.,  East  River,  Robert  Kelly,  President, 
lioman  Catholic  Orphan  Asylum,  Prince-st.,  Most  Rev.  John  Hughes, 

President. 

Roman  Catholic  Half  Orphan  Asylum,  Eleventh-st.  near  Seventh- 
Av.,  Most  Rev.  John  Hughes,  President. 

New  York  Asylum  for  Lying-in  Women,  85  Marion-st.,  Mrs.  J.  W. 
Schmidt,  Directress. 

Association  for  the  Benefit  of  Colored  Orphans,  Fifth  Av.  "bet.  Forty- 
third  and  Forty-fourth-sts,  Hetty  King,  1st  Directress. 

Colored  Home,  Sixty- fifth-st.  near  Second  Av.,  Mrs.  M.  A.  Wells, 
1st  Directress. 

American  Female  Guardian  Society,  East  Thirtieth-st.  bet.  Fourth 

and  Madison  A  vs.,  Mrs.  C.  W.  Hawkins,  1st  Directress. 
St.  Luke's  Home  for  Indigent  Christian  Females,  453  Hudson-st, 

Rt.  Rev.  Horatio  Potter,  D.D.,  President. 
New  York  Woman' s  Hospital,  83  Madison  Av. 
Orphan  Asylum,  Seventy-first-st.  and  Bloomingdale  Road,  Mrs. 

Joanna  Bethune,  1st  Directress. 
Protestant  Half  Orphan  Asylum,  Sixth  Av.  bet.  Tenth  and  Eleventh- 

sts.,  Mrs.  Wm.  A.  Tomlinson,  1st  Directress. 
Magdalen  Female  Benevolent  Asylum,  Eighty-eighth  and  Eighty- 

ninth-sts.  bet.  Fourth  and  Fifth  Avs.,  Mrs.  Mary  Hastings,  1st 

Directress. 

House  and  School  of  Industry,  100  West  Sixteenth-st.,  Mrs.  W.  II. 
Le  Roy,  President. 

Seamen's  Fund  and  Retreat,  Staten  Island,  Lambert  Suydam,  Presi- 
dent. 

New  York  Juvenile  Asylum,  ofiic3  23  West  Thirteeiith-st.,  Apollos 
R.  Wetmore,  President. 

Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary,  Mercer-st.  between  Spring  arid  Prince  -ste., 
Rufus  L.  Lord,  President. 

General  Society  of  Mechanics  and  Tradesmen,  Crosby-st.,  Thomas 
Jeremiah,  President. 

Ophthalmic  Hospital,  Stuyvesant-st.,  Hon.  Caleb  S.  Woodhull,  Presi- 
dent. 

New  York  Dispensary,  N.  W.  cor.  Center  and  White-sts.,  George 

T.  Trimble,  President. 
Demilt  Dispensary,  Second  Av.  between  Twenty-first  and  Twenty- 

second-sts.,  Frederic  E.  Mather,  President. 
Northern  Dispensary,  cor.  Waverley  Place  and  Factory-st.,  Jacob 

Harson,  President. 
Eastern  Dispensary,  Ludlow-st.,  Wm.  P.  Cooledge,  President. 
North-western  Dispensary,  511  Eighth  Av.,  Robert  Ray,  President. 

THE  FREE  ACADEMY, 
Twenty-third-st,  corner  of  Lexington  Av. ,  was  established  in  1848  by 
the  Board  of  Education  of  the  city  of  New  York,  in  pursuance  of 
an  act  passed  May  7,  1847,  for  the  purpose  of  providing  higher  edu- 
cation for  such  pupils  of  the  Common  Schools  as  may  wish  to  avail 


152 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


themselves  thereof.  The  Free  Academy  is  under  the  general  super- 
intendence of  the  Board  of  Education ;  but  it  is  specially  under  th£ 
supervision  of  an  Executive  Committee  for  its  care,  government, 
and  management,  appointed  by  the  Board.  All  its  expenses  for  in- 
struction, apparatus,  library,  cabinet  collections,  books  and  station- 
ery, are  paid  out  of  the  public  treasury. 

The  students  are  admitted  in  annual  classes,  and  the  full  course 
of  study  embraces  five  years. 

The  Board  of  Education  is  authorized  by  law  to  confer  the  usual 
Collegiate  degrees  on  the  recommendation  of  the  faculty. 

Graduates  may  become  "Resident  Graduates,"  and  continue 
their  studies  at  option.  The  academical  studies  during  Term  time, 
continue  daily  (except  Saturday  and  Sunday)  from  a  quarter  before 
9  o'clock  A.M.  to  3  o'clock  P.M. 

THE  COOPER  INSTITUTE 
Is  a  noble  building  now  in  process  of  erection  by  Mr.  Peter  Cooper 
of  New  York,  to  be  devoted  to  the  "  moral,  intellectual,  and  physi- 
cal improvement  of  his  countrymen."  The  building  covers  an 
entire  block,  having  a  front  on  Third  A  v.  of  195  feet,  on  Fourth  Av. 
155,  on  Eighth-st.  143,  and  on  Seventh-st.  86.  It  is  in  the  imme- 
diate vicinity  of  the  new  "  Bible  House,"  the  44  Astor  Library,"  the 
"Mercantile  Library,"  and  the  rooms  of  various  literary  and  scien- 
tific societies.  In  the  basement  is  a  large  lecture-room,  125  feet 
long  by  82  wide  and  21  high ;  and  this,  and  also  the  first  and  second 
stories,  which  are  arranged  for  stores  and  offices,  are  to  be  rented,  so 
as  to  produce  a  revenue  to  meet  the  annual  expenses  of  the  "Insti- 
tute." The  "Institute"  proper — or  the  "Union" — commences  with 
the  third  story,  in  which  is  an  "  exhibition-room"  30  feet  high  and 
125  by  82,  lighted  from  above  by  a  dome.  The  fourth  story  may  be 
considered  as  a  part  of  the  third,  being  a  continuation  of  galleries 
with  alcoves,  for  painting  and  sculpture.  In  the  fifth  story  will 
be  two  large  lecture-rooms,  and  the  library,  consisting  of  five  rooms, 
which  connect  with  each  other  and  with  the  lecture-rooms.  There 
are  also  rooms  for  experiments,  for  instruments,  and  for  the  use  of 
artists.  The  cost  of  the  building  is  about  $300,000,  and  the  annual 
income  from  the  rented  parts  will  be  from  $25,000  to  $30,000.  The 
whole  is  to  be  given  to  a  Board  of  Directors  for  the  benefit  of  the 
public ;  the  course  of  lectures,  the  library,  and  the  reading-rooms 
all  to  be  free.  In  the  munificence  both  of  the  gift  and  the  endow- 
ment, and  in  the  importance  of  the  result  intended  to  be  secured, 
the  "  Coopes  Institute"  will  be  a  monument  to  its  noble-hearted 
founder  more  enduring  than  the  pyramids. 

THE  NEW  Y'ORK  HOSPITAL, 
One  of  the  noblest  charities  in  the  city,  was  established  in  1771,  and 
received  its  first  charter  from  the  Earl  of  Dunmore,  then  governor  of 
the  province.  It  was  incorporated  under  the  title  of  the  "  Society 
of  the  Hospital  in  the  city  of  New  York  in  America."  Twenty-six 
governors  wore  appointed  to  manage  its  affairs.    In  consequence  cf 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


153 


the  liberal  assistance  which  was  instantly  tendered  to  the  Society, 
it  was  able  in  1773  to  commence  the  erection  of  a  suitable  edifice ; 
hut  on  the  2Sth  of  February,  1775,  when  it  was  nearly  completed, 
the  building  was  accidentally  destroyed  by  fire.  In  less  than  a 
month  the  Society  received  further  contributions  from  the  Legis- 
lature, and  commenced  to  rebuild  the  edifice.  The  war  of  the  Revo- 
lution put  a  stop  to  the  work.  The  city  was  in  the  possession  of  the 
British  forces;  and  in  the  universal  appropriation  of  the  public 
buildings  to  their  use,  the  Hospital  formed  no  exception.  Its  airi- 
ness and  size  made  it  pre-eminently  valuable  as  a  barracks,  and  it 
was  soon  filled  with  British  and  Hessian  soldiers.  After  the  Revo- 
lution the  Legislature  again  assisted  the  Society,  and  on  the  3d  of 
January,  1791,  the  Hospital  was  opened  for  the  reception  of  patients. 
From  that  time  to  the  present  it  has  continued  to  receive  the  bounty 
of  the  State,  and  to  enlarge  its  sphere  of  usefulness.  It  has  added 
to  the  number  of  its  buildings,  and  introduced  improvements  in  the 
original  edifice,  so  that  it  is  now,  unquestionably,  the  finest  Hospital 
in  America.  In  1790  the  governors,  acting  on  the  recommendation 
of  the  Medical  Faculty  of  Columbia  College,  appropriated  a  small 
sum  to  the  establishment  of  a  medical  library,  which  has  since 
increased  to  more  than  C,000  volumes.  In  1810  the  name  of  the 
corporation  was  changed  to  that  of  "The  Society  of  the  New  York 
Hospital.1 1 

The  Hospital  is  approached  from  Broadway  by  an  avenue  of  00 
feet  in  width,  adorned  with  magnificent  elms,  and  is  surrounded  by 
a  high  and  substantial  wall  in  every  other  direction.  The  services 
of  the  governors,  and  of  the  physicians  and  surgeons,  who  are 
selected  from  the  most  eminent  of  the  profession,  are  gratuitous. 
Every  applicant  for  admission  must  procure  a  recommendation  from 
one  of  the  governors,  physicians,  or  surgeons  of  the  Institute,  as  to 
the  propriety  of  his  admission.  In  cases  of  sudden  accident,  how- 
ever, patients  are  received  without  any  formality. 

THE  BLOOMINGDALE  ASYLUM 
For  the  insane,  is  located  on  the  Bloomingdale  Road,  seven  miles 
from  the  City  Hall,  and  is  a  branch  of  the  New  York  Hospital. 
The  principal  edifice  was  commenced  in  1S18,  completed  in  1820, 
and  opened  for  the  reception  of  patients  in  the  month  of  June,  1821. 
About  forty  acres  of  land  are  annexed  to  the  Asylum,  a  portion  of 
which  is  highly  improved.  In  addition  to  beautiful  walks  and 
gardens,  the  grounds  are  embellished  with  a  collection  of  plants  that 
formerly  belonged  to  the  Botanic  Garden  of  Columbia  College,  and 
which  the  trustees  of  that  institution  presented  to  the  governors  of 
the  Hospital. 

This  Asylum  has  received  the  benefit  of  the  experience  of  the 
most  noted  institutions  of  the  kind  in  this  country  and  Europe. 
In  1831,  Dr.  James  McDonald,  who  had  previously  been  the  resi- 
dent physician  to  the  institution,  and  who  had  obtained  the  neces- 
sary information  relative  to  the  Insane  Asylums  here,  was  commis- 
sioned by  the  governors  of  the  Hospital  to  cross  the  Atlantic  for  the 

14 


154 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


purpose  of  examining  similar  institutions  in  Europe.  His  mission  was 
successful.  After  an  absence  of  fifteen  months  he  returned,  and  by 
a  connection  -with  the  Asylum  for  several  years,  as  its  principal, 
communicated  to  it,  not  only  the  results  of  his  investigations,  but 
the  benefits  of  his  experience. 

THE  NEW  YORK  INSTITUTION  FOR  THE  INSTRUCTION 

OF  THE  DEAF  AND  DUMB 
Is  situated  on  Fiftieth-st.,  near  the  Fourth  Av.  The  grounds  of  the 
Institution  extend  from  the  Fourth  to  the  Fifth  Avs.,  and  from 
Forty-eighth  to  Fiftieth-sts.  One  acre  is  the  property  of  the  Insti- 
tution, and  the  remaining  nine  acres  is  leased  at  a  nominal  rent  from 
the  Common  Council.  The  Institution  was  incorporated  by  the  Leg- 
islature of  this  State,  April  15th,  1817.  The  school,  however,  was 
not  opened  till  May  of  the  following  year.  For  several  years  the 
school  was  held  in  the  old  Almshouse  in  the  Park,  and  the  boarders 
lived  with  their  teachers  in  hired  houses  in  the  city.  The  founda- 
tion of  the  present  main  building  was  laid  in  October  1827,  the  site 
having  been  given  by  the  Corporation  of  the  city.  The  building  was 
then  erected  and  occupied  for  the  first  time,  in  April,  1S29.  It  cost 
$31,000,  and  was  110  by  60  feet.  It  has  been  found  necessary,  at 
several  subsequent  periods,  to  enlarge  this  building  by  the  addition 
of  extensive  wings. 

The  management  of  the  Institution  is  intrusted  to  the  Board  of 
Directors,  twenty-five  in  number,  elected  annually  by  the  Society. 
The  President,  Harvey  P.  Peet,  M.A.,  who  has  been  connected  with 
the  Institution  since  1831,  has  the  general  direction  and  control  of  its 
concerns,  with  the  counsel  and  advice  of  the  Executive  Committee. 
Associated  with  him  in  the  educational  and  literary  departments  are 
several  professors  and  teachers.  Five  hours  each  day  are  devoted 
to  school  exercises,  independent  of  evening  studies ;  and  between 
three  and  four  hours  to  the  prosecution  of  various  trades.  The 
daily  exercises  of  the  school  are  opened  and  closed  with  prayer ; 
and  religious  services  are  held  on  the  Sabbath,  conducted  by  the 
President  and  Professors  in  rotation. 

THE  NEW  YORK  INSTITUTION  FOR  THE  BLIND 
Was  incorporated  April  17th,  1831.    It  owes  its  origin  mainly  to  the 
efforts  of  Samuel  Wood,  a  well-known  member  of  the  Society  of 
Friends  ;  and  of  Dr.  Samuel  Akerly,  distinguished  for  his  zeal  and 
labors  in  behalf  of  the  Institution  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Managers,  held  February  ISth,  1S32,  a  Com- 
mittee was  appointed,  with  power  to  make  arrangements  for  instruct- 
ing two  or  three  blind  children  "by  way  of  experiment At  the 
next  meeting,  April  19th,  1S32,  it  was  reported  by  this  Committee, 
that  three  children  had  been  placed  under  instruction  with  a  degree 
of  success  which  "afforded  decisive  evidence  of  the  capabilities  of 
the  blind  for  receiving  instruction."  At  the  close  of  the  same  year, 
the  number  of  pupils  had  increased  to  six ;  and  an  exhibition  of 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


155 


their  exercises  -was  given  at  the  City  Hotel,  which  demonstrated  the 
feasibility  of  the  "  experiment,1'  and  awakened  an  interest  that  gave 
fresh  impetus  to  the  cause. 

In  1834,  the  Legislature  passed  an  act  providing  for  the  support  of 
thirty-two  indigent  blind  pupils.  From  this  time  the  Institution 
maintained  a  career  of  increasing  prosperity,  until  it  was  enabled  in 
1839,  through  legislative  and  private  donations,  to  erect  its  preseut 
building  on  the  Ninth  Av.  The  grounds  of  the  Institution,  800 
feet  in  length,  and  200  in  width,  occupy  a  square  bounded  by  Thirty- 
third  and  Thirty-fourth-sts.,  and  the  Eighth  and  Ninth  Avs.  The 
edifice,  built  of  Sing  Sing  marble,  consists  of  three  stories,  and  is 
175  feet  in  length.  In  addition  to  the  various  apartments  used  for 
business  and  domestic  purposes,  it  contains  a  chapel,  library,  dormi- 
tories, and  school,  music,  and  work-rooms. 

THE  ORPHAN  ASYLUM 
Sprung  from  a  meeting  held  at  the  City  Hotel,  on  the  15th  of  March, 
1806,  and  on  the  1st  of  May  following,  the  Asylum  was  opened  in  a 
hired  house  in  Raisin-st.,  Greenwich  village.  Its  object  was  to  af- 
ford refuge,  protection,  and  education  to  those  unfortunate  children 
who  had  lost  both  parents,  and  who,  but  for  this  Society,  might  be 
thrown  among  the  worst  associations. 

The  public  necessity  for  such  an  Institution  was  soon  apparent  in 
the  ever-increasing  number  of  orphans  who  applied  for  admission. 
The  Society  became  desirous  of  erecting  a  commodious  building, 
and  petitioned  the  Legislature  for  an  act  of  incorporation,  which 
was  granted  in  April,  1807.  Four  lots  in  Bank-st.  were  purchased 
on  credit,  and  an  appeal  to  the  clergy  of  the  different  denominations 
resulted  in  collections  in  their  respective  congregations  to  provide 
the  means  for  the  erection  of  the  new  edifice.  The  Society,  how- 
ever, was  compelled  to  contract  a  large  debt,  and  it  was  some  time 
before  it  could  extricate  itself  from  the  embarrassments  which  that 
entailed.  Thirty  years  later  it  was  determined  to  remove  the 
Asylum  to  a  more  healthy  location.  In  the  mean  time  the  value  of 
their  Greenwich  property  had  greatly  increased,  and  the  money  re- 
ceived for  its  sale  went  a  good  way  toward  purchasing  their  present 
plot  of  ground  at  Bloomingdale.  On  the  9th  of  June,  1836,  the  cor- 
ner stone  of  the  present  Asylum  was  laid,  and  in  1840  it  was  com- 
pleted. A  large  family  of  helpless  children  are  now  taken  care  of, 
and  trained  in  a  moral  and  thorough  way  for  the  rough  encounters 
of  the  world. 

THE  COLORED  ORPHAN  ASYLUM 
Was  organized  in  the  autumn  of  1836,  and  shortly  afterward  ob- 
tained an  act  of  incorporation  from  the  Legislature.  The  sum  of 
$3,000  was  collected,  and  arrangements  made  for  commencing  oper- 
ations on  a  limited  scale.  So  great  was  the  prejudice  against  that 
portion  of  the  community  whom  the  Society  proposed  to  relieve, 
that  suitable  premises  could  not  be  procured.  They  were  com- 
pelled, therefore,  to  j^irchase  a  house  and  lots,  and  to  cover  the 


156 


YORK  ALMAtfAO 


cost  of  the  same  with,  a  heavy  mortgage.  The  prosperity  of  the 
Society  dates  from  this  epoch.  In  18-10  the  managers  reported  the 
receipt  of  $13,000  as  a  building  fund,  and  two  years  after  they  were 
able  to  acknowledge  a  grant,  by  the  corporation  of  the  city,  of 
twenty  lots  of  ground  on  the  Fifth  Avenue,  between  43d  and  44th- 
sts.    On  this  location  they  erected  their  present  substantial  edifice. 

THE  NEW  YORK  DISPENSARY 
Was  originated  in  the  year  1790,  by  a  few  charitable  individuals, 
for  the  purpose  of  providing  gratuitous  medical  advice  and  treat- 
ment for  the  destitute.    On  the  8th  of  April,  1T95,  it  was  incorpo- 
rated by  the  Legislature. 

The  institution  is  chiefly  supported  by  private  subscription,  but 
receives  a  small  yearly  gift  from  the  corporation  of  the  city  and 
from  the  Legislature. 

The  Northern  Dispensary,  at  the  corner  of  Waverly  Place  and 
Factory-st.,  and  the  Eastern  Dispensary,  in  Ludlow-st.,  are  branches 
of  the  same  institution. 

THE  MARINE  HOSPITAL, 
Or,  as  it  is  more  commonly  called,  the  Quarantine  Hospital,  is 
located  on  the  south-east  corner  of  Staten  Island,  and  is  designed 
for  the  reception  of  sick  passengers,  and  sailors,  and  as  a  protection 
to  the  health  of  the  city.  It  is  under  the  management  of  the  Com- 
missioners of  Emigration,  and  derives  its  income  from  a  tax  levied 
upon  passengers  arriving  from  foreign  parts  of  two  dollars  for  each 
cabin  passenger,  and  fifty  cents  for  each  passenger  in  the  steerage. 
Dr.  Thompson  is  the  present  Health  Officer. 

THE  SEAMEN'S  RETREAT, 
Also  on  Staten  Island,  was  established  by  an  act  of  the  Legislature 
passed  April  22,  1831,  for  providing  an  hospital  for  sick  and  disabled 
seamen,  independent  of  that  appropriated  to  those  who  are  subject 
to  quarantine.  Its  affairs  are  conducted  by  Trustees,  denominated 
the  "  Trustees  of  the  Seamen's  Fund  and  Retreat  in  the  City  of  New 
York,"  who  are  empowered  to  collect  from  the  master  of  every  ves- 
sel arriving  from  a  foreign  port,  for  himself  one  dollar  and  fifty 
cents,  for  each  mate  one  dollar,  and  for  each  sailor  belonging  to  his 
vessel  fifty  cen£s,  and  from  the  master  of  each  coasting  vessel 
twenty-five  cents  for  each  member  of  the  crew.  All  persons  who 
have  paid  such  dues  are  eligible  for  reception  into  the  Retreat 

THE  SAILOR'S  SNUG-  HARBOR 
Is  on  the  north  side  of  Staten  Island,  and  was  founded,  in  1S01, 
by  the  bequest  of  Captain  R.  R.  Randall,  for  the  maintenance  of 
aged  and  infirm  seamen.  The  value  of  the  original  property  was 
$50,000,  but  has  since  considerably  increased.  An  act  of  incorpora- 
tion was  obtained  from  the  Legislature  in  February,  1S0G.  The 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


157 


Asylum  occupies  a  beautiful  location,  and  is  surrounded  with  de- 
licious grounds. 

THE  AMERICAN  BIBLE  SOCIETY 
Was  organized  on  the  Sth  of  May,  1S16,  by  delegates  from  exist- 
ing local  Bible  Societies,  and  other  friends  of  the  object.  Its  gov- 
ernment is  intrusted  to  thirty-six  managers.  The  receipts  of  this 
Society  have  rapidly  increased,  and  the  sphere  of  its  usefulness 
been  much  enlarged.  The  Society  has  published  various  versions 
of  the  Bible  in  almost  every  language,  and  has  distributed  many 
millions  of  copies  all  over  the  land. 

THE  AMERICAN  TRACT  SOCIETY 
Was  organized  in  May,  1S25,  and  incorporated  by  the  Legislature 
May,  1841.  The  Institution  prints  and  distributes  a  great  mass  of 
religious  literature,  such  "as  shall  receive  the  approbation  of  all 
evangelical  Christian s."  Many  millions  of  tract  and  pamphlet  vol- 
umes are  distributed  by  this  Society  annually,  and  a  vast  amount 
of  good  effected.  The  Publishing,  Distributing,  and  Finance  Com- 
mittees, have  the  supervision  of  the  several  departments  indicated 
by  their  appellations,  and  to  them  collectively,  under  the  title  of  the 
Executive  Committee,  is  intrusted  the  entire  management  of  the 
concerns  of  the  Society. 

MERCANTILE  LIBRARY  ASSOCIATION. 
This  association,  which  was  organized  for  the  special  benefit  of 
merchants'  clerks,  is  one  of  the  most  useful  institutions  of  its  kind 
in  the  city  of  New  York.  It  has  a  library  of  47,000  volumes,  also 
an  elegant  reading-room,  in  which  are  to  be  found  the  various 
foreign  and  domestic  periodical  literature  and  newspapers  of  the 
day ;  and  a  commodious  and  beautiful  lecture-room,  all  in  their  new 
building.  Clinton  Hall,  in  Astor-place. 

THE  ASTOR  LIBRARY. 
Our  citizens  are  indebted  to  the  late  John  Jacob  Astor  for  the  best 
library  on  this  continent,  and  one  of  the  best  in  the  world.  The 
library  building  is  situated  in  Lafayette  Place,  and  is  an  ornament  to 
the  city.  Eighty  thousand  volumes  are  contained  in  this  elegant 
building,  and  are  open  to  inspection  of  all,  free  of  charge.  The 
library  is  open  daily  from  10  A.  M.  till  5  P.  M.  Wm.  B.  Astor,  Esq., 
is  about  to  erect  at  his  own  expense  an  addition  to  the  building, 
which  will  afford  shelving  for  80,000  more  volumes. 


14* 


158 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


NEW  YORK  CITY  BANKS. 

American  Exchange  Bank,  50  Wall-st.,  cap.   $3,000,000,  W.  A. 

Booth,  president,  Robert  S.  Oakley,  cashier. 
Artizan's  Bank,  11T  Nassau-st.,  Nathan  C.  Piatt,  president,  Charles 

T.  Leak,  cashier. 
Atlantic  Bank,  Beaver,  cor.  William-st. ,  cap.  $400,000,  J.  E.  South. 

worth,  president,  G.  D.  Arthur,  cashier. 
Bank  of  America,  46  Wall-st,,  cap.  $2,000,000,  George  Ncwbold, 

president,  James  Punnett,  cashier. 
Bank  of  Commerce,  cor.  Nassau  and  Cedar-sts.,  cap.  $5,000,000, 

John  A.  Stevens,  president,  H.  F.  Vail,  cashier. 
Bank  of  New  York,  85  William-st.,  cap.  $2,000,000,  John  Oothout, 

president,  TV.  B.  Meeker,  cashier. 
Bank  of  North  America,  31  "Wall-st.,  cap.  $1,000,000,  W.  F.  Have- 

meyer,  president,  J.  Seymour,  cashier. 
Bank  of  the  Commonwealth,  36  William-st.,  cap.  $750,000,  Paul 

Spofford,  president,  George  Ellis,  cashier. 
Bank  of  the  Republic,  cor.  Broadway  and  Wall-st.,  cap.  $1,500,000, 

J.  T.  Soulter,  president,  R.  H.  Lowry,  cashier. 
Bank  of  the  State  of  New  Y'ork,  cor.  William-st.  and  Exchange 

Place,  cap.  $2,000,000,  C.  W.  Lawrence,  president,  R.  Withers, 

cashier. 

Bowery  Bank,  cor.  Broome-st.  and  Bowery,  cap.  $350,650,  Enoch 

Dean,  president,  N.  G.  Bradford,  cashier. 
Broadway  Bank,  cor.  Broadway  and  Park  Place,  cap.  $600,000,  F. 

A.  Palmer,  president,  John  L.  Everitt,  cashier. 
Bull's  Head  Bank,  338  Third  Av.,  cap.  $200,000,  Richard  William- 
son, president,  C.  S.  Vanderhof,  cashier. 
Butchers'  and  Drovers'  Bank,  cor.  Grand-st.  and  Bowery,  cap. 

$450,000,  Jacob  Aimes,  president,  Benedict  Lewis,  Jr.,  cashier. 
Chatham  Bank,  cor.  Chatham  and  Duane-sts.,  cap.  $600,000,  John 

Leveridge,  president,  O.  II.  Schreiner,  cashier. 
Chemical  Bank,  2T0  Broadway,  cap.  $300,000,  J.  Q.  Jones,  president, 

G.  G.  Williams,  cashier. 
Citizens'  Bank,  51  Bowery,  cap.  $400,000,  Jay  Jarvis,  president,  S. 

R.  Comstock,  cashier. 
City  Bank,  52  Wall-st.,  cap.  $1,000,000,  Moses  Taylor,  president, 

Robert  Strong,  cashier. 
Continental  Bank,  12  Wall-st.,  cap.  $1,500,000,  W.  T.  Hooker,  pres- 
ident, B.  F.  Warner,  cashier. 
Corn  Exchange  Bank,  67  Pearl-st.,  cap.  $014,000,  E.  W.  Durham, 

president,  F.  A.  Piatt,  cashier. 
Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal  Co.,  cap.  $7,200,000,  John  Wurts, 

president,  Isaac  N.  Seymour,  cashier. 
Dry  Dock  Bank,  cor.  Av.  D.  and  Tenth-st.,  cap.  $420,000,  David 

Palmer,  president,  F.  T.  Hayes,  cashier. 
East  River  Bank,  cor.  Third  Av.  and  St.  Mark's  Place,  cap.  $413,050, 

David  Banks,  president,  W.  B.  Ballow,  cashier. 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


159 


Fulton  Bank,  cor.  Pearl  and  Fulton-sts.,  cap.  $600,000,  J.  Kernochan, 

president,  W.  I.  Lane,  cashier. 
Greenwich  Bank,  402  Iludson-st,  cap.  $200,000,  B.  F.  Wheelwright, 

president,  W.  Hawes,  cashier. 
Grocers'  Bank,  59  Barclay-st.,  cap.  $300,000,  Charles  Dennison, 

president,  H.  D.  Williams,  cashier. 
Hanover  Bank,  37  Nassau-st,,  cap.  $1,000,000,  W.  H.  Johnson,  pres- 
ident, T.  L.  Taylor,  cashier. 
Importers'  and  Traders'  Bank,  245  Broadway,  cap.  $1,500,000, 

Lucius  Hopkins,  president,  G.  R.  Connover,  cashier. 
Irving  Bauk,  cor.  Greenwich  and  Warren-sts.,  cap.  $300,000,  John 

Thomson,  president,  D.  V.  H.  Berthrolf,  cashier. 
Island  City  Bank,  150  Broadway,  cap.  $300,000,  James  O'Brien, 

president,  William  Stebbins,  cashier. 
Leather  Manufacturers'  Bank,  45  William-st.,  cap.  $000,000,  W.  II. 

Macy,  president,  Thomas  R.  Acly,  cashier. 
Manhattan  Co.,  40  Wall-st.,  cap.  $2,050,000,  C.  O.  Halstead,  pres- 
ident, J.  M.  Morrison,  cashier. 
Marine  Bank,  90  Wall-st.,  cap.  $500,000,  T.  Williams,  Jr.,  president, 

J.  C.  Beach,  cashier. 
Market  Bank,  cor.  Pearl  and  Beekman-sts.,  cap.  $G50,000,  R.  S. 

Williams,  president,  R.  EL  Hay  dock,  cashier. 
Mechanics'  Banking  Association,  33  Wall-st.,  cap.  $032,000,  Frederic 

Pentz,  president,  John  J.  Stephens,  cashier. 
Mechanics'   Bank,   cor.   William-st.  and  Exchange  Place,  cap. 

$2,000,000,  S.  Knapp,  president,  Gideon  de  Angelis,  cashier. 
Mechanics'  and  Traders'  Bank,  379  Grand-st,  cap.  $200,000,  John 

Clapp,  president,  E.  D.  Brown,  cashier. 
Mercantile  Bank,  190  Broadway,  cap.  $1,000,000,  O.  H.  Arnold, 

president,  E.  J.  Blake,  cashier. 
Merchants'  Bank,  42  Wall-st,  cap.  $1,490,000,  John  J.  Palmer, 

president,  A.  E.  Silliman,  cashier. 
Merchants'  Exchange  Bank,  173  Greenwich-st.,  cap.  $1,235,000,  J. 

Van  Nostrand,  president,  E.  J.  Oakley,  cashier. 
Metropolitan  Bank,  cor.  Broadway  and  Pine-st,  cap.  $2,000,000, 

James  McCall,  president,  Henry  Meigs,  cashier. 
Nassau  Bank,  cor.  Nassau  and  Beekman-sts.,  cap.  $500,000,  Thomas 

McElrath,  president,  R.  A.  Tooker,  cashier. 
National  Bank,  36  Wall-st,,  cap.  $750,000,  James  Gallatin,  president, 

B.  P.  Hoogland,  cashier. 
New  York  County  Bank,  ccr.  Eighth  Av.  and  West  Fourteenth-st., 

cap.  $200,000.  Francis  Leland,  president,  Alexander  Masterton, 

Jr.,  cashier. 

New  York  Exchange  Bank,  137  Greenwich-st.,  cap.  $130,000,  S.  Van 
Ducer,  president,  D.  B.  Halstead,  cashier. 

North  River  Bank,  175  Greenwich-st.,  cap.  $650,000,  M.  O.  Roberts, 
president,  A.  B.  Hays,  cashier. 

Ocean  Bank,  cor.  Greenwich  and  Fulton-sts.,  cap.  $1,000,000,  D.  R. 
Martin,  president,  Parker  Handy,  cashier. 

Oriental  Bank,  311  East  Broadway,  cap.  $300,000,  J.  M.  Price,  pres- 
ident, W.  A.  Hall,  cashier. 


160 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


Pacific  Bank,  461  Broadway,  cap.  $422,700,  J.  Campbell,  pres- 
ident 

Park  Bank,  cor.  Beekman-st.  and  Theater  Alley,  cap.  $2,000,000, 
Reuben  H.  Howes,  president,  Charles  A.  Macy,  cashier. 

People's  Bank,  173  Canal-st.,  cap.  $412,500,  J.  P.  Yelverton,  pres- 
ident, G.  W.  Leake,  cashier. 

Phenix  Bank,  45  Wall-st,  cap.  $1,200,000,  Thomas  Pileston,  pres- 
ident, P.  M.  Bryson,  cashier. 

Seventh  Ward  Bank,  cor.  Pearl-st.  and  Burling  Slip,  cap.  $500,000, 
William  Halsey,  president,  A.  S.  Fraser,  cashier. 

St.  Nicholas  Bank,  G  Wall-st.,  cap.  $500,000,  Caleb  Barston,  pres- 
ident, Archibald  Parkhurst,  cashier. 

Shoe  and  Leather  Bank,  cor.  Broadway  and  Chambers-st.,  cap. 
$600,000,  A.  F.  Stout,  president,  W.  A.  Kissam,  cashier. 

Tradesman's  Bank,  177  Chatham-st,  cap.  $6U0,000,  W.  H.  Falls, 
president,  Richard  Berry,  cashier. 

Union  Bank,  34  Wall-st.,  cap.  $1,500,000,  F.  Denning,  president, 

E.  H.  Arthur,  cashier. 

SAVINGS'  BANKS  IN  NEW  YOKK. 

Bank  for  Savings,  67  Bleeker-st,  Najali  Taylor,  president,  James 

F.  Depeyster,  treasurer. 

Bloomingdale  Savings'  Bank,cor.  Broadway  and  West  Thirty-sccond- 

st.,  Enoch  T.  Winter,  president,  John  Waite,  treasurer. 
Bowery  Savings'  Bank,  130  Bowery,  James  Mills,  president,  G.  II. 

Coggeshall,  treasurer. 
Broadway  Savings'  Bank,  cor.  Broadway  and  Park  Place,  F.  P. 

Scehoals,  president,  F.  A.  Palmer,  treasurer. 
Dry  Dock  Savings'  Bank-  619  Fourth-st,  Andrew  Mills,  president, 

James  L.  Stuart,  treasurer. 
East  River  Savings'  Bank,  3  Chambers-st.,  Peter  H.  Titus,  pres- 
ident, Charles  A.  Whitney,  treasurer. 
Emigrant  Industrial  Savings'  Bank,  51  Chambers-st.,  Joseph  Stuart, 

president,  F.  C.  Tucker,  treasurer. 
Greenwich  Savings'  Bank,  73  Sixth  Av.,  W.  Mandeville,  president, 

Clinton  Gilbert,  treasurer. 
Institution  for  Savings  of  Merchants'  Clerks,  516  Broadway,  Moses 

H.  Grinnell,  president,  Andrew  Warner,  treasurer. 
Irving  Savings'  Bank,  96  Warren-st.,  Caleb  S.  Wood  hull,  president, 

John  Thomson,  treasurer. 
Manhattan  Savings'  Bank,  644  Broadway,  E.  J.  Brown,  president, 

A.  A.  Alvord,  treasurer. 
Mariners'  Savings'  Bank,  cor.  Third  Av.  and  Xinth-st,  Jacob  A. 

Westervelt,  president,  William  H.  Ellsworth,  treasurer. 
Mechanics'  and  Traders'  Savings'  Bank,  4S2  Grand-st.,  Alfred  T. 

Conklin,  president,  James  P.  Haight,  treasurer. 
Rose  Hill  Savings'  Bank,  251  Third  Av.,  William  H.  Piatt,  pres. 

ident,  H.  Loofborrow,  treasurer. 
Seamen's  Bank  for  Savings,  78  Wall-st..  Pelatiah  Perrii.  president, 

E.  Piatt,  treasurer. 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


161 


Sixpenny  Savings'  Bank,  Clinton  Hall,  Astor  Place,  Elijah  F. 
Purely,  president,  J.  S.  Sloan,  treasurer. 

TRUST  COMPANIES. 

Farmers'  Loan  and  Trust  Co.,  23  Exchange  Place,  cap.  $2,000,000, 
D.  D.  Williamson,  president,  G.  P.  Fitch,  secretary. 

Ohio  Life  Insurance  and  Trust  Co.  of  Cincinnati,  cap.  $223,000, 
Charles  Stetson,  president,  Samuel  P.  Bishop,  secretary. 

United  States  Trust  Co.,  40  Wall-st.,  cap,  $1,000,000,  Joseph  Law- 
rence, president,  John  A.  Stewart,  treasurer. 

INSURANCE  COMPANIES  LN  NEW  YORK  CITY. 

yEtna  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $200,000,  56  Wall-st. 
Arctic  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $250,000,  19  Wall-st. ' 
Astor  Mutual  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $150,000,  45  Wall-st.  and  67  Chat- 
ham-st. 

Atlantic  Mutual  Insurance  Co.,  51  Wall-st. 

Beekman  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $200,000,  8  Wall-st. 

Bowery  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $300,000. 

Broadway  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $200,000,  433  Broadway  and  4 
Wall-st. 

Citizens'  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $150,000, 07  Wall-st.  and  53  Broad- 
way. 

City  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $210,000,  61  Wall-st. 

Clinton  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $250,000,  52  Wall-st. 

Columbia  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $200,000,  59  Barclay-st. 

Commercial  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $200,000,  49  W"all-st. 

Commonwealth  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $250,000,  6  Wall-st. 

Continental  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $500,000,  18  Wall-st. 

Corn  Exchange  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $200,000,  corner  Beaver 

and  William-sts. 
Eagle  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $300,000,  71  Wall-st. 
East  River  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $150,000,  69  Wall-st. 
Empire  City  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $200,000,  54  Wall-st. 
Enterprise  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $150,000,  11  Pine-st. 
Excelsior  Fire  Insurance  Co,,  cap.  $200,000,  6  Broad-st. 
Firemen's  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $204,000,  59  Wall-st. 
Fulton  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $150,000,  40  Wall-st 
Granite  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $250,000. 
Greenwich  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $200,000,  400  Hudson-st. 
Grocer's  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $200,000,  81  Wall-st. 
Hamilton  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $150,000,  11  Wall-st. 
Hanover  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $150,000,  35  Nassau-st. 
Harmony  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $150,000,  6  Broad-st. 
Home  Insurance  Co.,  cap,  $500,000,  4  Wall-st, 
Howard  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $250,000,  66  Wall-st. 
Irving  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $200,000,  9  Wall-st.  and  2S5  Green- 

wich-st. 

Jefferson  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $200,000,  50  Wall-st. 
Knickerbocker  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $280,000,  64  Wall-st. 


162 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


La  Farge  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $150,000,  corner  Nassau  and  Ce- 
dar-sts. 

Lenox  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $150,000,  54  Wall-st. 
Lorillard  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $200,000,  61  Chambers  and  03 
Wall-st. 

Manhattan  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $250,000,  03  Wall-st. 
Market  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $200,000,  corner  Pearl  and  Beek- 
man-sts. 

Mechanics'  and  Traders'  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $200,000.  74 
Wall-st. 

Mercantile  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $200,000,  55  Wall-st. 
Merchants1  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $200,000,  corner  Fulton  and  Green-- 
wich-sts. 

Metropolitan  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $300,000, 103  Broadway,  cor- 
ner Pine.  * 

National  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $150,000,  52  Wall-st. 
National  Protection  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $153,000,  52  Wall-st. 
National  (Boston)  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $500,000,  18  Merchants'  Ex- 
change. 

New  Amsterdam  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $200,000,  T  Wall-st 

New  World  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $200,000,  35  Pine-st. 

New  York  Equitable  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $210,000,  5S  Wall-st. 

New  York  Fire  and  Marine  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $200,000,  72  Wall-st. 

Niagara  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $200,000,  07  Wall-st. 

North  American  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $250,000,  6  Wall-st. 

North  River  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $350,000,  202  Greenwich-st 

Pacific  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $200,000,  00  Wall-st. 

Park  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $200,000,  237  Broadway  and  8  Mer- 
chants1 Exchange. 

Peoples1  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $150,000,  140  Canal-st.  • 

Peter  Cooper  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $150,000,  corner  Third  At.  and 
Ninth-st. ;  and  61  Wall-st. 

Reliance  Mutual  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $250,000,  75  Liber ty-st. 

Republic  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $150,000,  74  Wall-st. 

Royal  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $10,000,000,  76  Wall-st. 

Rutgers1  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $200,000,  cor.  Mott  and  Chat- 
ham-sts. 

Saint  Marks  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $150,000,  67  Wall-st. 

Saint  Nicholas  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $150,000,  cor.  Eighth  At.  autl 

Security  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $200,000,  31  Pinc-st. 

West  Fourteenth-st.  ;  and  12  Wall-st. 
Stnyvesant  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $200,000,  153  Bowery  and  4 

Broad-st. 

Union  Mutual  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $1,042,000,  53  Wall-st. 
United  States  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $S50,000,  60  Wall-st. 
Washington  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $200,000,  54  Wall-st. 

LIFE  INSURANCE  COMPANIES. 

Howard  Life  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $110,000,  40  Wall-st. 
International  Life  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $2,500,000,  71  Wall-st. 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


163 


Knickerbocker  Life  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $100,000,  17  William-st. 
Manhattan  Life  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $100,000,  146  Broadway. 
Mutual  Life  Insurance  Co.  of  New  Yorkt  cap.  $2,500,000,  111  Broad- 
way. 

New  York  Life  Insurance  Co.  cap.  $900,000,  106  Broadway. 

New  York  Life  Insurance  and  Trust  Co.,  cap.  $1,000,000,  52  Wall-st. 

United  States  Life  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $1,000,000,  93  William-st. 


MAKINE  INSTJEANCE  COMPANIES. 

Astor  Mutual  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $700,000,  45  Wall-st. 
Atlantic  Mutual  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $1,000,000,  51  Wall-st. 
Commercial  Mutual  Insurance  Co.,  50  Wall-st. 
Globe  Mutual  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $300,000,  37  Wall-st. 
Great  Western  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $500,000,  33  Pine-st. 
Mercantile  Mutual  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $1,000,000,  35  Wall-st. 
New  York  Mutual  Insurance  Co. 
Ocean  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $400,000,  70  Wall-st. 
Orient  Mutual  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $500,000,  2  and  4  Merchants'  Ex- 
change. 

Pacific  Mutual  Insurance  Co.,  Ill  Broadway. 
Sun  Mutual  Insurance  Co.,  49  Wall-st. 


BANKS  IN  BOSTON. 


cap. 


Atlantic  Bank. 
Atlas  Bank, 

Bank  of  Commerce,  " 

Bank  of  N.  Am.,  " 

Blackstone  Bank,  ' 

Boston  Bank,  " 

Boylston  Bank,  ' 

Broadway  Bank,  ' 

City  Bank,  " 

Columbia  Bank,  ' 

Eagle  Bank,  11 

Eliot  Bank,  11 

Exchange  Bank,  " 

Faneuil  Hall  Bank,  " 

Freeman's  Bank,  ' 

Globe  Bank,  « 

Granite  Bank,  ' 

Hamilton  Bank,  1 
Howard  Bank' g  Co., ' 


$500,000 
500,000 

2,000,000 
750,000 
750,000 
900,000 
400,000 
150,000 

1,000,000 
750,000 
700,000 
750,000 

1,000,000 
500,000 
400,000 

1,000,000 
900,000 
500,000 
750,000 


Market  Bank, 
Massachusetts  Bank, 
Maverick  Bank, 
Mechanics'  Bank, 
Merchants'  Bank, 
National  Bank  of 

Boston, 
New  Eng.  Bank, 
North  Bank, 
Shawmut  Bank, 
Shoe  &  Leather 

Dealers'  Bank, 
State  Bank, 
Suffolk  Bank, 
Traders'  Bank, 
Tremont  Bank, 
Union  Bank, 
Washington  Bank, 
Webster  Bank, 


560,000 
800,000 
400,000 
250,000 
4,000,000 

750,000 
1,000,000 
900,000 
750,000 

1,000,000 
1,800,000 
1,000,000 

600,000 
1,250,000 
1,000,000 

750,000 
1,500,000 


SAVINGS'  BANKS  IN  BOSTON. 

Boston  Five  Cents  Savings'  Bank.  Provident  Institution  far  Savings. 
East  Boston  Savings'  Bank.  Suffolk  Savings  Bank. 

People's  Savings'  Bank. 


164 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


INSURANCE  COMPANIES  IN  BOSTON. 

Alliance  Insurance  Co. 

American  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $300,000. 

Appleton  Mutual  Fire  Insurance  Co. 

Boston  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $300,000. 

Boston  Manufacturers1  Mutual  Fire  Insurance  Co. 

Boston  Mutual  Fire  Insurance  Co. 

Boylston  Fire  and  Marine  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $300,000. 

China  Mutual  Insurance  Co. 

Cochituate  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $150,000. 

Commercial  Mutual  Marine  Insurance  Co. 

Eagle  Fire  Insurance  Co. 

Eliot  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $200,000. 

Equitable  Safety  Marine  and  Fire  Insurance  Co. 

Faneuil  Hall  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $500,000. 

Fireman's  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $300,000. 

Fireman's  Life  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $100,000. 

Franklin  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $300,000. 

Hope  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $200,000. 

Manufacturers'  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $400,000. 

Mass.  Hospital  Life  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $500,000. 

Mass.  Mutual  Fire  Insurance  Co. 

Mechanics'  Mutual  Fire  Insurance  Co. 

Mercantile  Marine  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $300,000. 

Merchants1  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $500,000. 

National  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $500,000. 

New  England  Mutual  Life  Insurance  Co. , 

New  England  Mutual  Marine  Insurance  Co. 

Neptune  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $300,000. 

North  American  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $200,000. 

Shawmut  Mutual  Fire  Insurance  Co. 

Shoe  and  Leather  Dealers'  Marine  Insurance  Co. 

State  Mutual  Fire  Insurance  Co. 

Suffolk  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $225,000. 

Trader's  Mutual  Fire  Insurance  Co. 

Tremont  Mutual  Insurance  Co. 

Triton  Insurance  Co. 

Union  Mutual  Fire  Insurance  Co. 

Union  Mutual  Life  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $500,000. 

United  States  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $200,000. 

Washington  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $200,000. 

Warren  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $150,000. 

BANKS  IN  PHILADELPHIA. 

Bank  of  Commerce,  cap.  $250,000. 
Bank  of  Germantown,  cap  $200,000. 
Bank  of  North  America,  cap.  $1,000,000. 
Bank  of  Northern  Liberties,  cap.  $450,000. 


AND  WEATHER  BOOE. 


165 


Bank  of  Pennsylvania,  cap.  $1,875,000. 
Bank  oT  Penn  Township,  cap.  $225,000. 
City  Bank,  cap.  $500,000. 

Commercial  Bank  of  Pennsylvania,  cap.  $1,000,000. 

Consolidation  Bank,  cap.  $i50,000. 

Farmers'  and  Mechanics'  Bank,  $1,250,000. 

Girard  Bank,  cap.  $1,250,000. 

Kensington  Bank,  cap.  $'250,000. 

Manufacturers'  and  Mechanics'  Bank,  cap.  $300,000. 

Mechanics'  Bank,  cap.  $800,000. 

Philadelphia  Bank,  cap.  $1,150,000. 

Souttmark  Bank,  cap.  $250,000. 

Tradesmen's  Bank,  cap.  $150,000. 

Western  Bank,  cap.  $11S,600. 

SAVINGS'  BANKS  IN  PHILADELPHIA. 

Dinie  Savings'  Institution. 
Five  Per  Cent  Savings'  Fund. 
Deposit  and  Loan  Co.,  cap.  $500,000. 
Mutual  Deposit  Co.,  cap.  $200,000. 
Philadelphia  Savings'  Fund  Society. 

Savings'  Fund  of  the  National  Safety  Co.  (deposits),  cap.  $1,000,000. 

Savings'  Fund  of  the  United  States  Co. 

Seamen' 6  Savings'  Fund. 

Sixpenny  Savings'  Fund  of  Pennsylvania. 

Western  Savings'  Fund  Society  of  Philadelphia. 

FIRE  INSURANCE  COMPANIES  IN  PHILADELPHIA 

American  Fire  Insurance  Co. 

Commonwealth  Fire  Insurance  Co.  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania, 

cap.  $500,000. 
Equitable  Mutual  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $250,000. 
Fire  Association. 

Fire  Insurance  Co.  of  the  County  of  Philadelphia,  cap.  $14)0,000. 
Franklin  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $100,000. 
Jefferson  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $503,000. 
Mechanics'  Insurance  Co. 
Mutual  Assurance  Co. 

Mutual  Fire  and  Life  Stock  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $100,000. 
Pennsylvania  Fire  Insurance  Co. 

Philadelphia  Contributionship  Spring  Garden  Insurance  Co.,  cap. 
$120,000. 

MARINE  INSURANCE  COMPANIES  IN  PHILADELPHIA. 

American  Mutual  Insurance  Co. 
Mercantile  Mutual  Insurance  Co. 
Phoenix  Mutual  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $253,000. 
Union  Mutual  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $300,000, 
Washington  Mutual  Insurance  Co. 

15 


166 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


FIRE  AND  MARINE  INSURANCE  COMPANIES 
IN  PHILADELPHIA. 

Anthracite  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $400,000. 
Atlantic  Mutual  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $500,000. 
Columbia  Mutual  Insurance  Co. 
Commercial  Mutual  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $200,000. 
Delaware  Mutual  Safety  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $620,000. 
Farmers'  and  Mechanics'  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $300,000. 
Girard  Fire  and  Marine  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $300,000. 
Globe  Insurance  Co. 

Hope  and  Mutual  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $500,000. 
Importers'  and  Traders'  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $500,000. 
Independent  Mutual  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $300,000. 
Insurance  Co.  of  North  America,  cap.  $500,000. 
Keystone  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $300,000. 
Manufacturers'  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $500,000. 
Merchants'  Fire  and  Marine  Insurance  Co. 
North  Western  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $300,000. 

Pennsylvania  Mutual  Insurance  Co.  of  Pennsylvania,  cap.  $200,000. 
Philadelphia  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $175,000. 
Reliance  Mutual  Insurance  Co.,  cap.  $232,000. 
Western  Insurance  Co. 

WARD  SCHOOLS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

UNDER  THE  SUPERVISION  OF  THE  TRUSTEES  OF  THE  SEVERAL  "WARDS 
IN  WHICH  THE  SCHOOLS  ARE  LOCATED. 

No.   1— Fourth  Ward,  245  William-st. 

2 —  Seventh  "     116  Henry-st, 

3 —  Ninth  "     cor.  Hudson  and  Grove-sts. 

4—  Thirteenth  "     203  Rivington-st. 

5—  Fourteenth       "     222  Mott-st, 

6—  Twelfth  "     Randall's  Island. 

7—  Tenth  "  60  Chrystie-st. 

8—  Eighth  "  66  Grand-st. 

9 —  Twenty-second  "  Eighty-second-st.  and  Eleventh  Av. 

10—  Fifteeuth  "  180  Wooster-st. 

11 —  Sixteenth  "  Seventeenth-st.,  near  Eighth  Av. 

12—  Seventh  "  371  Madison-st. 

13—  Seventeenth  "  298  Houston-st. 

14 —  Twenty-first  *?  Twenty-seventh-st.,  near  Third  Av. 

15—  Eleventh  "  289  Fifth-st. 

16 —  Ninth  "  Thirteenth-st.,  near  Seventh  Av. 

IT — Twenty-second  "  Forty-seventh-st.  bet.  Sth  and  9th  A  vs. 

18 —  Nineteenth  "  Fifty-first-st.  near  Lexington  Av. 

19 —  Seventhteenth  M  cor.  First  Av.  and  Ninth-st. 

20 —  Tenth  "  Ludlow-st.,  near  Delancey. 

21 —  Fourteenth  "  Marion-6t.,  near  Prince. 

22 —  Eleventh  "  cor.  Stanton  and  Sheriff-sts. 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


167 


No.  23— Sixth  Ward. 
•  24— Sixth       •  " 

25—  Fourth  " 

26—  Fourth  14 

27—  Fourth  " 

28 —  Twenty-second  14 

29—  First  44 

30—  Eleventh  44 

31—  Seventh  44 

32— Fonrteenth  44 

33—  — Twentieth  44 

34—  Thirteenth  44 

35—  Fifteenth  44 

36—  Eleventh  44 

37—  Twelfth 

38—  Eighth 

39—  Twelfth  44 

40—  Eighteenth  44 

41—  Ninth 

42—  Tenth  44 

43—  Twelfth  44 

44—  Fifth 

45 —  Sixteenth  44 

46—  Twelfth  44 

47—  Fifteenth  44 

48 —  Twenty-second 44 

49—  Twenty-first  44 

50—  Eighteenth  44 


26  and  23  City  Hall  Place. 
Elm-st.,  near  Leonard. 
13  Oak-st, 
32  James-st. 
74  Oliver-st. 

Fortieth-st.,  bet.  Seventh  &  Eighth  Avs. 
97  and  99  Greenwich-st. 
276  Second-st. 

Monroe-st.,  near  Mongomery. 
Baxter-st.  near  Grand. 
Thirty-fifth-st.,  near  Ninth  Av. 
Broome-st.  bet.  Sheriff  and  Willet. 
Thirteenth-st.,  near  Sixth  Av. 
Ninth-st.,  near  Av.  C. 
Eighty-seventh-st.,  near  Fourth  Av. 
Clark-st.,  near  Broome. 
129th-st.,  bet.  Second  and  Third  Avs. 
Twentieth-st.,  bet.  First  &  Second  Av3. 
Greenwich  Av.,  opposite  Charles-st. 
Allan-st. ,  bet.  Walker  and  Hester. 
129th-st,  Manhattauville. 
cor.  North  Moore  and  Varick-sts. 
Twenty-fourth-st,  bet.  7th  and  8th  Avs. 
15Gth-st.,  Carmansville. 
12th-st.,  bet.  Bdway  &  University  Place. 
Twenty-eighth-st.,  bet.  6th  and  7th  Avs. 
Thirty-seventh-st.,  near  Second  Av. 
Twentielh-st.,  bet.  2d  and  3d  Avs. 


PRIMARY  SCHOOLS. 

No.   1 — 33  Orchard-st.,  near  Broome. 

2 —  103  Bayard-st.,  near  Orange. 

3 —  100  Cannon-st.,  near  Stanton. 

4 —  Chrystie-st.,  near  Delancey. 

5 —  401  Cherry-st.,  near  ScammeL 

7—  321  Sixth-st. 

8 —  61  Thompson-st. 
10—170  Amos-st. 

13—  103  Bayard-st. 

14—  Rear  of  60  Chrystie-st. 

15—  36  Stanton-st. 

16 —  Cannon-st.,  near  Broome. 

17 —  461  Greenwich-st. 

18—  410  Cherry-st. 

20— Corner  Av.  C  and  Fourth-st. 

22 — Corner  Bleecker  and  Downing-sts. 

^  J.—61  Thompson-st.  - 
26  \~ 93  West  Seventeenth-st. 

7 


168 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


-3  Stone-st. 
-175  Barrow-st. 


No.  27— 174  Amos-st. 
28—114  White-st. 
29  | 
30 
81  | 
32  j 

33 —  Twenty-fifth-st.,  between  Madison  and  Fourth  Avs. 

34 —  Corner  Forly-third-st.  and  Eighth  Av. 

35 —  461  Greenwich-st. 

J- — Waverley  Place,  near  Bank-st. 

38—  Rear  of  60  Chrystie-st 

39—  233  West  Eighteentk-st. 

40—  Rear  of  147  Clinton-st. 
42—100  Cannon-st. 

43  1 


44 


— Comer  Riyington  and  Goerck-sts. 

45— Corner  Houston  and  Eldridge-sts. 

46  ) 

47  j- — Eleventh-st,  between  Third  and  Fourth  Avs. 

48—  233  West  Eighteenth-st. 

49 —  Horatio-st.,  near  Hudson. 

|J  j-— 545  Greenwich-st. 

52 —  Tweniy-fifth-st.,  between  Madison  and  Fourth  Avs. 

53 —  Fourth-st.,  near  Av.  C. 

54 —  Twenty-ninth-st.,  near  Ninth  Av. 

55 —  Eighty-fourth-st.,  near  Fourth  Av. 

56 —  Thirty-seventh-st.,  near  Tenth  Av. 

57 —  In  the  Demilt  Dispensary  Building,  Tweaty-third-st.  and 

Second  Av. 

53 — Nineteenth-st.,  between  First  Av.  and  Av.  A. 


COLORED  SCHOOLS. 

No.  1 — 135  Mulberry-st. 

2 —  51  Laurens-st. 

3—  Eighty-fifth-st.,  between  Seventh  and  Eighth  Avs. 

4 —  117th-st.,  near  Second  Av. 

5—  19  Thomas-st. 

C — Corner  Twenty-ninth-st.  and  Second  Av. 

COLORED  PRIMARY  SCHOOLS. 
No.  1 — Fiftcenth-st.,  near  Seventh  Av. 

o  \—  Rear  of  church  in  Second-st,  near  Av.  C. 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


169 


LIBRARIES  m  NEW  YORK. 


Astor  Library   80,000  volumes. 

New  York  Society  Library        ....  40,000  " 

Mercantile  Library  Association  ....  47,000  M 

New  York  Historical  Society      ....  25,000  " 

Apprentices'  Library   18,000  " 

Library  of  Free  Academy   15,000  44 

New  York  Law  Institute   6,000  " 

Library  of  American  Institute    ....  7,500  44 

"       Columbia  College  and  Literary  Society  24,000  44 

44       Union  Theological  Seminary    .      .  24,000  " 

44       Episcopal  Theological  Seminary      .  12,000  44 

"       Lyceum  of  Natural  History     .      .  3,000  " 

"       New  York  Hospital          .      .      .  6,000  " 

"       Young  Men's  Christian  Association  .  2,000  " 

"       Mechanics'  Institute         .      .      .  8,000  " 

Printers'  Free  Libraiy   4,000  44 

Library  of  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  .  1,500  " 

"       American  Bible  Society     .      .      .  1,500  44 

44       Presbyterian  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  3,000  44 

44       American  Bible  Union      .       .       .  4,000  44 

44       American  and  Foreign  Bible  Society  1,000  44 

Merchants'  and  Clerks'  Library  Association     .  600  44 

New  York  City  Library   2,000  44 

Library  of  American  Geographical  Society       .  300  44 

44       Spingler  Institute      .  2,000  " 

44       Rutgers'  Institute     .       .       .       .  2,190  44 
44       New  York  University  and  Literary 

Societies   2,700  44 


Total  number  of  volumes        .  .  336,290 


lbs.  nut. 


lbs. 


The  following  is  the  proportion  of  nutritious  matter  and  water  in 
100  lbs.  of  each  of  the  following  substances : 

lbs.  nut,  lbs. 

Substances,          mutter,  water. 

Beets  15  85 

Strawberries  10  90 

Pears  16  84 

Apples  16  84 

Cherries                   25  75 

Plums                      29  71 

Apricots                   26  74 

Peaches                    20  80 

Grapes                     27  73 

Melons                       3  97 

Cucumbers                2±  97£ 


Substances.          matter,  water. 

Wheat  flour  90  10 

Corn  meal  91  9 

Rice  80  14 

Barley  meal  83  12 

Rye  flour                  79  21 

Oatmeal                   75  25 

Potatoes  22* 

White  beans  95  5 

Carrots  10  90 

Turnips                    4£  95£ 

Cabbage                     7*  92* 


15* 


170 


NEW    YORK  ALMANAC 


TABLE 

Of  the  Angles  which  every  point  and  quarter-point  of  the 
Compass  makes  with  the  Meridian. 


N.  by  E. 


N.N.E. 


N.E.  byN. 


N.E. 


N.E.  by  E. 


E.N.E. 


;  E.  by  N. 


N.  by  Y,r. 


N.N.W. 


N.Yf.  by  N. 


N.W. 


N.W.  by  W. 


W.N.W. 


W.  by  N. 


W. 


0} 
04 

01 

1 

1± 

li  16 


/ 

// 

48 

45 

37  80  0* 
15.0! 


2/30 

3  33 
34  86 
84  39 
3/42 

4  45 
4 1-1 47 
4*50 
4/53 
5"'  56 
54  59 
54  61 
5f  64 
6  6T 
6J  70 
-  73 

75 
7"  78 
7±  81 
74484 
7jj87 
8  90 


01 
45  H 
30  14 
151| 

0|2 
45  2i 
30  2* 
15  2: 

08 
45  31 
80  8| 
15  3. 

0;4' 
45  41 
30  4| 
154? 

0;5 
45  54, 
30  5J 
15  5, 

0  6 
45,6; 
30  64 
15  6, 

HI" 


45  74 
22|30l74 
11  15  7s 
0  0  8 


S.  by  E. 
S.S.E. 
S.E.  by  S. 
S.E. 

S.E.  by  E. 
E.S.E. 
E.  by  S. 
E. 


S.  by  W. 


s.s.w. 


S.W.  by  S. 


S.W. 


S.W.  byW. 


W.9.W. 


W.  by  S. 


W. 


FIRE  DEPARTMENT. 

The  city  is  divided  into  Eight  Fire  Districts. 

THE  FIRST  FIRE  DISTRICT  comprises  all  that  part  of  the 
city  lying  north  of  Twenty-second-st.,  and  cast  of  the  Sixth  Av. 

THE  SECOND  FIRE  DISTRICT  comprises  all  that  part  of  the 
city  lying  north  of  Twenty-second-st,  and  west  of  the  Sixth  Av. 

THE  THIRD  FIRE  DISTRICT  comprises  all  that  part  of  the 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


171 


city  bounded  and  containing  as  follows :  beginning  at  the  foot  of 
North  Moore-st.  on  the  North  River,  and  extending  easterly  in  a 
straight  line  to  the  corner  of  Leonard  and  Church-sts. ;  thence 
northerly  in  a  straight  line  to  the  corner  of  Eighth  Av.  and  Twenty- 
second-st.  ;  thence  westerly  along  Twenty-second-st.  to  the  North 
River;  thence  southerly  along  the  North  River,  to  the  place  of 
beginning. 

THE  FOURTH  FIRE  DISTRICT  comprises  all  that  part  of 
the  city  bounded  and  containing  as  follows :  beginning  at  the  corner 
of  Leonard  and  Church-sts. ;  running  thence  northerly,  in  a  straight 
line  to  the  corner  of  Eighth  Av.  and  Twentj'-second-st. ;  thence 
easterly  along  Twenty-second-st.  to  Lexington  Av. ;  thence  south- 
erly, in  a  straight  line  to  the  corner  of  Elm  and  Leonard  sts. ;  and 
thence  westerly,  in  a  straight  line  to  the  corner  of  Church  and 
Leonard-sts. 

THE  FIFTH  FIRE  DISTRICT  comprises  all  that  part  of  the 
city  bounded  and  containing  as  follows:  commencing  at  the  corner 
of  Elm  and  Leonard-sts.,  and  running  thence  northerly  in  a  straight 
line  to  the  corner  of  Lexington  Av.  and  Twenty-second-st.  ;  thence 
easterly,  along  Twenty-second-st.  to  the  East  River ;  thence  south- 
erly along  the  East  River  to  Fourteenth-st.  ;  thence  south-west- 
erly in  a  straight  line  to  the  corner  of  Leonard  and  Orangc-sts. ; 
thence  westerly  in  a  straight  line  to  the  place  of  beginning. 

THE  SIXTH  FIRE  DISTRICT  comprises  all  that  part  of  the 
city  bounded  and  containing  as  follows :  beginning  at  the  corner  of 
Leonard  and  Orange-sts.,  and  running  thence  easterly  in  a  straight 
line  to  the  foot  of  Market-st.,  on  the  East  Liver;  thence  along  the 
East  river  to  Fourteenth-st.  ;  thence  south-westerly  in  a  straight 
line  to  the  place  of  beginning. 

THE  SEVENTH  FIRE  DISTRICT  comprises  all  that  part  of 
the  city  bounded  and  containing  as  follows :  beginning  at  the  foot 
of  Market-st.  on  the  East  River,  and  running  thence  westerly  in  a 
straight  line  to  the  corner  of  Leonard  and  Elm-sts. ;  thence  south- 
erly along  a  straight  line,  intersecting  Wall-st.  at  the  junction  of 
Nassau,  Wall,  and  Broad  sts.,  and  continued  through  the  Battery  to 
the  North  River. 

THE  EIGHTH  FIRE  DISTRICT  comprises  all  that  part  of  the 
city  bounded  and  containing  as  follows:  beginning  at  the  foot  of 
North  Moore-st.  on  the  North  River,  and  running  thence  easterly  in 
a  straight  line  to  the  corner  ot  Leonard  and  Elm-sts.  ;  thence 
southerly,  along  a  straight  line  intersecting  with  Wall-st.  at  the 
junction  of  Nassau,  Wall,  and  Broad-sts.,  and  continued  through 
the  Battery  to  the  North  River. 

THE  FORCE  OF  FIRE  ENGINES,  ETC.,  IN  EACH  FILE 
DISTRICT. 

Fiest  District. — 11  engines,  7  hose-carriages,  and  3  hook  and 
ladder  trucks. 

Seconi>  District. — 8  engines,  5  hose-carriages,  and  2  hook  and 
ladder  trucks. 


172 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


Third  District. — 4  engines,  10  hose-carriages,  and  2  hook  and 
ladder  trucks. 

Fourth  District. — 6  engines,  6  hose-carriages,  and  2  hook  and 
ladder  trucks. 

Fifth  District. — 4  engines,  5  hose-carriages,  and  1  hook  and 
ladder  truck. 

Sixth  District. — 8  engines,  15  hose-carriages,  and  3  hook  and  ' 
ladder  trucks. 

Seventh  District. — 4  engines,  5  hose-carriages,  and  1  hook  and 
ladder  truck. 
Eighth  District. — 4  engines  and  5  hose-carriages. 

THE  FIRE  SIGNALS, 
As  sounded  hy  the  City  Hall  alarm  bell,  are  as  follows  : 
For  the  First  District,  1  stroke  of  the  bell. 
Second    u      2  strokes  " 
Third      "  3 
Fourth    "  4 
Fifth      "  5 
Sixth      "      C ' 
Seventh  "  7 
Eighth    "  8 

STATIONS  OF  FIRE  ENGINE  COMPANIES. 
No.  1. — Hudson,  18S  West  Forty-seventh-st. 

2.  — Excelsior,  21  Henry-st. 

3.  — Metamora,  390  Bleeeker-st. 

4.  — Niagara,  220  Mercer-st. 

5.  — Protection,  61  Ann-st. 

6.  — Americus,  Henry-st.,  near  Gouverneur. 

7.  — Lexington,  Twenty-flfth-st,  bet.  Second  and  Third  Avs. 

8.  — Manhattan,  91  Ludlow-st. 

9.  — Marion,  47  Marion-st. 

11.  — Oceanicus,  99  Wooster  st. 

12.  — Knickerbocker,  Fiftieth-st. ,  near  Lexington  Av. 

13.  — Eagle,  5  Duane-st. 

14.  — Columbia,  cor.  Church  and  Vesey. 
10.— Gotham,  12G  West  Broadway. 
17.— East  River,  38  Mangin-st, 

19 — Lafayette,  199  Christie-st. 

20.  — Washington,  3  Temple-st. 

21.  — Fulton,  Worth-st.,  near  Broadway. 

22.  — Protector,  cor.  Center  and  Chambers-sts. 

23.  — United  States,  Twelfth-st.,  near  Broadway. 

24.  — Jackson,  Seventeen th-st.,  near  Ninth  Av. 

25.  — Cataract,  1006  Broadway. 

26.  — Jefferson,  83  Fifth-st. 

S7. — Fort  Washington,  Carmansville. 

28.  — Pacific,  377  Fourth  Av. 

29.  — Guardian,  14  Amos-st. 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


173 


32.  — Bunker  Hill,  101  Hester-st. 

33.  — Black  Joke,  Fifty-eighth-st,  near  Broadway. 
84. — Howard,  Christopher-st.,  near  Hudson. 

35.  — Columbus,  Third  Av.,  near  121st-st. 

36.  — Equitable,  Sixty-eighth-st. ,  near  Broadway. 

37.  — Tradesmen,  Fifty-ninth-st,  bet.  Second  and  Third  Avs. 

38.  — Southwark,  28  Ann-st 

39.  — Franklin,  Thirty-first-st. ,  near  Seventh  Av. 

40.  — Lady  Washington,  Elm-st.  near  Broome. 

41.  — Clinton,  Delancey-st,  cor.  Attorney. 

42.  — Empire,  2  Murray-st. 

43.  — Manhattan,  Manhattanville. 

44.  — Live  Oak,  92  Houston-st. 

45.  — Aurora,  Yorkville. 

47.  — Aqueduct,  Eighty-second-st. ,  bet.  Third  and  Fourth  Av3. 

48.  — Mazeppa,  Twenty-fourth-st.,  bet.  Seventh  and  Eighth  Avs. 

49.  — Pocahontas,  126th-st.,  bet.  Third  and  Fourth  Avs. 

50.  — Lone  Star,  165  West  Twentieth-st. 

51.  — Mutual,  Twenty-second-st.,  near  First  Av. 

Exempt  Engine  Co.,  202  Center-st.  • 

NEW  YOUK  POST  OFFICE. 

Isaac  V.  Fowllr,  Postmaster;  Principal  Office  in  the  Old  Middle 
Dutch  Church,  on  Nassau-st,  between  Cedar  and  Liberty-sts. 

Office  open,  from  April  1,  to  September  30,  from  7.45  A.  M.  to  7 
P.  M.  From  October  1,  to  March  31,  from  7.45  A.M.  to  6.30  P.M. 
Sundays  from  9  to  10,  and  from  half-past  12  to  half-past  1. 

j£§p*  Persons  calling  for  letters  that  are  advertised,  are  requested 
to  ask  for  Advertised  Letters. 


LETTER  POSTAGE.  Prep'd.  Unp'd. 

For  any  distance  not  over  5000  miles  (half  ounce),.    3  cts. 


To  or  from  Canada,  not  over  3000  miles,  (half 


3  u 

10  " 

10  " 

10  " 

10  cts. 

10  " 

10  " 

15  " 

15  " 

15  " 

15  " 

POSTAGE  OX  PRINTED  MATTER. 
Newspapers,  Periodicals,  Unsealed  Circulars,  &c. 
(except  Books),  to  any  part  of  U.  S.,  for  three  ounces 

or  less,   One  Cent 

For  each  additional  ounce,   One  Cent 

Do.,   not  prepaid,  double  the  above  rates. 

Newspapers  and  Periodicals,  circulated  in  the  State 
where  published,  not  over  one  and  a  half  ounces,         Haifa  Cent. 


174 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC. 


Small  Newspapers,  published  monthly  or  oftener,  and 
Pamphlets  of  16  pages  or  less,  sent  in  packages  to 
one  address,  eight  ounces  or  less,  prepaid.   Four  Cents. 

For  each  additional  ounce,  "  Half  a  Cent. 

Books,  bound  or  unbound,  not  over  four  pounds,  under 
3000  miles,  per  ounce,  prepaid,   One  Cent. 

Over  3000  miles,  per  ounce,   2Vo  Cents. 

Books  sent  unpaid,  fifty  per  cent,  to  be  added  to  above 
rates. 

UNITED  STATES  ASSAY  OFFICE, 

30  WALL-STREET. 
Established  in  1855,  with  a  capacity  for  assaying  $40,000,000  per 
annum.    Visitors  are  admitted  on  Wednesdays  between  10  and  12 
A.  M. 

Sam'l  F.  Buttebwoeth,  Sup.  John  Toeey,  Assayer. 

Ed.  M.  Kent,  Melter  and  Refiner.      John  J.  Cisco,  Treas. 

CUSTOM  HOUSE, 

WALL«AND  PINE-STS.,  COR  NASSAU. 
Open  from  10  A.  M.  to  3  P.  M. 
Collector — Hem  an  J.  Redfield,  Rotunda,  Custom  House. 
Cashier— Wx.  D.  Robinson,  1st  floor  left,  Pine-street  entrance. 
Naval  Officer— J.  R.  Beodhead,  1st  floor,  right,  Pine-street  entrance. 
Assis.  U.  S.  Treas — John  J.  Cisco,  30  Wall-street. 
Auditor — Samuel  G.  Ogden,  Jr.,  2d  floor,  west  side,  Custom  House. 
Surveyor — Joiin  Cociieane,  30-Wall-street. 
Inspector— J.  L.  Vaneo6keeck,  30  Wall-street. 
Store  Keeper — John  H.  Hunt,  3d  floor,  Custom  House. 

"         — Daniel  Gkeen,  12  Broad-street. 
Sample — Edgae  Irving,  10  Broad-street. 
Measurers — Basement,  Custom  House. 
Weighers — Basement,  Custom  House. 
Gangers — Basement,  Custom  House. 
Public  Store — 12  Broad-street. 

THE  MERCHANT'S  EXCHANGE. 

The  Merchant's  Exchange  is  a  massive  building,  occupying  the 
block  bounded  by  Wall,  Exchange-place,  William  and  Hanover- 
streets.  It  is  built  of  blue  Quincy  granite,  and  is  200  feet  long  by 
171  to  144  feet  wide,  77  feet  high  to  the  top  of  the  cornice,  and  124 
to  the  top  of  the  dome.  The  front  is  on  Wall-street,  and  has  a  re- 
cessed portico  of  18  heavy  Grecian  Ionic  columns,  38  feet  high  and 
4  ft.  4  in.  in  diameter,  each  formed  from  a  solid  block  of  stone,  weigh- 
ing 45  tons.  Aside  from  numerous  rooms  for  various  purposes,  the 
Merchant's  Exchange  has  a  rotunda  in  the  center,  80  feet  in  diam- 
eter, with  4  recesses,  making  the  length  and  breadth  each  100  feet ; 
the  height  of  the  Rotunda  is  80  feet,  and*  it  is  surmounted  with  a 
dome,  resting  partly  on  eight  Corinthian  columns  of  Italian  marble, 
41  feet  high,  and  lighted  by  a  sky-light  25  feet  in  diameter. 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


175 


44    100  ' 

150 

u 

u 

U 

'  200 

44  200 

250 

250 

300 

"  300 

350 

"  350 

400 

u 

«  400 

450 

u 

44  450 

500 

u 

«  500 

550 

44  550 

600 

SATES  OF  WHARFAGE  OF  THE  PORT  OF  NEW  YORK 

AS  ESTABLISHED  AND  REVISED  BY  THE  LEGISLATURE. 

For  every  vessel  under  50  tons,       .      .      .      $0  50  per  day. 

over  50  and  under  100  tons  62*  " 

75  " 
87*  " 

1 

1  12*  « 
1  25  " 
1  87*  " 
1  50 

1  62*  44 
1  75  " 
1  87£  " 

For  every  ship  or  vessel  of  600  tons  and  upward,  V2h  cts.  in  addi- 
tion to  the  "rate  last  mentioned  ($1  87*cts.)  for  every  day  such  ship 
or  vessel  shall  use  or  be  made  fast  to  any  of  the  wharves  in  New 
York;  and  "  every  ship  or  other  vessel  which  shall  make  fast  to 
any  other  ship  or  vessel  that  shall  be  fastened  to  any  wharf,  and  be- 
ing so  fastened,  shall  load,  unload,  or  careen,  shall  pay  the  one.  half 
of  the  rate  of  wharfage  such  ship  or  vessel  would  have  been  liable 
to  pay  if  fastened  to  such  wharf  and  there  loaded,  undloaded,  or 
careened.  '  ' 

HACKNEY-COACH  FARES  ^ 

AS  REGULATED  BY  CITY  ORDINANCES. 

Distances.  1  Passeuger.^^^^ 

Not  exceeding  1  mile  $0  50  37* 

Exceeding  1  mile  and  not  exceeding  2   75  37* 

To  the  New  Almshouse  and  returning   1  00         50  , 

"  Fortieth-st.  &  remain'  g  *  an  hour  &  return' g  1  50  50 
"  Sixty-first-st.      44       $      44  44  2  00  50 

44  Eighty-sixth-st.    44        1       44  4  4  2  5  0  75 

44  Harlem  44        3      44  44  5  00")   The  same 

:  44  High  Bridge       44        3      4  4  4  4  5  00  [  for  one  or 

44  King's  Bridge  with  privilege  of  staying  all   5  00  f  more 

day   5  00  J  passengers. 

For  the  use  of  a  hackney-carriage  by  the  day, 

with  one  or  more  passengers   5  00 

For  the  use  of  a  hackney-coach  or  carriage  by 
the  hour,  with  one  or  more  passengers,  with 
the  privilege  of  going  from  place  to  place, 
and  stopping  as  often  as  may  be  required  . .    1  00   per  hour. 
In  all  cases  where  the  hiring  of  a  hackney-coach  or  carriage  is 
not  at  the  time  thereof  specified  to  be  by  the  day  or  hour,  it  shall  be 
deemed  to  be  by  the  mile. 


176 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


For  children  between  2  and  11  years  of  age,  half  price  only  is  to  be 
charged  ;  and  for  children  under  2  years  of  age,  no  charge  is  to  be 
made. 

Whenever  a  hackney-coach  or  carriage  shall  be  detained,  except- 
ing as  aforesaid,  the  owner  or  driver  shall  be  allowed  after  the  rate 
of  seventy-five  cents  an  hour. 

Every  driver  or  owner  of  a  hackney  coach,  carriage,  or  cab,  in 
addition  to  the  person  or  persons  therein,  shall  carry  and  transport 
for  each  passenger  one  trunk,  valise,  saddle-bag,  carpet-bag,  port- 
manteau, or  box,  if 'he  be  requested  so  to  do,  and  without  extra 
charge  ;  but  for  every  trunk,  etc.,  more  than  one  for  each  passenger 
he  shall  be  entitled  to  demand  and  receive  the  sum  of  six  cents. 

All  complaints  as  to  the  infringement  of  the  above  rules  to  be 
made  to  the  Mayor  or  Superintendent  of  Hackney  Coaches  and  Car- 
riages. 

The  penalty  of  ten  dollars  will  be  imposed  on  anv  driver  who  in- 
fringes the  above  rules. 

RATES  TO  BE  CHARGED  BY  CARTHEN. 

APPROVED  DY   THE   COMilON   COUNCIL,    DEC.    19,  1S53. 

The  prices  or  rates  to  be  taken  or  charged,  for  the  loading,  trans- 
portation, and  unloading  of  goods,  wares,  or  other  articles, "shall  bo 
as  follows,  to  wit  : 

Oils,  molasses,  liquors,  and  all  wet  casks,  containing  less  than 


25  gallons,  for  every  load,  $0  33 

Of  25  gallons  and  under  50  gallons,  for  every  four,   40 

Of  50  gallons  and  under  100  gallons,  for  every  two,   46 

Of  100  gallons  and  under  150  gallons,   5  j 

Sugars,  tobacco,  copperas,  and  all  dry  casks  of  under  1,000  lbs. 

weight,  for  every  load,  *                            .      . .  £3 

Of  1,000  lbs.  and  under  1,500  lbs.,  each            '    .    45 

Of  1,500  lbs.  and  under  2,000  lbs.,  each   50 

Of  2,000  lbs.  and  upward,  for  every  100  lbs.,   5 

And  other  ponderous  articles  of  1,000  lbs.  weight  and  upward, 
at  the  same  rate. 

Hay,  loose,  per  load,   $1  00 

Bricks,  when  handled  and  piled,  per  load,   40 

Hoop-poles,  loose,  per  load,   50 

Timber  and  lumber,  per  load,   80 

Hemp,  loose,  for  every  1,200  lbs.,   50 

Beef  and  pork,  for  every  5  barrels,   38 

Calves,  sheep,  and  lambs,  per  load,   35 

Coal,  per  ton,   50 

Coal,  per  half  chaldron,   LQ 

Cotton,  for  every  3  bales,   38 

Earthenware,  loose,  per  load,   40 

Oil  floor  cloths,  in  boxes  or  rolls  of  less  than  15  feet  in  lengtb, 

per  load,   33 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


Of  10  feet  and  less  than  15  feet  do.  each,  $0  50 

Of  15  feet         "         20  feet      "    50 

Of  20  feet         "         24  feet      "    65 

Of  24  feet  and  upward,  as  may  be  agreed  on. 

Plaster  of  Paris,  loose,  per  ton,   65 

Salt,  for  every  20  bushels,   S3 

Cut  stone,  per  load,   35 

Slate  or  tile,  per  load,   35 

Household  furniture,  loose,  per  load   50 

For  loading,  unloading,  and  housing  furniture,  in  the  removal 

of  families,  extra,  per  load,   50 

Bedding,  tied  up,  chests,  trunks,  and  boxes,  per  load,   38 

Cassia,  in  mats,  per  100  mats,   25 

Anchors  of  under  300  lbs.  weight,  per  load,   33 

Anchors  of  300  lbs.  weight  and  upward,  per  100  lbs.,   40 

Chain  cables  of  under  1,000  lbs.  weight,  per  load  of  1,000  lbs. 

weight  and  upward,  per  100  lbs.,   5 

Iron  hollow  ware,  per  load,   40 

Iron  and  steel,  per  load,   45 

Fish,  dry,  per  load,    50 

And  for  every  load  of  goods,  wares,  merchandise,  or  other 

things  not  enumerated,   38 

Provided,  that  when  the  distance  exceeds  half  a  mile  and  is  within 
a  mile,  one  third  more  shall  be  added  to  the  above  rates  and  prices, 
and  in  the  same  proportion  for  any  greater  distance.  And  if  any 
public  cartman  shall  ask,  demand,  receive,  take,  exact,  or  extort, 
any  greater  rate,  price,  pay,  or  compensation,  for  carting  or  trans- 
porting any  article  or  thing  whatsoever  than  is  mentioned,  allowed, 
expressed,  and  limited  as  aforesaid,  it  shall  not  be  lawful  for  him  to 
receive  any  compensation  for  the  said  carting  or  transportation ; 
and  the  such  asking  or  receiving  shall  be  deemed  a  violation  of  this 
ordinance. 

It  shall  not  be  lawful  for  any  public  cartman  to  neglect  or  refuse 
to  carry  and  transport  a  good  and  sufficient  load,  as  much  as  can  be 
conveniently  and  safely  stowed  on  his  cart,  or  is  reasonable  for  one 
horse  to  draw,  nor  any  article  of  less  than  2,000  pounds'  weight,  when 
required  so  to  do,  unless  he  be  then  actually  otherwise  employed ;  and 
every  public  cartman  and  public  porter  shall  be  entitled  to  be  paid 
the  legal  rate  or  compensation  allowed  and  provided  in  this  ordin- 
ance^ immediately  upon  the  carting  or  transportation  of  any  article 
or  thing ;  and  it  may  be  lawful  for  any  such  public  cartman  or  pub- 
lic porter,  to  retain  any  article  or  thing  so  carted  or  transported  by 
him,  for  which  he  is  not  so  paid  his  cartage,  and  to  convey  the  same 
without  delay  to  the  office  of  the  Chief  of  Police,  and  he  shall  be  en- 
titled to  the  lawful  rate  of  pay  or  compensation  for  the  so  convey- 
ing. All  disputes  or  disa:  'cements  as  to  distance  or  rates  of  com- 
pensation between  public  cartmen  and  public  porters,  and  persons 
employing  or  owing  them  for  cartage  or  transportation,  shall  be 
determined  by  the  mayor. 

It  shall  not  be  lawful  for  any  public  cartman,  or  any  other  person, 

16 


178 


NEW    YORK  ALMANAC 


to  cart  or  transport  through  any  of  the  streets  of  said  city,  any  poles, 
plank,  spars,  timber,  or  other  thing  exceeding  thirty  feet  in  length, 
except  on  a  suitable  truck  or  other  vehicle,  and  such  plank  or  other 
thing  be  placed  lengthwise  thereon,  so  as  not  to  project  at  either  end 
beyond  the  line  of  the  side,  or  width,  of  such  truck  or  other  vehicle ; 
and  all  persons  so  carting  or  transporting  any  such  poles,  plank, 
timber,  spars,  or  other  things,  in  any  other  manner,  shall  be  deemed 
guilty  of  a  violation  of  this  article. 

It  shall  not  be  lawful  for  the  driver,  or  other  person  having 
charge  of  any  public  cart,  dirt  cart,  or  any  other  vehicle,  to  be  off, 
or  away  from  any  such  cart,  or  any  other  vehicle,  while  the  same  is 
moving  or  passing  along  any  of  the  streets  or  avenues  of  said  city ; 
nor  shall  it  be  lawful  for  any  public  cartman,  while  waiting  for  em- 
ployment at  any  place  assigned  for  his  cart  to  stand  waiting  for  em- 
ployment, or  at  any  other  place,  to  snap  or  flourish  his  whip,  or  to 
be  away  from  his  cart,  unless  from  necessity  or  on  business,  or  to 
set  or  stand  about  the  door-steps  or  platforms  in  front  of  any  house, 
store,  or  other  building,  to  the  annoyance  of  the  occupants  thereof. 

It  shall  not  be  lawful  for  any  person,  who  has  been  licensed  to 
keep  public  carts,  or  to  be  a  public  cartman,  and  whose  license  has 
been  suspended  or  revoked  by  the  mayor,  to  keep,  drive,  or  use  any 
public  cart  in  the  city  of  New  York,  under  the  penalty  of  twenty-five 
dollars  for  every  such  offense. 

Tiie  stanchions  of  every  public  cart  employed  in  the  transporta- 
tion of  any  fire-wood,  shall  be  shouldered  with  a  band  of  iron  around 
the  part  which  enters  the  mortice,  and  the  mortice  cased  with  iron, 
so  as  to  prevent  the  wearing  of  the  stanchion  or  mortice ;  and  at 
least  three  feet  distant  from  the  floor  of  the  cart,  there  shall  be  fixed 
across  from  one  stanchion  to  the  other,  an  iron  chain,  so  as  to  pre- 
vent the  stanchion  from  spreading;  and  no  public  cartman  shall 
cart  any  fire-wood  in  violation  of  any  of  these  provisions. 

It  shall  not  be  lawful  for  any  person  to  keep,  drive,  use,  or  em- 
ploy, any  cart,  wagon,  truck,  dray,  or  other  vehicle,  other  than  such 
as  are  licensed  as  herein  provided,  for  the  transportation  or  convey- 
ance of  any  article  or  thing,  from  place  to  place  in  the  city  of  New 
York,  unless  the  name  and  residence  or  place  of  business,  where 
such  owner  can  be  found  [of  the  owner  thereof],  be  fairly  and  dis- 
tinctly painted  with  red  paint,  on  a  white  ground,  in  plain  letters 
and  figures,  at  least  two  and  a  half  inches  long,  in  a  conspicuous 
place,  .on  both  sides  of  such  cart  or  other  vehicle,  so  as  at  all  times 
to  be  easily  seen  thereon. 

LAW  TO  REGULATE  PUBLIC  PORTERS. 

§  1.  The  mayor  shall  license  and  appoint  as  many  and  such  per- 
•  sons  as  he  may  think  expedient  to  be  Public  Porters  of  the  City  of 
New  York,  and  revoke  or  suspend  any  or  all  of  such  licenses  at  his 
pleasure ;  and  it  shall  not  be  lawful  for  any  person  to  use  any 
wheel-barrow  or  hand-cart,  to  carry,  transport,  or  convey  baggage, 
goods,  or  other  things  from  place  to  place  within  said  city,  fur  hire, 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


179 


w^iges,  or  pay  for  such  conveyance,  or  to  be  at  any  hotel,  hoarding- 
house,  ferry,  steamboat  landing,  railroad  station  or  depot,  and 
solicit  of  strangers,  travelers,  citizens,  or  other  persons,  or  accept 
tha  conveyance  of  baggage  or  other  articles,  without  being  licensed 
as  aforesaid  by  the  mayor. 

This  section  shall  not  be  construed  to  prevent  any  person  keeping, 
or  employed  in,  any  hotel  or  boarding-house,  from  conveying  any 
baggage  to  or  from  such  hotel  or  boarding-house,  and  using  a  hand- 
cart or  wheel-barrow  therefor :  provided,  the  name  of  the  hotel  or. 
boarding-house,  and  the  keeper  thereof,  be  painted  distinctly  on  both 
6ides  of  such  wheel-barrow  or  hand-cart,  and  on  a  badge  worn  on 
the  front  of  his  hat  or  cap,  so  as  to  be  easily  and  distinctly  seen. 

§  2.  All  licenses  to  public  porters,  granted  as  aforesaid,  shall  run 
one  year  from  the  date  thereof ;  and  may  be  renewed  by  the  mayor 
at  any  time  within  the  said  year,  for  a  succeeding  year.  _ 

§  3.  Every  person  receiving  a  license  to  be  a  public  porter,  as 
aforesaid,  shall  pay  to  the  mayor,  for  the  use  of  the  city,  one  dol- 
lar, and  a  further  sum  of  twenty-five  cents  upon  the  renewal  of 
every  such  license. 

§  4.  Every  public  porter  shall  wear,  in  a  conspicuous  place  upon 
his  person,  so  as  to  be  easily  seen,  a  brass  plate  or  badge,  on  which 
shall  be  engraved  his  name,  the  words  "  Public  Porter,"  and  the 
number  of  his  license  ;  and  it  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  other  per- 
son to  wear  or  exhibit  any  badge  purporting  to  be,  resembling,  or 
similar  to,  the  badge  of  a  public  porter  ;  and  no  public  porter  shall 
permit  any  other  person  to  wear  his  badge  or  use  his  name  in  any 
way  whatever,  in  the  transportation  or  conveyance  of  any  thing. 

§  5.  Public  porters  shall  be  entitled  to  charge  and  receive  for  the 
carriage  or  conveyance  of  any  article,  any  distance  within  half  a 
mile,  twelve  cents,  if  carried  by  hand,  and  twenty-five  cents,  if  car- 
ried on  a  wheel-barrow  or  hand-cart ;  if  the  distance  exceeds  half  a 
mile  and  is  within  a  mile,  one  half  of  the  above  rates  in  addition 
thereto ;  and  in  the  same  proportion  for  any  greater  distance. 

§  6.  If  any  public  porter  shall  ask  or  demand  any  greater  rate  of 
pay  or  compensation  for  the  carrying  or  conveyance  of  any  articles 
than  is  herein  provided,  he  shall  "not  be  entitled  to  any  pay  for  the 
said  service ;  and  so  to  ask,  demand,  or  receive  any  such  greater  pay 
or  compensation,  shall  be  deemed  a  violation  of  this  ordinance. 

§  T.  It  shall  not  be  lawful  for  any  person  to  represent  himself  as, 
or  to  wear  or  exhibit  any  badge,  inscription,  card  or  device  purport- 
ing or  implying  that  he  is  employed  or  authorized  by  the  keeper, 
proprietors,  agent,  or  officer  of  any  hotel,  boarding-house,  vessel, 
steamboat,  or  railway  company,  to  solicit,  recive,  or  convey  per- 
sons, baggage,  or  other  things  to  or  from  any  such  hotel,  boarding- 
house,  vessel,  steamboat,  or  railroad  company's  station  or  depot, 
without  being  actually  and  duly  authorized  by  such  keeper,  propri- 
etor, officer,  or  agent  so  to  do,  under  the  penalty  of  twenty-five  dol- 
lars for  every  offense/ 

All  persons  who  shall  violate  or  fail  to  comply  with  any  of  the 


180 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


provisions  of  this  ordinance,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misde- 
meanor, and  on  conviction  thereof  shall  he  punished,  pursuant  to 
provisions  of  sections  20  and  21  of  an  act  relative  to  the  poAvers  of 
the  Common  Council  of  the  City  of  New  York  and  the  criminal 
courts  of  said  city,  passed  by  the  Legislature  of  the  State  of  New- 
York,  January  23d,  1S33,  or  in  lieu  thereof,  shall  forfeit  and  pay,  for 
the  use  of  said  city,  ten  dollars  for  each  and  every  offense,  except 
where  a  penalty  is  prescribed  in  said  ordinance. 

All  ordinances  and  parts  of  ordinances  conflicting  herewith,  are 
hereby  repealed. 

Adopted  by  the  Board  of  Aldermen,  28th  May,  1351. 

Concurred  in  by  the  Board  of  Assistants,  31st  May,  1851. 

Approved  by  the  mayor,  2d  June,  1851. 

Amended  as  to  Rates,  19th  December,  1853. 


LOCATION  OF  PIERS  IN  THE  CITY  OF  NEW  YORK 

EAST  RIVER. 


No.  1,  2,  foot  Whitehall. 
"   3,       "  Moore. 
44   4,  bet.  Moore  and  Broad. 
44   5,  bet.  Broad  and  Coenties 
Slip. 

"    6,  7,  8,  Coenties  Slip. 

44   9,  10,  bet.  Coenties  and  Old 

Slips. 
44   11,  12,  Old  Slip. 
"   13,  bet.  Old  Slip  and  Gouv- 

erneur's  Landing. 
M   14,  foot  Jones'"  Lane. 
44   15,  16,  foot  Wall. 
44   17,  foot  Pine. 
44   18,  foot  Maiden  Lane. 
44   19,    44  Fletcher. 
44    20,  21,  foot  Burling  Slip. 
44   22,         44  Fulton. 
44   23,         44  Beekman. 
44   24,  bet.  Beekman  and  Peck 

Slip. 

44   25,  26,  foot  Peck  Slip. 
44   27,         44  Dover. 
44   28,  bet.  Dover  and  Roose- 
velt, 

44   29,  foot  Roosevelt 

44   30,  bet.  Roosevelt  and  James. 

44   31,  32,  foot  James1  Slip. 


No.  33,  foot  Oliver. 
"    34,  35,  foot  Catharine. 
44   36,  bet,  Catharine  and  Mar- 
ket 

44   37,  SS,  foot  of  Market. 
44   39,  bet.  Market  and  Pike. 
44   40,  41,  foot  Pike. 
44   42,  bet  Pike  and  Rutgers. 
44   43,  44,  foot  Rutgers. 
44   45,  bet.  Rutgers  and  Jeffer- 
son. 

44   46,  foot  Jefferson. 
44   47,  bet.  Jefferson  and  Clin- 
ton. 

44   48,  foot  Clinton. 
41   49,  bet  Clinton  and  Mont- 
gomery. 
44   50,  foot  Montgomery. 
«  51,  

44   52,  53,  foot  Gouverneur. 
44    54,  foot  Jackson. 
44   55,    44  Cherry. 
44   56,  57,  foot  Broome. 
44   58,  59,  Delancey. 
44   CO,  bet.  Rivingtonand  Stan- 
ton. 

44   61,  foot  Stanton. 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


181 


NORTH 

No.  1,  foot  Battery  pi. 
44   2,  3,  bet.  Battery  pi.  and 
Morris. 

4,  foot  Morris. 

5,  6,  T,  bet.  Morris  and  Rec- 
tor. 

8,  foot  Rector. 

9,  10,  bet.  Rector  and  Car- 
lisle. 

11,  foot  Carlisle. 

12,  fc*  Albany. 

13,  bet.  Albany  and  Cedar. 

14,  foot  Cedar. 

15,  44  Liberty. 

16,  bet.  Liberty  and  Court- 
land  t. 

17,  IS,  foot  Courtlandt. 

19,  bet.  Courtlandt  and  Dey. 

20,  foot  Dey. 

21,  "  Fulton. 

22,  23,  24,  bet.  Fulton  and 
Vesey. 

25,  foot  Vesey. 

26,  bet.  Vesey  and  Barclay. 

27,  foot  Robinson. 

28,  44  Murray. 

29,  "  Warren. 


RTVER. 

No.  30,  foot  Chambers. 

"  31,   "  Duane. 

"  32,  bet.  Duane  and  Jay. 

44  33,  foot  Jay. 

"  34,    44  Harrison. 

"  35,   44  Franklin. 

"  36,   "  North  Moore. 

u  37,   "  Beach. 

"  38,   "  Hubert. 

"  39,    "  Vestry. 

"  40,   "  Watts. 

"  41,    "  Canal. 

"  42,    "  Spring. 

44  43,  44,  bet.  Spring  and  Charl- 
ton. 

"  45,  foot  Charlton. 

"  46,    "  King. 

44  47,   44  Hammersley. 

44  48,   44  Clarkson. 

44  49,   44  Leroy. 

44  50,   44  Morton. 

44  51,    44  Christopher. 

44  52,   44  Amos. 

44  53,   44  Charles. 

44  54,   44  Perry. 

44  55,   44  Hammond. 

44  56,    4;  Bank. 


NATURALIZATION. 

In  order  for  a  free  white  person,  born  in  a  foreign  country,  to 
become  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  it  is  necessary  that  he  should 
make  a  declaration  under  oath,  at  least  two  years  before  his  admis- 
sion, of  his  intention  to  become  a  citizen,  and  must  renounce  his 
allegiance  to  his  own  sovereign.  This  declaration  must  be  made 
before — 

1.  Any  State  court,  being  a  court  of  record,  and  having  a  seal  and 
clerk,  and  common-law  jurisdiction. 

2.  Before  a  circuit  court  of  the  United  States. 

3.  Before  a  district  court  of  the  United  States. 

4.  Before  a  clerk  of  either  of  these  courts. 

After  he  has  been  a  resident  of  the  United  States  for  five  years, 
and  has  made  his  declaration  of  intentions  at  least  two  years  before, 
he  may  then  be  admitted  to  the  rights  of  citizenship.  In  order  for 
this,  he  must  prove,  by  the  oath  of  two  citizens  of  the  United  States, 
that  he  has  been  a  resident  of  the  United  States  for  five  years,  and 
one  year  within  the  State  where  the  court  is  held. 

He  must  also  take  an  oath  to  support  the  Constitution  of  the 

16* 


182 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


United  States,  and  on  oath  renounce  and  abjure  his  native  alle- 
giance. 

If  he  have  been  a  minor,  and  shall  have  resided  in  the  United 
States  for  three  years  next  before  attaining  his  majority,  he  may  be 
admitted  without  such  declaration,  on  proving  by  two  -witnesses 
that  he  has  resided  five  years  in  the  United  States,  three  years  as  -a 
minor  and  two  since  he  became  of  age,  making  the  declaration 
of  his  intention  at  the  time  of  his  admission,  and  declaring  on 
oath,  and  proving  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  court,  that  for  three 
years  next  preceding  it  had  been  his  bona  fide  intention  to  become  a 
citizen. 

The  alien's  country  must,  at  the  time  of  his  admission,  be  at 
peace  with  the  United  States. 

If  an  alien  die  after  having  made  his  declaration  of  intention  and 
before  his  admission,  his  widow  and  childreu  are  citizens. 

The  minor  children  of  any  one  duly  naturalized,  if  dwelling  in 
the  United  States,  are  citizens. 

RAILROADS  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

According  to  Dinsmore's  "Railway  Guide"  for  January,  1S5-3, 
the  following  was  the  comparative  length  of  railroads  in  the  various 
States,  in  1S55  and  1S56  : — 

lv>5.    1-56.    Inc.  i  1?55.    1855.  Inc. 

Miles.  Miles.  Miles.)  Miles.  Miles.  Miles. 

Maine   407      494      87; Alabama   302      467  1G5 

NewIIamp'ro.  649      660      11  Mississippi. . .    159      296  137 

Vermont   516      516      — !Louisiana          173      837  164 

Massachusetts.  1,31 7    1,409      92  j  Texas   36       36  — 

Rhode  Island..  106      145      39 | Arkansas   —        37  37 

Connecticut...  632  699  67,Tennessee.. . .  317  455  133 
New  York  ....2,692    2,794     l02JKentucky. . . .    192      2S4  92 

New  Jersey...  411      504      93|Ohio   2,427    2,725  293 

Pennsylvania..  1,127    1,746     119;  Indiana   1,432    1,789  307 

Delaware   49       86      37  Michigan   527      590  63 

Maryland   412      466      57;IUinois  1,892    2,215  323 

Virginia  1,122    1,295     178|  Wisconsin. .. .    195      647  272 

North  Carolina  403      631     223 j Missouri   37      139  102 

South  Carolina  755      846      911  Iowa   —        67  C7 

Georgia   971    1,013      42  California ... .     —  88 

Florida. 26       26      "I     Total  19^834  237242  SjiOS 

The  following  table  exhibits  the  progressive  annual  increase  of 
the  miles  of  railway  in  the  United  States  since  the  year  1S28 : — 
Years.  Miles. (Years.  Miles  (Years.  Miles  ] Years.  Miles.' Years.  Mile-.. 
1323...  3  1534...  762,1340...  2.167  1346...  4,S70  1S52  . 11.631 
1329...  23  1835...  918  1841...  3,319  1847...  5,336  1S53. . .13,379 
1330 . . .  41  1836. . .  1,102  1842 . . .  8,877  1348  . .  5,6S2  1854  . .  16,928 
1331 ...  54  1887...  1,4211843...  4,174  1849...  6,350  1355. .  .19,834 
1332...  13111838...  1,843'1344...  4.311  1350...  7,355  1856.  ..23,243 
1833..     576  1839...  1,920  1345...  4,511  1851..  9,09) 


AND  "WEATHER  BOOK. 


183 


CHRONOLOGICAL  HISTORY  OF  AMERICA  FROM 
1492  TO  1856, 

1492. — Discovery  of  America  by  Columbus.  * 

1403. — Second  voyage  of  Columbus.  The  cotton  tree-found  to  be 
indigenous  to  the  soil. 

1-407. — St.  John's  (Prince  Edward's)  Island  discovered  by  Sebastian 
Cabot,  June  24 ;  he  also  discovers  Florida. 

1408. — Third  voyage  of  Columbus.  The  Western  Continent  discov- 
ered, August  2» 

1499. — Canada  discovered  by  John  and  Sebastian  Cabot. 

1502. — Fourth  voyage  of  Columbus.    He  suffers  shipwreck  on  the 

Island  of  Jamaica. 
-1506. — Death  of  Columbus  at  Valladolid,  In  Spain,  May  20,  aged  58. 

1512. — Florida  explored  by  Ponce  de  Leon. 

1534. — Lower  California  discovered  by  Grigalon,  a  Spaniard,  from 
Mexico. 

The  coast  of  Newfoundland  visited  by  the  French  navigator, 
Jacques  Cartier.  He  enters  the  Gulf,  and  calls  it  the  St 
Lawrence. 

1550. — Carolina  discovered  by  Sebastian  Cabot. 

1532. — French  expedition  under  Jean  de  Ribaud;  colony  of  Fort 

Charles  in  Florida, 
1553 — The  French  colonists  abandon  Florida. 

1534.  — Captains  Amadas  and  Barlow  (England)  visit  Virginia,  and 

discover  Roanoke. 

1535.  — First  English  settlement  in  America;  lloanoke,  in  Virginia, 

planted  by  Sir  Richard  GrenvUlc. 
Davis's  Straits  discovered  by  Sir  G.  Davis. 

1536.  — Ruin  of  the  English  colony  at  Roanoke. 

1537.  — Grenville' s  second  colouy  at  Roanoke. 

1530. — Governor  White  visits  Roanoke ;  he  finds  the  colony  com- 
pletely exterminated. 
1596. — Upper  California  discovered  by  Drake. 

1602. — Bartholomew  Gosnold  arrives  in  the  Bay  of  Massachusetts 
from  Dartmouth,  England ;  discovering,  on  his  way,  two 
islands,  which  he  named  Martha's  Vineyard  and  Elizabeth. 
Cape  Cod  also  discovered  and  so  named  by  Gosnold.  This 
was  the  first  spot  in  New  England  ever  trod  by  an  English- 
man. 

1607 — Jamestown  founded — the  first  permanent  English  settlement 
in  America. 

160S. — Chesapeake  Bay  explored  and  mapped  by  Captain  J.  Smith. 

1609.  — Hudson,  and  a  mixed  crew  of  Hollanders  and  Englishmen, 

sail  in  the  Half-mQon  from  Amsterdam  to  America,  April 
4.  He  discovers  the  Bay  of  New  York,  and  explores  the 
river  which  bears  his  name. 

1610.  — First  Dutch  colony  on  the  shores  of  the  Hudson. 
1615. — Albany,  on  the  Hudson,  founded. 


184 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


1G19. — First  Colonial  Assembly  in  Virginia,  convened  in  Jamestown 
in  June,  consisting  of  the  governor,  council,  and  two  rep- 
resentatives from  the  eleven  boroughs. 

1620.  — Slavery  introduced  into  Virginia.     The  Pilgrim  Fathers 

land  afc  Plymouth  Rock,  11th  December,  from  the  May- 
flower. 

1621.  — Cotton  first  cultivated  in  Virginia. 

1622.  — Massacre  of  Jamestown. 

1623.  — New  Hampshire  settled  by  colonies  of  English  Puritans. 
162-1. — Permanent  settlement  of  New  York,  called  New  Amsterdam, 

by  the  Dutch. 

1630. — Winthrop's  party  arrive  in  New  England  in  June  and  July. 

1632.  — English  settlement  at  M  ntserrat,  Maryland. 

1634. — Maryland  colonized  by  Catholics;  religious  toleration  the 
basis  of  legislation. 

1636.  — Providence,  Rhode  Island,  founded  in  June  by  Roger  Wil- 

liams and  five  companions,  11  as  a  shelter  for  persons  dis- 
tressed for  conscience." 

1637.  — Religious  persecution  in  New  England ;  expulsion  of  Anne 

Hutchinson  and  others  from  Boston  for  opposition  to  the 
clergy. 

1633.  — Harvard  College  founded. 

1641. — Democratic  form  of  government  in  Rhode  Island. 

1643. — Massachusetts,  Plymouth,  Connecticut,  and  New  Haven  con- 
federate under  the  title  of  "The  United  Colonies  of  New 
England.' * 

1656.  — Quakers  first  seen  in  America ;  Mary  Fisher  and  Ann  Austin 

arrive  in  Boston ;  they  are  sent  back  to  England. 

1657.  — Persecution  of  the  Quakers  in  New  England ;  arrival  of 

Mary  Dyar,  and  Ann  Burden,  and  11  swarms  of  the  cursed 
sect." 

1653. — Banishment  of  Quakers  on  pain  of  death,  decreed  by  the 
Massachusetts  government. 
William  Robinson,  Marmaduke  Stephenson,  Nicholas  Davis. 
Mary  Dyar,  and  William  Leddra,  Quakers,  are  hanged  at 
Boston  for  heresy. 

1663.  — The  English  colonies  in  America  are  compelled  by  a  new 

navigation  law  to  purchase  only  in  England.  Great  dis- 
satisfaction is  expressed. 

1664.  — New  Jersey  settled  by  the  English ;  Eliot's  Indian  Bible  pub- 

lished  at  Cambridge:  one  of  the  first  books  printed  in 

North  America. 
1667. — Settlement  of  Carolina  by  a  body  of  Englishmen. 
1672* — The  river  Mississippi  discovered  by  Father  Marquette  and 

M.  Jolliet,  a  merchant. 
1G77. — Massachusetts  denies  England's  right  to  tax,  enact  laws,  or 

perform  any  other  act  of  sovereignty. 
— Louisiana  explored  and  named  by  the  French. 
16S3. — Philadelphia  founded  by  Penn. 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


185 


1634. — The  Charter  of  Massachusetts  granted  by  James  I.,  with- 
drawn by  Charles  II. 

1G92. — The  witchcraft  mania  prevails  in  New  England ;  20  persons 
are  hanged,  55  tortured,  and  large  numbers  imprisoned. 

1693. — French  colony  settle  in  Louisiana ;  the  Mississippi  first  en- 
tered from  the  sea  by  French  vessels  of  war. 

1700. — The  Mississippi  first  settled  by  the  French  under  Bienville 
and  Touti;  they  found  the  town  of  Rosalia,  now  called 
Natchez. 
Yale  College  founded. 

1704. — The  first  American  newspaper,  the  Boston  Kews  Letter. 
commenced. 

1717. — New  Orleans  settled  by  the  French, 

1732.  — Birth  of  George  Washington. 

1733.  — First  Free  Masons'  Lodge  opened  in  Boston, 
1740. — Tennessee,  first  explored. 

1753.  — The  hostilities  which,  from  time  to  time,  took  place  between 

the  Virginians  and  the  French,  and  their  Indian  allies,  now 
assume  a  very  dangerous  aspect,  and  open  war  prevails. 

1754.  — Victory  of  Major  Washington  over  the  French, 

Aggressions  of  French  colonists  on  the  English  territory  in 

North  America ;  hence 
Albany  conference,  respecting  them. 

Colonel  Washington  defeated  by  the  French  at  Fort  du 
Quesne,  Ohio. 

Colonel  Monkton's  expedition  from  New  England  against  the 
Aeadians. 

Victory  over  the  French  at  Beau-Sejour. 

The  Aeadians  (20,000)  driven  from  their  homesteads  and 

sent  to  southern  settlements  by  the  British  authorities. 

This  event  is  beautifully  and  graphically  described  in 

Longfellow's  poem  of  M  Evangeline," 
Columbia  College,  New  York,  founded. 

1755.  — The  University  of  Pennsylvania  founded, 

War  between  the  English  and  French  in  America ;  Oswego 
and  Granby  taken  bjr  the  French;  Canada  invaded  by  the 
English. 

1757.— Fort  George  reduced  by  Montcalm ;  massacre  of  2,000  En- 
glish by  the  Indians. 
1753. — Abercrombie  repulsed  at  Ticonderoga. 

Cape  Breton  surrendered  to  the  English  July  26th, 
Fort  du  Quesne  conquered  by  the  English, 
175X— Siege  of  Quebec ;  death  of  General  Wolfe ;  Quebec  surren- 
dered to  Murray ;  death  of  the  brave  Marquis  de  Mont- 
calm. 

Battle  of  Sillery ;  Ticonderoga,  Crown  Point,  and  Niagara 
reduced  by  the  English. 

Montreal  surrendered  to  the  English. 
1760 — Conquest  of  Canada  by  the  English, 
1762.— Yellow  fever  rages  in  Philadelphia. 


186 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


1733. — Termination  of  the  11  Old  French  War;"  mutual  concessions 
of  American  territory  made  by  Franca  and  England. 

1764.  — Discontent  in  the  British  colonies  occasioned  by  the  levying 

of  taxes  on  all  articles  imported  from  the  West  Indian 
Islands. 
Brown  University  founded. 

1765.  — Great  dissatisfaction  la  the  cclmies  occasioned  by  the 

"  Stamp  Act." 

Assembly  in  Virginia ;  the  right  of  England  to  tax  the  colo- 
nies denied,  May. 
First  Colonial  Congress  in  New  York ;  the  Americans  resolve 
not  to  use  British  goods  until  the  Stamp  Act  is  repealed. 
1T66. — Stamp  Act  repealed,  but  the  right  to  tax  the  Colonies  main- 
tained. 

176S. — Boston  occupied  by  British  troops. 

1769.  — Dartmouth  College,  New  Haven,  founded. 

1770.  — Riots  in  Boston  ;  the  British  garrison  fire  on  the  people.  * 

Rutgers*  College,  New  Brunswick,  founded. 

1773.  — Resistance  to  the  Tea  Tax  in  Boston. 

The  celebrated  "  Tea-party." 

1774.  — The  port  of  Boston  closed  by  order  of  the  English  Govern- 

ment. 

First  meeting  of  the  American  Congress,  held  at  Philadel- 
phia, 51  present.  Declaration  of  Rights  passed  unani- 
mously. 

1775.  — First  engagement  between  the  Americans  and  English ;  the 

battle  of  Lexington,  April  J  9th. 
Battle  of  Bunker  Hill,  June  7th. 

1776  DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE,  JULY  4th. 

The  French  espouse  the  American  cause. 

Battle  of  Flatbush ;  the  Americans  under  Sullivan  defeated, 

August  27th. 

Entry  of  British  troops  into  New  York,  which  they  occupy, 

September  15th. 
Battles  of  White  Plains,  October  2Sth  and  November  30th  ; 

Americans  defeated. 
Battle  of  Trenton ;  Washington  makes  prisoners  of  1,000 

Hessians. 

1777. — Battle  of  Princeton,  January  2. 

Marquis  de  la  Fayette  lands  in  America,  April  25th. 
Ticonderoga  captured  by  the  British,  J uly  5th. 
Battle  of  Bennington,  August  16th. 

Battle  of  Brandywine  ;  the  Americans  routed  ;  hence  Phila- 
delphia falls  to  the  British,  September  11th. 

Battle  of  Plattsburg,  September  11th.  Battle  of  Stillwater, 
September  12th.    Battle  of  Germantown,  October  4th. 

Articles  of  Confederation  adopted  by  Thirteen  of  the  Colo- 
nies, October  4th  ;  signed,  November  15th. 

The  British  army,  under  Burgoyne,  surrenders  to  General 
Gates,  at  Saratoga,  October  17th. 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK.  187 

1773. — Alliance  "between  France  and  America.  . 

The  proposals  of  the  English  Commissioners  rejected  by  Con- 
gress, who  refuse  to  treat  as  subjects  of  Great  Britain. 
British  troops  evacuate  Philadelphia,  June  18th. 
Battle  of  Monmouth  ;  Washington  victorious,  June  18th. 
1779. — Norfolk  burned  by  the  British,  June.    Norwalk  burned  by 
the  British,  August  22.    Stonypoint  taken  by  the  Amer- 
icans under  General  Wayne. 
Victory  of  Paul  Jones  off  Scotland. 

1730.  — Major  Andre  hanged  as  a  spy,  October  2. 

French  auxiliary  forees  land. 

Charleston  taken  by  the  British,  May  12th. 

General  Gates  defeated  by  Lord  Cornwallis,  August  15th. 

Battle  of  Camden — Americans  defeated  and  De  Kalb  killed, 

August  16  th. 
Treason  of  Arnold  discovered. 

1731.  — Battle  of  Cowpens ;  Morgan  victorious.   Battle  of  Camden. 

Camden  burned  bf  the  English,  May  13th. 
Battle  of  Yorktown,  and  surrender  of  the  British  army  un- 
der Lord  Cornwallis. 
1732  Treaty  with  Holland. 

1753.  — Peace  of  Versailles,  and  recognition  by  Great  Britain  of  the 

Independence  of  the  United  States. 
Slavery  abolished  in  Massachusetts. 

Washington  resigns  the  command  of  the  American  army  and 
retires  into  private  life,  December  4th. 

1754.  — New  York  Chamber  of  Commerce  founded. 

1785. — John  Adams,  the  first  embassador  from  the  United  States  to 
England. 

17S7. — General  States'  Convention  at  Philadelphia,  and  adoption  oi 

the  Federal  Constitution  of  the  United  States. 
17S3. — The  Quakers  of  Pennsylvania  liberate  their  slaves,  and  es- 
tablish schools  for  their  use. 
Cotton  first  planted  in  Georgia. 
New  Orleans  destroyed  by  fire. 
1789. — The  Constitution  accepted  by  all  the  States,  and  election  of 
George  Washington  first  President,  April  80th  ; 
John  Adams,  Vice  President. 

1791.  — First  United  States'  Bank ;  capital  $10,000,000. 

Vermont  added  to  the  Union. 
The  militia  system  organized. 
Yellow  fever  rages  in  New  York,  August 

1792.  — Kentucky  admitted  into  the  Union. 

United  States'  Mint  established. 

1793.  — George  Washington  re-elected  President. 

1794.  — American  navy  commenced;  six  frigates  built  to  operate 

against  the  Algerines. 
Treaty  of  Commerce  with  Great  Britain,  effected  by  Mr. 
Jay,  November  19th. 


188 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


1130. — Tennessee  received  into  the  Union  as  a  Territory. 

General  seizure  of  American  vessels  by  order  of  the  French 
Executive  Directory. 

1797.  — John  Adams  second  President  of  the  United  States ;  Thomas 

Jefferson,  Vice  President. 

1798.  — Commissions  of  reprisal  issued  against  France,  and  active 

preparations  for  war.  Organization  of  a  regular  army ; 
George  Washington  Commander-in-chief. 

1799.  — Tennessee  admitted  into  the  Union. 

Death  of  "Washington,  December  14th. 

1800.  — Treaty  of  Commerce  with  France. 

Seat  of  Government  transferred  from  Philadelphia  to  Wash- 
ington. 

Louisiana  again  in  the  hands  of  the  French. 
1301. — Thomas  Jeffsrson,  third  President  of  the  United  States. 

Census  of  the  Union,  5,300,000;  number  of  slaves,  896,840. 
Act  of  Congress  forbidding  citizens  holding  property  in  for- 
eign slaves,  and  giving  authority  to  U.  S.  vessels  to  cap- 
ture slave  vessels. 

1802.  — -Ohio  (76,000  inhabitants)  joins  the  Union. 

1303.— Louisiana  sold  by  France  to  the  U.  S.  for  $15,000,000. 

Capture  of  the  U.  S.  frigate  Philadelphia  by  the  Tripolitaus. 
War  declared  against  the  Bey  of  Tripoli. 
1301. — The  Philadelphia  recaptured  by  Decatur. 
Murder  of  Hamilton  by  Aaron  Burr. 
Expedition  of  Preble  to  Tripoli,  which  he  bombards. 
13)3. — Thomas  Jefferson  re-elected  Pres.  ;  George  Clinton,  V.  P. 

Disputes  with  England  arising  from  the  capture  and  con- 
demnation of  several  American  vessels  about  to  enter 
blockaded  ports,  and  from  the  assumption  by  England  of 
the  "  right  of  search." 

1803.  — Disputes  settled  by  treaty. 

1307. — The  President  rejects  the  Monroe  Treaty. 

Assertion  of  the  right  of  search  by  Great  Britain  ;  the  Amer- 
ican ship  Chesapeake  fired  into  by  a  British  ship-of-war, 
June  23. 

Fulton's  first  successful  trial  of  steam  power  on  the  Hudson; 
he  performs  the  passage  from  New  York  to  Albany  in  32 
hours. 

American  Embargo  Act,  Dec.  22. 
1303. — Slave-trade  abolished  by  Congress. 
180?.— Non-intercourse  act  with  Britain,  March  1. 

Embargo  on  British  ships  repealed,  June  10,  in  consequence 

of  Mr.  Erskine's  arrangement  with  the  American  cabinet. 
Mr.  Erskine's  arrangement  disavowed  by  the  English  Gov- 
ernment, consequently, 
Renewal  of  the  non-intercourse  law  against  England,  Aug.  2. 
James  Madison,  fourth  Pres.  U.  S. 
1310. — Intercourse  with  France,  and  admission  of  French  and  En- 
glish ships  into  American  ports. 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


189 


1310  Census  of  the  U.  8. :  whites,  7,239,903 ;  slaves,  1,191,301. 

1811.  — Non-intercourse  act  against  Britain,  March  £. 

Encounter  between  the  English  sloop-of-war  Little  Belt, 
and  the  American  frigate  President. 

1812.  — Embargo  for  ninety  days  on  Eng.  shipping,  commenced  April. 

"War  declared  against  England,  June  18. 
American  army  under  Hull  invade  Canada. 
Battle  of  Brownstown,  Americans  defeated,  Aug.  8. 
The  Americans  in  Canada,  under  Hull,  surrender  at  Detroit, 
August  16. 

Capture  of  the  Guerriere  by  the  American  ship  Constitution, 
August  19. 

The  Chesapeake  and  Delaware  blockaded  by  an  English  fleet. 
Battle  of  Queenstown,  General  Wool  victorious,  Aug.  12,  13. 
Capture  of  the  Frolic  by  Captain  Jones,  commander  of  the 
Wasp,  Oct.  18. 

Capture  of  the  British  frigate  Macedonian  by  Captain  De- 
catur of  the  United  States,  Oct  25. 

Capture  of  the  British  frigate  Java  by  Bainbridge  of  the 
Constitution,  Dec.  29. 

Louisiana  admitted  into  the  Union. 

1813.  — The  Legislature  of  Massachusetts  remonstrates  against  the 

war.  June. 

Perry's  victory  on  Lake  Erie ;  defeat  of  the  British  flotilla. 

Battle  of  Frenchtown,  Jan.  22  ;  of  Ogdcnsburg,  Feb.  22 ;  of 
Craney  Island,  June  3 ;  of  Eastport,  in  July ;  of  Fort  Niag- 
ara, Nov.  11 ;  of  Blackrock,  Dec.  3. 

1814.  — Fort  Erie  taken  by  the  Americans,  July  3. 

Battle  of  the  Chippewa,  English  defeated,  July  5  and  25. 

Battle  of  Bridgewater,  July  25 ;  of  Fort  Erie,  Aug.  15. 

A  British  flotilla  ascends  the  Connecticut  and  destroys 

twenty-five  vessels. 
City  of  Washington  burned  by  the  British,  Aug.  24. 
Capture  of  Alexandria. 

Battle  of  Bellair,  Aug.  30 ;  the  British  defeated,  and  General 

Parker  killed. 
British  repulsed  on  Lake  Champlain,  Sept.  11. 
British  repulsed  at  Baltimore,  Sept  12;   Battle  of  Fort 

McIIenry,  Oct.  13. 
Pensacola  taken  by  General  Jackson,  Nov.  20. 
The  Hartford  Convention  oppose  the  war,  Dec.  15. 
Peace  concluded  between  England  and  the  United  States,  at 

Ghent,  Dec.  24 ;  conquests  mutually  restored. 

1815.  — Battle  of  New  Orleans — intelligence  of  peace  not  having  ar- 

rived. 

Ratification  of  the  peace  of  Ghent,  Feb.  17. 
War  declared  against  Algiers. 

The  Algerine  admiral  captured  by  an  American  squadron  ; 
the  Dey  makes  peace  on  terms  advantageous  to  America, 
July  4.  yr 


190 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


1SIG.—  Incorporation  of  the  U.  S.  Bank;  capital,  $35,000,000;  sec- 
ond charter  for  twenty  years. 
Indiana  admitted  into  the  Union. 

1817.  — James  Monroe,  fifth  Pres.  U.  S. 

Mississippi  received  into  the  Union. 

1818.  — The  State  of  Illinois  admitted. 

First  passage  of  the  Atlantic  hy  steam. 

New  York  State  abolishes  imprisonment  for  debt 

1819.  — Alabama  received  into  the  Union. 

The  Floridas  purchased  from  Spain. 

1820.  — Maine  admitted  into  the  Union. 

1821.  — James  Monroe  re-elected  President.  * 

Cession  jof  Florida  to  the  United  States. 
Missouri  received  into  the  Union. 

The  remains  of  Major  Andre  transferred  from  America  to 
Westminster,  Aug.  10. 
182?.— First  cotton-factory  at  Lowell  erected. 

1823. — The  American  Union  resolves  to  acknowledge  the  Republics 
of  South  America. 

1524.  — Treaty  with  Great  Briitain  for  the  suppression  of  the  slave- 

trade,  March  13th. 

Visit  of  La  Fayette  to  the  United  States ;  he  is  voted  a  town- 
ship by  Congress,  also  $200,000. 

Opening  of  th3  Erie  Canal. 

1525.  — J.  Quincy  Adams,  sixth  president  United  States. 

1826. — Treaty  with  the  Creeks  ;  they  cede  their  lands  in  Georgia  to 

the  United  States — one  tribe  excepted. 
1328. — Noah  Webster's  Dictionary  first  published. 
1829. — Andrew  Jackson,  seventh  president  United  States. 
1S30.— Census  of  the  Union;  free  men,  12,530,111 ;  slaves,  2,010,43G. 

1831.  — Great  agitation  on  the  free  trade  policy,  and  the  protection 

system  in  the  United  States. 

1832.  — The  United  States  Bank  question ;  the  president  vetoes  the 

motion  for  renewing  its  charter.    The  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives are  against  the  renewal ;  the  Senate  for  it 
Great  commercial  panic ;  failure  of  90  local  banks. 
1S33. — Andrew  Jackson  re-elected  president. 

The  United  States  deposits  removed  from  the  bank. 
1331. — Censure  on  the  president  for  removing  the  deposits. 
1S35.— Great  fire  in  New  York  December  3d,  loss  $20,000,000. 
1S30. — The  States  of  Arkansas  and  Michigan  admitted  into  the 
Union. 

James  Smithson,  of  London,  bequeaths  $100,000  for  estab- 
lishing an  institution  in  America,  41  lor  the  increase  and 
diffusion  of  knowledge  among  men." 
1837. — Martin  Van  Buren,  eighth  president 

Suspension  of  specie  payment  by  the  banks,  May ;  commer- 
cial panic  and  distress. 

Morse  patents  his  electro-magnetic  telegraph. 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


191 


1835. — Commercial  confidence  restored  ;  the  banks  resume  pay- 
ment. 

1339.  — Final  suspension  of  payment  by  the  United  States  Bank. 

1340.  — Census ;  whites,  14,575,311;  slaves,  2,4ST, 355. 

1341.  —Bankruptcy  of  the  United  States  Bank  announced. 

W.  H.  Harrison,  ninth  president  United  States. 
Death  of  the  president,  just  one  month  after  his  inauguration. 
John  Tyler,  tenth  president. 
1S42.— Croton  aqueduct  completed. 

1544.  —  Texas  annexed  to  the  Union. 

Anti-rent  riots  in  New  York. 

The  first  line  of  telegraph  constructed  in  America  from 
Washington  to  Baltimore. 

1545.  — James  K.  Polk,  eleventh  president. 

The  Oregon  question  assumes  a  threatening  aspect. 
ISIS.— War  between  Mexico  and  the  United  States. 

An  army  of  occupation  under  General  Taylor  assemble  on 

the  Rio  Grande,  March  28th. 
Hostilities  commenced  on  the  Rio  Grande  by  Col.  Thornton, 

April  24th 

Battle  of  Palo  Alto ;  General  Taylor  defeats  the  Mexicans, 
May  8,  9. 

Battle  of  Resaca  de  la  Palma,  May  9th. 
The  Oregon  question  settled  by  treaty. 

San  Francisco  seized  by  Commodores  Sloat  and  Montgom- 
ery, United  States  Navy,  July  6-S,  and  annexed. 

General  Kearney  occupies  Santa  Fe,  August  18th 

Battle  of  Monterey ;  Taylor  and  4.700  Americans,  against 
Ampudia  with  10,000  Mexicans,  September  21-23 ;  followed 
by  surrender  of  Monterey. 

Perry  bombards  Tobasco  October  £5th. 

Tampico  occupied  by  Commodore  Connor,  November  14th. 

Iowa  admitted  into  the  Union. 

Ether  first  used  for  surgical  purposes  by  Doctor  Wells  of 
Connecticut,  and  Doctor  Jackson  of  Boston. 
1S47.— Victory  of  General  Kearney  at  San  Gabriel,  January  7, 8. 

Battle  of  Buena  Vista;  the  Americans  under  Taylor  and 

WTool  (4,760)  defeat  Santa  Anna  and  22,000  Mexicans. 
Battle  of  Sacramento,  February  26th. 

Capitulation  of  Vera  Cruz  to  General  Scott  and  Commodore 

Perry,  March  29th. 
Surrender  of  Alvarado,  April  2d. 

Battle  of  Cerro  Gordo ;  Scott  defeats  Santa  Anna  April  ISth ; 
takes  6,000  prisoners. 

Commodore  Perry  takes  Tuspan,  April  ISth. 

Battle  of  Contreras  and  Cherubusco ;  General  Smith  vic- 
torious, August  20th. 

Armistice,  August  24th. 

Renewal  of  hostilities  by  Mexicans,  September  7th. 


192 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


Battle  of  Moliuo  del  Rey ;  Worth  defeats  Santa  Anna,  Dee. 
8th. 

Battle  of  Chapultepec ;  Scott  victorious,  September  12th. 

Surrender  of  the  City  of  Mexico,  September  15th. 

Attack  on  Puebla  by  the  Mexicans ;  repulsed  by  Colonel 

Child,  October  12th. 
Lane  defeats  Santa  Anna,  and  takes  the  City  of  Huamaulla, 

October  9th. 

Bombardment  and  capture  of  the  port  of  Guayamas,  Oct. 
20th. 

Annexation  of  part  of  Mexico  to  the  United  States. 
Gold  dust  discovered  in  California. 
1848. — The  Girard  University  opened. 

Peace  between  the  United  States  and  Mexico. 
United  States  army  withdrawn  from  the  City  of  Mexico, 
June  12th. 

1843.—  Zachary  Taylor,  twelfth  president  United  State?. 
Macready  riots  at  the  Astor  Place  Opera  House. 
Constitution  adopted  for  California. 

1850.  — The  town  of  Sacramento  destroyed  by  a  flood,  Jan.  7-15th. 

Unsuccessful  enterprise  against  Cuba  by  General  Lopez. 
Death  of  General  Taylor,  and  Millard  Fillmore  appointed 

thirteenth  president. 
California  joins  the  Union,  the  thirty-first  State. 
Texas  boundary  question  settled  by  the  payment  of  $10,000- 

000  to  Texas. 
Territories  of  New  Mexico  and  Utah  admitted. 
Fugitive  Slave  Law  passed. 

1851.  — Second  invasion  of  Cuba  by  Lopez,  August  12th  ;  defeated  ; 

fifty  of  the  party  shot. 
Lopez  garroted  at  Havana,  September  1st. 

1852.  — General  Franklin  Pierce  elected  fourteenth  president  of  the  • 

United  States. 

1S53. — Opening  of  the  "  Exhibition  of  the  Industry  of  all  Nations," 

New  York,  July  14th. 
1S51. — Anti-slavery  riot  in  Boston. 

Commercial  Reciprocity  Act  passed  between  British  North 

America  and  the  United  States,  June  7th. 
The  Nebraska  Bill  passed,  July. 

Greytown  bombarded  and  destroyed  by  Captain  Hollins. 
1856. — Election  of  James  Buchanan,  fifteenth  president  of  the  United 
States. 


The  authorised  strength  of  the  United  States  armyisl7,867,  officers 
and  men ;  the  actual  strength,  15,752.  The  number  of  enlistments 
for  the  year  ending  September  20,  1855,  was  10,540  ;  loss  by  deaths, 
discharges,  and  desertions,  5,500.  The  whole  territory  of  the  United 
States  is  divided  into  5  great  departments,  in  which  there  are  26 
arsenals  and  98  forts,  most  of  which  are  garrisoned. 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


193 


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NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


TABLE 

Of  the  Latitude  and  Longitude  of  principal  places  in  the 
United  States,  toith  their  Distances  from  Washington,  The 
Longitudes  are  reckoned  from  Greenwich.  The  Capitals  {Seats 
of  Government)  of  the  States  and  Territories  are  designated  by 
Italic  Letters. 


Latitude, 
North. 


Longitude,  West ;    p  „• 


in  Peg.    in  Time. 


Albany  (Capitol)  N.  Y. 

Alexandria  Va. 

Amherst  (College  Chapel)  .Mass. 

Annapolis  (Naval  Acad.).Md. 

Auburn  N.  Y. 

Augusta  Ga. 

Augusta  (State-House)  . .  .Me. 

Baker's  Island  (Lights)  Mass. 

Baltimore  (Battle  Monu- 
ment). Vid. 

Bangor  (Court-House)  Me. 

Barnstable  (New  C.  11.). .  .Mass. 

Batavia  N.  Y. 

Beaufort  (Arsenal)  S.  C. 

Bellevue,  Am.  Fur  Co.'s 
trading  post,  right  bank 
of  Missouri  river  

Boston  (State-House)  Mass, 

Do.  (Light)  

Brazos  Santiago  Tex. 

Brent's  Fort  

Bridgeport  (Baptist  Ch.) . .  Conn. 

Bristol  (Episcopal  Ch.) ....  R.  L 

Brooklyn  (Navy  Yard).. .  .N.  Y. 

Brunswick  (College)  Me. 

Buffalo  N.  Y. 

Burlington  N.  J. 

Burlington  Vt. 

Cambridge  (Observatory) .  Mass. 

Camden':  S.  C. 

Canadian  river,  Head- 
waters of  

Oanandaigua   N.  Y. 

''Cape  Ann  (North  Light) . .  Mass. 
Do.      (South  Light).. 


42  39  8 

38  49 

42  22  15.6 
i3S  58  50.1 
42  55 
;3  28 
44  18  43 
42  32  12 

39  17  23 
44  47  53 
4142  6 
42  59 
82  25  57 


°    '    //  h.  m.  s. 
73  44  49,4  54  59.3 
77  4     5  816 
72  31  28,4  5  )  6 
76  29  26|5  5  57.7 


J 


70  28 
81  54 

69  50 

70  47  2S 

76  37  30 
68  47 
70  18  84 


5  52 
5  27  36  I 
4  39  20 

4  4310  1 

5  6  30 
435  8 
4  41 14.3 


78  13     5  12  5-2 
89  41  23,5  22  45.6 


8  24 

21  22.7 
19  41.1 

6  0 
2  88 
10  39 

40  3 

41  50 
53  0 
53 

4  51.6 
27 

22  4S.6 
17 


47  46  6 
4  9l4 
53  4314 
12  0 
33  15  G 
11  46,4 
17  19  4 
59  80  4 
55  14 
55 

52  87 
10 
7  80 
33 


37  ICS  |104  37  32 
42  54        77  17 
42  38  21     70  34  48 


2311 

44  16.6 

43  83.9 

■54  13 
52  47 

45  9.3 
55  58 
39  40.1 
15  40 
59  30.5 
52  40 

44  32 
22  12 


9 

4  42  19.2 


42  8S  13     70  34  48:4  42  19.2 


ms. 
876 
6 

383 
37 
839 
580 
595 
452 


432 


386 
470] 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


195 


Latitude, 
North. 


Cape  Cod  (Light  House). . .  Mass.  42  2  23 
Cape  Island,  Lake  of  the 

Woods   49  86  42 

Castine  Me.    44  22  30 

Cedar  Keys,  Depot  Island.  29  7  27 
Charleston,  St.  Mich/s  Ch..S.  C.  82  4G  33 
Charlestown  (Navy Yard).! Mass.  42  22 

Chicago  111.      42  0 

Cincinnati  (Fort  Wash.) .  .Ohio.  39  5  54 

Columbia  S.  C.  33  57 

Columbus  Ohio.  39  57 

Concord  (State-House). .  .N.  H.  43  12  29 

Corpus  Christi  Tex.   27  47  17.8 

Dalles  of  the  Columbia, 

Missionary  Station   45  35  55 

Dayton  Ohio.  39  44 

Dedham  (1st  Cong.  Ch.) . .  .Mass.  42  14  57 
Detroit  (St.  PauFs  Ch.) . . .  .Mich.  42  19  45 
Dorchester  (Ast.  Observ.)..Mass.  42  19  10 

ver  Del.  8910 

Dover  N.  II.  43  13 

Easton  (Court-House)  . . .  .Md.    38  46  10 

Eastport   Me.    44  54 

Edenton  N.  C.  39  0 

Exeter  N.  H.  42  53 

Falls  of  St.  Anthonv,  TJ.  S. 

Cottage   44  53  40 

Falls  of  the  St.  Croix   45  30  10 

False  Washita,  Head-wa- 
ters of   35  25  41 

Fort  Boisee  Ore?.  43  49  22 

Fort  Brad v  Mich.  46  29  55 

Fort  Gibson  (Old  Block- 
House^   35  47  34i 

Fort  Hall   43  130 

I  Fort  Laramie   4212  10 

FtXeaven  worth  (Landing)         39  21  14 

Fort  Nez  Perce  Orcg.  46  3  46 

j  Frankfort  Kv.    38  14 

i  Frederic  Md.    39  24 

;  Fredericsburg  Va.     3S  34 

1  Georgetown  S.  C.  33  21 


Longitude,  West ; 

in  Deg. 

in  Time. 

o    /  // 

h.  m.  s. 

70  3  55 

4  40  16 

63  45 

4  85 

82  56  12 

79  57  27  5  19  49.8 

71  3  83 

4  44  14.2 

87  35 

5  50  2 

84  27 

5  37  48 

SI  7 

5  24  28 

83  3 

5  32  12 

71  29 

4  45  56 

97  27  2 

120  55 

8411 

5  36  44 

71  10  59  4  44  44 
83  2  33  5  32  10.2 
71  4  19  4  4417.3 


75  30 
70  54 

76  8 
60  56 

77  7 
70  55 


5  2  0 

4  43  36 

5  4  32 

4  27  44 

5  2S  23 
4  43  40 


93  10  30  6  12  42 
92  40  0:610  40 

101  5  0 
116  4T  8 

i!  95  15  10  6  21  0.4 
112  29  54  7  29  56 
104  47  48  6  59  11 

94  44  0  6  IS  56 

| 

84  40  5  38  40 
77  18  5  9  12 
77  38  5  10  32 
79  17     5  17  S 


196 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


Latitude, 
North. 


Longitude,  West ; 


in  Deg.    in  Time. 


Gloucester  (Univ.  Ch.)  Mass. 

Do.  (E.  Point  Light) 
Do.     (Ten  Pound  Isl. 

Light)  

Great  Salt  Lake,  Island  in 
Greenfield  (2d  Cong.  Ch) .  .Mass. 

Hagerstown  Md. 

Halifax  N.  S. 

Hallowell  Me. 

Harrisburg  Pa. 

Hartford  (State-House)  ..Conn. 
High  Plateau  between  wa- 
ters of  Atlantic  and  Gulf 

of  California  

Holmes's  Hole  (Windmill)  Mass. 

Hudson.'  N.  Y. 

Hudson  (Reserve  Coll.). .  .Ohio. 

Huntsville  Ala. 

Indianapolis  Ind. 

Ipswich,  Eastern  Light.  ...Mass. 
Ipswich  (Western  Light)  ..Mass. 

Jackson  „  Miss. 

Jefferson  Mo. 

Kanzas  river,  Mouth  of. . . . 

Key  West  (S.  W.  Pt.)  Fla. 

Kingston  C.  W. 

Knoxville  Tenn. 

Lancaster  Pa. 

La  Yaca  Tex. 

Lexington  Ky. 

Little  Rock  Ark. 

iLockport  N.  Y. 

Louisville  Ky. 

Lowell  (St.  Ann's  Ch.)  Mass. 

Lynchburg  Ya. 

Lynn  Church  Mass. 

Machias  Bay  Me. 

Marblehead  Mass. 

Do.  (Light)  

Mexico,  City  of  Mex. 

Middletowii  (Wesl.Univ.)  Conn. 
MUledgemlle  Ga. 


42  36  44 
42  34  49.C 

42  36  4 

41  10  42 

42  35  1§ 
39  37 
44  39  20 
4417 
4016 
41  45  59 


42  2  3 

41  27  15 

42  14 

41  14  42 
|34  36 
39  55 

42  41  8 

42  41  8 

32  23 

38  36 

39  6  3 
24  32 
44  8 
35  59 

40  2  36 
23  37  0 
38  6 
34  40 

43  11 
38  3 
42  3S  46 
37  36 
42  27  51 

44  33 
42  30  24 
42  80  14 
19  25  45 

41  33  8 

33  7  20 


h.  rn.  i 
70  40  19  4  42  41.3 
70  40  11  4  42  40.8 

70  40  17;  4  42  41.1 
112  21  5 
72  36  32  4  50  26.1 
77  35     5  10  20 
63  36  40  4  14  26. 


69  50 
76  50 
72  40  45 


4  39  80 

5  7  20. 
4  50  43 


107  3  0 
70  36  3S  4  42 
73  46  4  55 
81  24  54  5  25 
86  57  |5  47 
86  5  5  44 
70  46  17  4  43 
70  46  34  4  43 
90  a  16  0 
92  8  6  8 
94  32  54  6  IS 
81  47  30  5  27 
76  40  5  6 
S3  54  |5  35 
76  20  33  5  5 


26.5 
4 

39.6 

48 

20 

5 

(3. 
32 
S2 
11.6 
10 
40 
36 
22.2 


8418 
92  12 

78  46 
85  30 
7119  2  4 

79  22  |5 
70  57  25:4 
67  22  4 
70  51  24  4 
70  50  39  k 
99  5  6:6 
72  39  1 4 
83  19  45  5 


37  12 
8  48 
15  4 

42  0 
45  16 
17  28 

43  50 
29  28 
43  25.6 
43  22.6 
86  20 
50  86 
33  19.0 


462 
466 


396 
68 
936 
593 
110 
335 


457 
345 

726 
573 
462 

1035 
980 


456 
516 
109 

534 
1C68 
403 
590 
439 
198 
441 

450 
44S 

325 
642 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


197 


Longitude 

,  West; 

|j 

Place. 

Latitude, 

North.  ' 

.  cS 

in  Beg. 

i::  Time. 

— 

Milwaukie  "Wis. 

Missouri  river,  Mouth  of 

Mobile  Ala. 

Monclova  Mex. 

Monomoy  Point  Light  Mass. 

Montpelier  Vt. 

Monterey  Cal. 

Nantucket  (South  Tower). .Mass. 

Nashville  (University)  Tenn. 

Natchez  (Fort  Panmure) .  .Miss. 
Nebraska  or  Platte  river, 

Junction  of  North  and 

South  Forks  

Newark  N.J. 

New  Bedford  (Mariners' 

Church)  Mass. 

Newborn  N.  C. 

Newburg  N.  Y. 

Newburyport  (2d  Pres.Ch.)Mass. 

Do.  (Light)  

Newcastle  Del. 

New  Haven  (College)  Conn. 

New  London  Conn. 

New  Orleans  (City  Hall).  .La. 
Newport  (Court-House) .  .R.  I. 

New  York  (City  Hall)  N.  Y. 

Nobsque  Point  Light  Mass. 

Norfolk  (FarmerVBank). .  Ya. 
Northampton  (1st  Cong. 

Church)  Mass. 

Norwich  Conn. 

Parras  Mex. 

Pass  Washington  

Pensacola  Fla. 

Petersburg  Ya. 

Philadelphia  dnd'ce  Hall) .Pa. 
Do.  (HicrhSch.Obs.) 

Pittsburg  Pa. 

Pittsfield  (1st  Cong.  Ch.) .  .Mass. 
Platte  river,  Mouth  of.  

Do.  Junction  of  N.  and 
S.  Forks  


43  3  45 
33  51  36 

30  41  4S 
26  54  0 
41  33  35 
4417 
36  36  24 
41  16  56 
36  9  33 

31  34 


41  5  5 

40  45 

4133  7 

35  20 

41  31 

42  43  32 
42  43  30 

39  40 
41  13  23 
41  22 

29  57  30 
41  29 

40  42  40 

41  30  57 

36  50  50 

4219  9 

41  33 
25  25 

36  3  22 

30  24 

37  13  54 
39  56  59 

39  57  9 

40  32 

42  26  55 

41  3  13 


°    '    ,f  |h.  ra.  s.  ms. 

87  57  700 
;  90  0  401 

87  59  '5  51  56  '1033 
101  39  IS  6  46  37.2| 

69  59  56  4  40  0 
72  86     !4  50  24 

121  52  25  8  7  29 

70  6  12  4  40  24.8! 
86  49  3  5  47  16.2 


500 
524 


490 
714 


91  24  42  6  5  38.8  1146 


1C1  21 
|  7410 

70  55 
77  5 

74  1 
70  52 

70  49 

75  33 
,  72  56 
,  72  9 

90 

71  19 
74  1 

■  70  39 
I  76  18 


24  6  45 

14  56 

I 

49  4  43 
|5  8 
4  56 

47  4  43 
6  4  42 
|5  2 

45  4  51 
|4  43 
6  0 

12  4  45 
8  4  56 

37  4  42 

47  5  5 


25.6 
40 


43.3 
20 
4 

81.1 
18.0 


215 


429 
337 
282 
466 
469 
103 
301 
354 
1203 
16.8!  403 
4.5  226 
38.5  450 
15.1  217 


72  3315  4  50  33.2  376 

|  72  7     4  48  23  362! 

,108  56  0  7  15  44 

!  87  10  12  5  43  40.8.1050' 
77  20  5  9  20  1441 
75  9  54  5  0  39.6  136| 
7510  37  5  0  42.5 
80  2     !5  20  8 

73  15  36  4  53  2.3 


41  5  5 


101  21  24  6  45  25.6 


198 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


Latitude, 
North. 


Longitude,  West;  J  o. 


in  Deg.  I  in  Time. 


Plattsburs  N.  Y.  44  42 

Plymouth  (Court-House\.Mass.  41  57  26 

Point  Conception   84  26  56.3 

Pointa  Loina   82  39  30.6 

Popocatapetl  Mex.  IS  59  47 

Portland  (Mount  Jov)  Me.    43  39  52 

Do.     (Light) . .   43  36 

Portsmouth  (Unit  Ch.) ....  N.  II.  43  4  35 

Do.      (Light)   43  3  30 

Poughkeepsie  N.  Y.  41  41 

Prairie  du  Chien,  Am.  Fur 

Co/s  House  Min.   43  3  6 

Princeton  (Nassau  Hall) .  .N.  J.  '40  20  41 
Providence  (Univ.  Hall).  .E.L    41  49  22 

Racine  Wis.   42  49  33 

Raleigh  N.  C.  85  47 

Eemedios,  do  los,  Harbor. .  57  24  15 

Richmond  tCapitol)  Ya.    37  32  17 

Rochester  (Roch.  House). .  N.  Y.  43  8  17 
Sabine  river,  entrance  of 
South  or  outer  extrem- 
ity of  Bar  Tex.   29  40  43 

Sable  (Cape)  Fla.    24  50 

Sacketts  Harbor  N.  Y.  43  55 

Saco  Me.    |43  31 

Sacramento  City  CaL    j  38  34  42 

St  Augustine  Fla.    29  48  30 

St.  CroLx  river,  Mouth  o£. .         ! 44  45  30 

St,  Joseph   23  313 

St.  Louis  Mo.    38  37  23 

St  Paul  Min.  44  52  46 

St  Peter's  river,  Mouth  of         44  52  46 

St  Trains  Fort   4)16  52 

Salem  (E.  I.  M.  Hall)  Mass.  42  31  13 

San  Antonio  Tex.   29  25  22 

San  Bias,  Arsenal   21  82  34 

San  Diego,  Public  Square .  32  45  0 
Sandwich  (1st  Cong.  Ch.) . .  Mass.  41  45  31 
San  Francisco  (Span. Fort) .  Cal.    37  43  30 

Santa  Fe  N.  M.  35  41  6 

Savannah  (Exchange^  Ga.     32  4  56 

Schenectady  N.  Y.  ,42  48 


°    '   "  h.  m.  s. 
73  26     |4  5:3  44  j 
70  40  19  4  42  41.3 

120  25  4" 

117  15  7! 
98  37  3  6  S3  4S  I 
70  13  34  4  40  54.2 
70  12  12  4  40  49 
70  45  50  4  43  3.3 

70  43     4  42  52 

73  55     .4  55  40 

91  919  6  4  37.3 

74  39  30  4  §8  38 

71  24  48  4  45  39.2 
S7  40  22! 

78  48  '51512 
135  53  41  9  8  34 
77  27  28  5  9  49.9 
77  51     5  11  24 


93  49  3 
SI  15 
75  57 
70  26 

120  nearlv1 
6135 

92  45  9 
109  40  44 
I  90  15  16 

93  4  54 
93  454j 

105  12  23 
70  53  53 
|  9S  29  15 
M  15  24 
11711  0 
70  30  18 
12:2  2>  2 


5  25  0 
5  348 

4  4144 

5  26  20 
611  5 
7  1S43 

6  1  0.71 

6  12  19.6| 
4  43  S5.5| 

7  1  1  | 
7  4344 

4  42  0.8 

5  9  52 


81  8  18  5  24  33.2 
73  55     4  55  40 


ms.  ; 
539 
439 


542 
491 

301 


177! 
394 


2S6 


132 
361 


407 

528 

841 
S56! 

446 

456 

662 ' 
391 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


199 


Latitude, 
North. 


Snake  river,  above  Amer. 

Falls   42  47  6 

Springfield  111.     39  4S 

Springfield  (Court-House).Mass.  42  6  4 

Squam  Harbor  (Light)  Mass.  42  39  46 

.Straitsinouth  IsL  (Light) . .  Mass.  42  39  41 

'Stratford  Conn.  41 11  7 

Sweet  Water  river,  North 
Fork  of  Platte  river, 

Mouth  of   '42  27  18 

Tallahassee  Fla.    30  28 

,Taunton  (Trin.  Cong.  ChJ.Mass.  41  54  11 

Tlamath  Lake   : 42  56  51 

i Toronto  or  York  (Observ.)  C.W.  ;43  39  35 

Trenton  N.J.  :40  14 

[Trinity  Bay  Oreg.  40  5  50 

Troy  NT.  Y.  42  44 

J  Tuscaloosa  Ala.    ,  33  12 

T'niversitv  of  Virginia  Va.     33  2  3 

jUtica  (Dutch  Church)  N.  Y.  43  6  49 

Vandalia  111.     ,38  50 

Vcvav  Ind.    33  46 

i  Victoria  Tex.    23  46  57 

Vincenues  Ind.    33  43 

,  Washington  (Capitol)  D.  C  33  53  34 

Do.       (Observatory)         33  53  32.8 

Washington   .Mi<s.  31  36 

West  Point  (Milit  Acad.)..N.  Y.  41  23  31.2 

j  Wheeling  Va.     40  7  ' 

Williamstown  (Cong.  Ch.)  Mass.  42  42  49 

Wilmington  Del.    39  41 

(Wilmington  N.  C.  34  11 

'Worcester  (Ant.  Hall)  Mass.  42  16  17 

iYork  Me.    43 16  0 

York  Pa.    '39  5S 

Yorktown  Va.  !3713 


:  Longitude,  West  ; 


in  Deg.  in  Time.  J 
■    '    ft  h.  m.  s. 


112  40. 

S9  33 

72  35 

70  41 

\  70  35 
.  73  8 

i.  r»i 

107  45 
84  36 

71  5 

79  21 

.  74  46 

I  73  40 
!  87  42 
I  78  31 
75  13 
S9  2 
:  84  59 

1  S7  25 
77  1 
77  3 
91  20 

73  57 
89  42 
7313 

75  2S 
7810 
71  43 
70  40 

76  40 
76  34 


15  5S  12  801 
45  4  50  23  i  857 
8  4  42  44.5  466 
36  4  42  22.4  471 
45  4  52  35  257 


27  7  11 

5  SS 
55  4  44 

30  5  17 
30  4  53 

I 

4  54 
550 

29  5  14 

5  0 
5  56 
5S9 


1.8 
24  j  896 
23.6  415 

26  500 
36  i  1C6 

40  !  1 
48  853 

5.9  124 
52  383 

8  781 
56  556 


5  49  40 
305  8  6 

5  812 

6  5  20  1146 
31  4  55  50.1 

5  22  43 
10  4  52  52.6 

5  152 

5  12  40 
13  4  47  13.3 

4  42  40 

5  6  40 
5  6  16 


693 


204 
4(6 
US 
416 
894 
500 
87 


200 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


PUBLIC  OBSERVATORIES  AND  TELESCOPES  IN  THE 
UNITED  STATES.* 


Observatories. 


Telescopes. 


j£  £  Name  of 
^  §  I  maker. 

H  


Aperture 
of  object- 
1  glass. 


I  I 

Yale  College   1830  Dollond 

Wesleyan  University   1836  Lerebours 

Williams  CoIWp  J  1836  Holcomb 

William*  College  j  1852  A  Clark 

Hudson,  Ohio   1837  Sirnms 

Philadelphia   1840  Merz 

West  Point  1841  Lerebours 

Washington   1844  Merz 

Cincinnati  I  "  I  " 

Cambridge   1846  " 

Dartmouth  College   1848  " 

Georgetown     "    1849  Simms 

Erskine  "    "  Fitz 

Shelby  "   1S50  Merz 

Columbia  (S.C.)  "   1851  Fitz 

Columbia  (Mo.)  "    1852  « 


ft.  in. 
10  - 

7  - 
10  - 

9  - 
5  6 

8  4 

8  - 
15  3 
17  - 
22  G 

9  - 
T  0 

7  - 
10  4 

8  4 
5  - 


inches. 
5 
6 

Reflector 
7 
4 

f 

9-0 
12 
15 

6-  4 

4-  8 

5-  6 

7-  5 

V 


$1,000 
1,000 


1,900 

6,000 
9,437 


1,600 
1,050 
3,500 
1,200 
225 


PRIVATE  OBSERVATORIES  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Owners  and  location. 


Telescopes. 


J.  Jackson,  near  Philadel. .  1846 

M.  Longstreet,  Philadel  !  "  I 

8.  G.  Gummere,  Burling-  ! 

ton,  N.  J.  11847 

R.  Vanarsdale,  Newark,  j  1850 

N.  J  "j  1851 

W.  S.  Van  Duzer,  Buffalo,  i 

N.Y.  11851 ! 

W.  8.  Dickie,  Elkton,  Ky. .  1851 
D.  Masmon,  Bangor,  Me. . .  '1851! 
J.  Campbell,  New  York  |1852| 


Name  of 
maker. 

Focal 
length. 

Aperture 
of  object- 
glass. 

Cost. 

Fitz 

ft.  in. 
8  4 
7  - 

inches. 
63 
5 

$1,883 
900 

-It. 

5  - 
7  - 

4 
5 

n 

425 
750 
1,000 

; 

M 

-"J 

6  - 
6  -  1 
10  -  1 

si 

8 

2,220 
800 
225 

1,150 

*  From  Mattison's  Burritt's  "  Geography  of  the  Heavens.' 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


201 


FOREIGN  OBSERVATORIES. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  principal  foreign  observatories,  with 
their  latitude  and  longitude.  The  longitude  is  from  Greenwich, 
near  London. 


Observatories. 

When 
estab. 

Latitude. 

Long,  in  time. 

h. 

ft. 

Alexandria.  

B.C.  300 

3112  9 

N. 

Altona 

53  32  45 

N. 

A 
V 

OA 

a  J 

46  2  E. 

Armagh  

>s  r>  1793 

54  21  12-7  N. 

ft 

u 

aa 

355  W. 

Berlin  

1711 

52  30  16-7  N. 

U 

DO 

34-9  E. 

Bologna   

1714 

44  29  54 

N. 

11 

O'i  ' 
Zl 

E. 

Brussels 

50  51  10-7  N. 

0 

1  i 

27-2 

E. 

Cambridge   

1824 

52  12  51 -S 

IN. 

n 

ft 

u 

23-5  E. 

Capo  of  Good  Hope 

33  56  3 

S. 

13 

56 

E. 

Cassel 

1561 

51 19  20 

N. 

V'J 

DO 

IS" 

E. 

Copenhagen 

1657 

55  40  53 

N. 

Q 

50 

19* 

1  E. 

Dorpat  

58  22  47-1 

N. 

1 
1 

40 

54-( 

»E. 

Dublin 

1783 

53  23  13 

N. 

A 

u 

25 

22 

W. 

Edinburg  

55  57  23-$ 

5N. 

0 

12 

43 

W. 

Glasgow  . 

1840 

Gottingen .... 

1751 

51  31  47-< 

)N. 

0 

09 

461  E. 

1675 

51  28  33-2  N. 

0 

0 

0 

Konigsberg  

54  42  50-4  N. 

1 

22 

4 

E. 

48  8  45 

N. 

0 

40 

26-4  E. 

Nuremberg  

1678 

49  27  31 

N. 

11 -J 

4' 

40' 

E. 

Oxford  

1772 

51  45  38 

N. 

V 

15' 

29' 

W. 

38  644 

N. 

0 

53 

25-5  E. 

1667 

48  50  13 

N. 

0 

9 

21-5  E. 

1725 

59  56  29*7  N. 

2 

1 

13-5  E. 

4153  54 

N. 

0 

49 

54-7  E. 

Turin.  

45  4  6 

N. 

0 

SO 

48-4  E. 

Vienna  

1690 

43  12  35-5  N. 

1 

5 

32- 

>E. 

THE  GREAT  CRAIG  TELESCOPE 

Id  the  largest  refracting  telescope  ever  constructed.  It  is  located 
on  Wandsworth  Common,  near  London.  The  object-glass  is  two 
feet  in  diameter,  with  a  focal  distance  of  seventy-six  feet.  The  tube 
is  of  heavy  sheet-iron,  and  shaped  somewhat  like  a  cigar.  It  is 
thirteen  feet  in  circumference  in  the  largest  place,  and  weighs  about 
three  tons.  This  telescope  is  suspended  from  a  brick  tower,  sixty- 
five  feet  high,  fifteen  feet  in  diameter,  and  weighing  220  tons.  The 
top  of  the  tower,  from  which  the  telescope  is  suspended,  revolves ; 
and,  by  a  chain  running  over  pulleys,  and  a  weight  and  windlass,  it 

18 


202 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


is  balanced,  and  raised  or  lowered.  The  lower  end  rests  on  a  small 
carriage  that  runs  upon  a  circular  railroad  around  the  tower,  at  the 
distance  of  fifty-two  feet  from  its  center.  By  these  means  it  is 
directed  to  almost  any  point  in  the  heavens.  It  is  called  the 
"  Craig"  telescope,  in  honor  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Craig,  under  whose 
direction  and  at  whose  expense  it  was  constructed. 


THE  REFLECTING  TELESCOPE. 

The  first  telescope  of  this  kind  was  that  constructed  under  the 
direction  of  Sir  William  Herschel,  in  17S2.  This  was  called  his 
twenty-feet  reflector,  and  was  the  instrument  with  which  he  made 
many  of  his  observations  upon  the  double  stars.  In  17S9  he  com- 
pleted bis  forty-feet  reflector,  until  recently  the  largest  telescope 
ever  constructed.  The  speculum  of  this  instrument  is  four  feet  in 
diameter,  three  and  a  half  inches  thick,  and  weighed,  before  being 
ground,  2,118  pounds.  This  tube  is  made  of  sheet-iron  riveted  to- 
gether, and  painted  within  and  without.  The  length  of  the  tube  is 
thirty-nine  feet  four  inches,  and  its  weight  8,260  pounds.  It  is 
elevated  or  lowered  by  tactiles.  attached  to  strong  frame-work ;  and 
the  observer,  who  sits  in  a  chair  at  the  upper  end  of  the  tube,  and 
looks  down  into  the  reflector  at  the  bottom,  is  raised  and  lowered 
with  the  instrument.  Three  persons  are  necessary  to  use  this  tele- 
scope— one  to  observe,  another  to  work  the  tube,  and  a  third  to 
•note  down  the  observations.  A  speaking  tube  runs  from  the  ob- 
server to  the  house  where  the  assistants  are  at  work.  By  this 
telescope  the  sixth  and  seventh  satellites  of  Saturn  were  discovered ; 
and  it  was  the  chief  instrument  used  by  its  distinguished  owner  in 
making  observations  and  discoveries  which  have  immortalized  his 
name,*and  which  have  so  abundantly  enriched  and  advanced  the 
Bcience  of  astronomv. 

Lord  Rosse's  great  reflecting  telescope  is  the  largest  reflecting 
telescope  ever  constructed.  The  speculum,  composed  of  copper  and 
tin,  weighed  three  tons  as  it  came  from  the  mold,  and  lost  about 
one  eighth  of  an  inch  in  grinding.  It  is  five  and  a  half  inches  thick 
and  six  inches  in  diameter.  It  was  cast  on  the  13th  of  April,  1842, 
and  was  cooled  gradually  in  an  oven  for  sixteen  weeks  to  prevent  its 
cracking  by  a  sudden  or  unequal  reduction  of  the  temperature. 
This  speculum  has  a  reflecting  surface  of  4,071  square  inches.  The 
tube  is  made  of  deal  wood,  one  inch  thick,  and  hooped  with  iron. 
Its  diameter  is  seven  feet,  and  its  length  fifty-six.  The  entire 
weight  of  this  telescope  is  twelve  tons.  It  is  mounted  between  two 
north  and  south  wall3,  twenty-four  feet  apart,  seventy-two  feet 
long,  and  forty-eight  feet  high.  It  can  be  lowered  to  the  horizon, 
and  raised  to  the  zenith,  and  lowered  north-west  till  it  takes  in  the 
Pole  Star.  Its  motion  from  east  to  west  is  limited  to  fifteen  degrees. 
This  magnificent  instrument  is  situated  at  Burr  Castle,  Ireland.  It 
was  constructed  by  the  Earl  of  Rosse,  at  an  expense  of  $60,000.— 
MattisorCs  BurritVs  Geography  of  the  Heavens. 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


203 


VELOCITY  AND  FORCE  OF  THE  WIND. 

BY  MR.  HOUSE. 


Velocity  of  the 

Perpendic- 

Wind. 

ular  force 

Common  appellations  of  the  force 

Miles 
in  an 

onl  ft.  area 
in  pounds 

Feet  in  a 

tecond. 

of  the  Winds. 

honi. 

avordupois. 

1 

1-47 

•005 

Hardly  perceptible. 

o 
a 

3 

O-OQ 

4*40 

•020 
•044 

-  Just  perceptible. 

A 
t 
K 
O 

0  oi 

1  OO 

*079 
•123 

-  Gentle,  pleasant  wind. 

1  A 

1U 
ID 

14  01 

SB 

•492 
1-107 

1  Pleasant,  brisk  gale. 

20 
25 

29-34 
3667 

1*963 
3-075 

-  Very  brisk. 

30 
85 

44-01 
51-34 

4-429 
6-027 

■  High  winds. 

40 
45 

53-68 
66  01 

7-S73 
9-963 

•  Very  high. 

50 

73-35 

12-300 

A  storm,  or  tempest. 

60 

88-02 

17-715 

A  great  storm. 

80 

117-36 

31-490 

A  hurricane. 

100 

146-70 

49-200  j 

A  hurricane  that  tears  up  trees, 
carries  buildings  before  it,  etc. 

IMMIGRATION  TO  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

(From  BromicelVs  History  of  Immigration  to  the  United  States.) 

Prior  to  1S19  no  authentic  information  exists  as  to  the  progress 
and  extent  of  immigration  to  the  United  States,  except  such  as  is 
furnished  by  the  statisticians  of  the  period. 

The  current  of  immigration  commenced  its  flow  from  England, 
Ireland,  and  Scotland,  and  from  Germany  through  the  French  and 
British  ports.  It  was  subject  to  many  fluctuations  during  a  part 
of  this  time,  but  continued  with  considerable  uniformity,  it  is  be- 
lieved, until  1306. 

Mr.  Samuel  Blodget,  a  statistician  of  more  than  ordinary  research 
and  accuracy,  wrote,  in  1S00,  while  every  fact  in  regard  to  immi- 
gration was  fresh  in  the  minds  of  the  people,  that  from  "  the  best 
records  and  estimates  at  present  attainable,"  the  immigrants  arriv- 
ing in  this  country  did  not  average  for  the  ten  years,  from  1734  to 
1794,  more  than  4,000  per  annum. 

During  1794,  10,000  persons  were  estimated  to  have  arrived  in  the 
United  States  from  foreign  countries. 

^  In  IS  13,  Dr.  Adam  Seybert,  member  of  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives, from  Pennsylvania,  in  his  exceedingly  valuable  Statistical 
Annals  of  the  United  States,  wrote  to  the  following  effect ; 


204 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


"  Though  we  admit  that  10,000  foreigners  may  have  arrived  in 
the  United  States  in  1794,  we  can  not  allow  that  they  did  so  in  an 
equal  number  in  any  preceding  or  subsequent  year  until  1317 and 
he  assures  us  that  6,000  persons  arrived  in  the  United  States  from 
foreign  countries  in  each  year  from  1790  to  1810.  To  him  and  to 
the  authorities  he  consulted,  this  average  seemed  a  generous  one. 

During  the  ten  years  from  1S06  to  1S16,  extensive  immigration 
to  the  United  States  was  precluded  by  the  unfriendly  relations  at 
that  time  existing  between  Great  Britain,  France,  and  the  United 
States. 

England  maintained  the  doctrine,  and  for  a  while  enforced  it  with 
success,  that  "a  man  being  once  a  subject,  was  always  a  subject." 
This  deterred  many  from  emigrating  to  this  country  from  the  Brit- 
ish empire.  Numbers  had  previously  come  for  the  purpose  of 
entering  the  American  merchant  service,  and  numbers  still  might 
have  come  whom  the  fear  of  British  imprisonment  frightened  from 
carrying  out  their  design. 

Another  influence  retarded  immigration.  In  1S0C,  Great  Britain 
issued  a  decree  declaring  the  coasts  of  France  in  a  state  of  block- 
ade. A  retaliatory  decree  was,  in  November  of  the  same  year, 
issued  by  France,  declaring  the  British  Isles  in  a  state  of  blockade 

To  these  restrictions  on  commerce,  and  consequently  on  the  unob- 
structed passage  from  Europe,  succeeded  the  British  orders  in 
council,  and  the  Milan  decree  of  Napoleon. 

In  March,  1809,  the  United  States  law  was  passed,  prohibiting  for 
cue  year  intercourse  with  Great  Britain  and  France. 

In  1810  the  Napoleonic  decrees  were  annulled ;  and  the  commerce 
of  the  United  States  had,  in  1811,  fairly  commenced  with  France, 
but  only  to  have  their  vessels  fall  into  the  hands  of  the  British. 

Preparations  were  now  making  for  active  hostilities,  and  on  the 
18th  of  June,  1S12,  war  was  formally  declared  by  the  United  States 
to  exist  with  Great  Britain. 

The  German  emigration  sensibly  felt  this  unfavorable  condition 
of  affairs,  inasmuch  as  the  Germans  embarked  principally  at  the 
ports  of  Liverpool  and  Havre,  facilities  for  emigrating  thence  to 
this  country  being  more  numerous,  and  the  expense  being  less  oner- 
ous. Thus,  from  1S06,  was  the  stream  of  emigation  pent  up  at  its 
fountain. 

In  February,  1815,  peace  was  concluded  between  the  United  States 
and  Great  Britain ;  and  after  several  months  requisite  to  restore 
peace  and  tranquillity,  and  to  secure  the  confidence  of  those  desir- 
ing to  leave  the  old  world,  the  tide  resumed  its  flow,  and  with  a 
speed  greatly  accelerated ;  as  from  authentic  information  collected 
principally  at  the  several  custom-houses,  it  appears  that  during  the 
year  1817,  not  less  than  22,240  persons  arrived  at  ports  of  the  United 
States  from  foreign  countries.  This  number  included  American 
citizens  returning  from  abroad. 

In  no  year  previous  to  that  had  one  half  so  many  foreign  passen- 
gers reached  our  shores.  Many  sufferings  were  incident  to  a  voy- 
age across  the  Atlantic  in  a  crowded  emigrant  vessel ;  and  there 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


205 


were  no  laws  of  the  United  States  either  limiting  the  number  of 
persons  which  a  passenger  ship  or  vessel  should  he  allowed  to  carry, 
or  providing  any  measure  for  the  health  or  accommodation  of  the 
passengers.  The  subject  seemed  to  deserve  the  immediate  attention 
of  Congress.  In  1818  (March  10)  Louis  McLane  of  Delaware,  re- 
ported to  the  House  of  Representatives  a  bill  regulating  passenger 
ships  and  vessels,  which  was  read  twice  and  referred.  In  December 
of  the  following  session,  it  was  called  up  by  Thomas  Xewton  ©f 
Virginia,  who  explained  the  necessity  of  its  passage.  It  was  read  a 
third  time  and  passed  by  the  House.  After  receiving  amendments 
from  both  the  Senate  and  House,  it  was  finally  passed  aud  approved 
March  2d,  1819. 

In  compliance  with  a  requirement  of  this  act,  collectors  of  the 
customs  have  reported  quarter-yearly  to  the  Secretary  of  State,  the 
number  of  passengers  arriving  in  their  collection  districts  by  sea 
from  foreign  countries ;  also  the  sex,  age,  and  occupation  of  such 
passengers,  and  the  country  in  which  they  were  born.  Annual 
reports,  embracing  that  information  have,  in  conformity  with  the 
same  act,  been  communicated  to  Congress  by  the  Secretary  of  State ; 
and,  as  before  indicated,  from  these  reports  chiefly,  this  summary 
has  been  compiled. 

PROGRESS  AND  EXTENT  OF  IMMIGRATION  TO  U.  S. 
From  Sept.  30,  1819,  to  Dec.  31, 1S55. 
Period  of  Years.  No.  of  Pas.  For.  Birth. 

During  the  10  years  ending  Sept.  30,  1829,        151,636  128,503 
10*        "         Dec.  31,  1839,        572,716  538,381 
44         9|         44         Sept.  30,  1849,      1,479,478  1,427,337 
6£         "         Dec  31,1855,      2,279,007  2,118,404 
3G1         44  44  44  4,432,837  4,212,624 

Of  the  4,212,624  passengers  of  foreign  birth  arriving  in  the  United 
States  during  the  above-mentioned  period  of  36£  years — 
207,492  were  born  in  England, 
747,930         41  Ireland, 
34,555         44  Scotland, 
4,782         "         Wales;  and 
1,348,682  others  were  born  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  the  division 

  not  designated. 

2,343,441  total  number  born  in  the  United  Kingdom. 
1,206,0S7  were  born  in> Germany, 
35,995         "  Prussia, 
17,533         44  Holland, 
6,991         "  Belgium, 
31,071  44  Switzerland, 

18S,725         44  France, 
11,251         "  -  Spain, 
6,049         41  Portugal, 
3,059         44  Denmark, 
29,441         "         Norway  and  Sweden, 

18* 


206 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


1.31S  were  bora  in  Poland, 
933  44  Russia, 

123         M  Turkey, 
7,185        u  Italy, 
108        *4  Greece, 
338         44  Sicily, 
706         44  Sardinia, 
9         M  Corsica, 
116         M  Malta, 
526  others  in  Europe,  division  not  designated 
91,699  were  born  in  British  America, 
5,440         "         South  America, 
640         M         Central  America, 
15,960         44  Mexico, 
35,317         11         West  Indies, 
16.714         M  China, 
101         M         East  Indies, 
T         u  Persia, 
16  others  in  Asia ;  division  not  designated. 
14  were  born  in  Liberia, 

4  44  Egypt, 

5  44  Morocco, 

3  44  Algiers, 

4  others  were  born  in  the  Barbary  States;  division  not  desig- 

nated. 

2  were  born  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
US  others  in  Africa,  division  not  designated. 
278  were  born  at  the  Canary  Islands, 

1,1S3       44        >4       Axore"  Islands, 
203        44        44       Madeira  Islands, 
23       41       44       Cape  Verde  Islands, 
59        44        *4       Sandwich  Islands, 

5  14        14       Society  Islands, 
79       44        *4       South  Sea  Islands, 

3  44        t4*      Island  of  France, 
14       44        44       St  Helena, 

20       44       44  Australia, 

157,537  others  were  born  in  countries  not  designated  in  the  returns 
made  by  collectors  of  the  customs. 

The  country  having  the  largest  immigration  is  doubtless  Ireland, 
for,  in  addition  to  the  747,930  persons  arriving  from  the  United 
Kingdom  known  to  have  been  born  in  Ireland,  it  is  6afe  to  assume, 
that  of  the  1,348,683  others  b  rn,  as  indefinitely  stated,  in  44  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland"  arriving  in  the  United  States,  1,000,000  were 
born  in  Ireland  alone,  thus  making  1,747,930  as  the  total  Irish  emi- 
gration. 

Next,  ia  numerical  order,  comes  Germany ;  England  third :  and 
France  fourth. 

The  emigration  of  Chinese  to  this  country  was  very  inconsidera- 
ble until  1S54,  previous  to  which  year  the  Aggregate  number  known 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


207 


to  have  arrived  -was  only  88.  In  that  year,  however,  13,000  came 
to  the  United  States ;  and  in  1855,  3,526  ;  all  of  whom,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  a  single  passenger,  landed  at  the  port  of  San  Francisco  ; 
15,950  were  males,  and  were  designated  in  the  returns  of  the  col- 
lector as  11  laborers.1' 

As  regards  passengers  from  British  America,  the  fact  may  he 
deemed  worthy  of  mention,  that  many  of  them,  especially  of  those 
arriving  during  the  last  four  years,  are  known  to  have  come  with 
the  intention  of  returning,  and  not  of  residing  in  the  United  States. 
The  number  of  such  can  not,  however,  be  determined. 

Finally,  to  the  4,212,624  passengers  of  foreign  birth  arriving  in 
the  United  States  since  September  30,  1819,  may  be  added  250,000 
as  the  number  of  immigrants  who  arrived  prior  to  that  date ;  mak- 
ing the  total  of  foreign  arrivals,  from  the  close  of  the  Revolutionary 
War  to  December  31,  1855,  4,462,624. 


RELIGIOUS  DENOMINATIONS  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES, 

ACCORDING  TO  THE  CENSUS  OF  1850. 


DENOMINATIONS. 

No.  of 
churches. 

1  , 

Aggregate 
accommo- 
1  dations. 

«  s 

o  ° 
k  o 

Tof-1  value 
of  church 
property. 

Average 
value  of 
property. 

■Rorv+iaf 

Q  TQ1 

o,  «yi 

Q  -1  OA  C7Q 

856 

$ 

1  a  noi  con 
lU,yol,ooi5 

$ 

1,244 

812 

296,050 

365 

845,810 

1,041 

Congregational.  , 

1,674 

795,177 

475 

7,973,962 

4,763 

Reformed  Dutch . . . 

324 

181,986 

561 

4,C96,730 

12,644 

1,422 

625,213 

440 

11,261,970 

7,919 

Free  

361 

108,605 

300 

252,255 

698 

Friends  

714 

282,823 

396 

1,709,867 

2,395 

German  Reformed- 

827 

156,932 

479 

965,8S0 

2,953 

31 

16,575 

584 

371,600 

11,987 

Lutheran*  

1,203 

531,100 

441 

2,867,886 

2,383 

110 

29,900 

272 

94,245 

856 

Methodist  

12,467 

4,209,333 

837 

14,636,671 

1,174 

331 

112,185 

338 

443,347 

1,339 

4.584 

2,040,316 

445 

14,369,889 

3,135 

Roman  Catholic  

i;ii2 

620,950 

558 

8,973,S38 

8,069 

8  wedenborgian  

15 

5,070 

338 

108,100 

7,206 

52 

35,075 

674 

46,025 

885 

619 

i  213,552 

845 

690,065 

1,114 

Unitarian  

243 

!  137,367 

565 

3,268,122 

13,449 

494 

!  205,462 

415 

1,767,015 

8,576 

325 

115,347 

354 

741,980 

2,283 

Total  

86,011 

13,849,896 

3£  V 

86,416,639 

2,400 

*  The  German  Reformed  and  Lutheran  use  tho  same  building  in 
many  places. 


208 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


FOREIGN  MONEYS  REDUCED  TO  UNITED  STATES 
CURRENCY. 


EN*GLT8II  STEELING. 


1 

24  2 

11 

2  66  2 

2 

43  4 

12 

2  90  4 

3 

72  6 

18 

3  14  6 

4 

96  8 

14 

3  38  8 

5,i  21  o: 

15 

3  63  0 

6  1452 

16 

3  87  2 

71  69  4 

17 

411  4 

8 

1  93  6 

IS 

4  35  6 

9  2  17  8 

19 

4  59  8 

10  2  42  0, 

20 

4  84  0 

£   $  c.  g 

1  4  S4j 

2  9  63; 

3  14  52 

4  19  36; 

5  24  20 

6  29  04 

7  33  88 

8  38  T2 

9  43  56, 
10  43  40. 


£,  $  c. 
[ll!53  24 

12  58  08 

13  62  92 

14  67  76 
72  60 

16  77  44 

17  82  23 

18  87  12 

19  91  96129 

20  96  80230 


.  64  31 


1C1 
106  48 
111  32 
116  16 
121  00 
125  84 
130  68 
135  52  33 
140  36 
145  20140 


150  04 
32jl54  88 

33  159  72 

34  164  56 

35  169  4( 

36  174  24 
371179  08 

183  92 
[89jl83  76 
j193  60 


41 1 198  44 

42  203  23 

43  208  12 

44  212  96 

45  217  80 

46  222  64 

47  227  43 

48  232  32 

49  237  16 

50  242  00 


FSENCH  F BANCS. 


fr.jf  c. 

1  19 

2  87 

3  56 

4  74 

5  93 

6  1  12 
71  30 

8  1  49 

9  1  67 

10  1  86 

11  2  05 

12  2  23 

13  2  42 

14  2  60 

15  2  79 


fr.  $  c. 

16  2~93 

17  3  10 

18  3  35 

19  3  53 

20  3  72 

21  3  91 

22  4  09 

23  4  23 

24  4  46 

25  4  65 

26  4  84 

27  5  02; 
23  5  21, 

29  5  39, 

30  5  53: 


31  5  77146  '  8 

32  5  95147!  8 

33  6  14543:  8 

34  6  32J49  9 

35  6  51350  9 

36  6  70J51  9 

37  6  83452,  9 
33  7  0T|53  9 

39  7  25554  10 

40  7  44j55  10 

41  7  63]  56  10 

42  7  81J57  10 

43  8  00  J  53  10 

44  8  18259  10 

45  S  37«60  11 


5686111 
74362  11 
93363  11 
11 |64 11 
30^65 12 
49 1 60  12 
67 1 67  12 
86  §63  12 
04  369  12 
23  370  13 
42271 13 
60 1 72  13 
79  i  73  13 
97S7413 
16S75 13 


76  14 

77  14 

78  14 

79  14 


$  c. 


09  80  1  4  ss 


81  15 

82  15 

83  15 

84  15 

85  15 

86  16 

87  16 

88  16 


76^89  : 


98.  18  23 
99  18  41 
100  18  60 
200  37  20 
300  55  80 
400  74  40 
500  93  00 
95  T  90  16  7  4  600  111  60 


16  93 

17  11 
17 

17  48 
17  67 

17  86 
IS  01 


^1* 


It.  18 


|$  c.  I  t.  1$  c.  I  t.  (  $_ 

1  69    8,5  52115  10  35 f  22  15  IS r  29  20  01 

2  1  33    9  6  21 1 16  11  04!23  15  87  SO  20  70 

3  2  07  10  6  90117  11  73124  16  56  31  21  39 

4  2  76  11  7  59118  12  42  §25  17  25  32  22  08 

5  8  45  12  8  23119  13  11 526  17  94  33  22  77 
4  14  13  8  97120  13  .80527  IS  63  34  23  46 

7  4  83114'9  66 1 21  14  49J2S  19  32  35  24  15 


1 1  $_c.  1 
36  24~84 1 
87  25  53 1 
33  26  22  fi 

39  26  91 B 

40  27  60^47182  43 

41  23  29143  83  12 

42  23  93  fc49  33  81 


AND   WEATHER  BOOK.  209 


BREMEN  EIX  DOLLAES. 


r.d. 

$  c. 

r.d. 

$  c. 

r.d. 

$  c. 

r.d. 

$  c. 

r.d. 

§  c. 

r.d. 

$  c. 

1 

9 

7  09 

l  ( 

lo  o%f 

LO 

1  Q  AO 

iy  oy 

QQ 
OO 

O^  QQ 

lo  yy 

A1 
41 

on  OQ 

OL  L\) 

o 
a 

1  OO 

1  A 

1  OO 

1  Q 
lo 

1A  18 

itt  lo 

9A 
LO 

L\)  40 

Ql 

OA  7Q 
LO    i  O 

4L 

QQ  QQ 
OO  UO 

Q 
O 

0  QA 

11 

C  Aft 
O  DO 

1  Q 
1  a 

1/1  OA 

14  yo 

L  i 

01  OA 
Ll  LO 

OO 

OT  KA 
LI  00 

AO 

<±o 

QQ  GA 
OO  OO 

4 

3  15 

12 

9  45 

20 

15  75 

23 

22  05 

36 

28  35 

44 

34  65 

5 

3  94 

13 

10  24 

21 

16  64 

29 

22  84 

37 

29  14 

45 

35  44 

6 

4  73 

14 

11  03 

22 

17  33 

36 

23  63 

38 

29  93 

46 

36  23 

7 

5  51 

15 

11  81 

23 

18  11 

31 

24  41 

39 

30  71 

47 

37  01 

8 

6  30 

1G 

12  60 

24 

18  90 

32 

25  20 

40 

31  50 

43 

37  80 

EXCHANGE  ON  ENGLAND. 


5 

per  cent. 

$4.66.7 

1} 

per  cent. 

$4.78.9 

10 

per  cent.  $4.88.9 

it  it 

4.63.0 

8 

4.80.0 

10* 

4.90.0 

V 

4.70.0 

8i 

4.81.1 

10* 

ti  tt 

4.91.1 

tl  II 

4.71.1 

8| 
8J 

4.82.2 

lOjf 

tt  it 

4.92.2 

4.72.2 

4.83.3 

11 

4.93.3 

it  (t 

4.73.3 

9 

4.84.4 

in 

4.94.4 

V 

tt  u 

4.74.4 

s* 

tl  u 

4.85.6 

1H 

4.95.5 

tt  (i 

4.75.6 

4.86.7 

ill 

4.96.7 

% 

M  tt 

4.76.7 

((  tt 

4.87.8 

12 

tt  V 

4.97.8 

4.77.8 

Old  par  value  of  the  pound  sterling  is  $4.44.4.  Present  standard 
value  is  $4.84.4.  When  exchange  is  at  9  per  cent,  it  is  then  at  par 
value ;  if  less  than  9  it  is  below,  if  higher  than  9  it  is  above. 

To  reduce  old  par  value,  $4,444,  to  dollars,  multiply  by  40,  and 
divide  by  9.  To  reduce  dollars  to  old  par  value,  reverse  by  multi- 
plying by  9  and  dividing  by  40.  The  shillings  and  pence  must 
first  be  reduced  to  decimals  of  a  pound. 


Intebcouese  with  Foeeign  Nations.— The  pay  of  Envoys  Extra- 
ordinary, and  Ministers  Plenipotentiary,  and  so  of  Charges,  Secre- 
taries of  Legation,  and  of  Ministers  Resident,  varies  with  the  coun- 
try to  which  they  are  commissioned.  The  United  States  are  repre- 
sented by  Ministers  Plenipotentiary  at  the  courts  of  Great  Britain, 
France,  Spain,  Russia,  Prussia,  Mexico,  Brazil,  Chili,  Peru,  and 
Central  America  ;  and  by  Charges  d1  Affaires  or  Ministers  Resident, 
at  the  courts  of  most  of  the  other  foreign  powers  with  which  this 
country  is  connected  by  commercial  intercourse. 

Patent-Office.— In  the  year  1855,  about  2,000  patents  were  issued 
from  the  patent-office  to  various  inventors. 

United  States  Maeine  Hospitals,  etc  Number  of  sick  or  suf- 
fering seamen  aided  in  United  States  hospitals,  etc.  in  1855,  13,640 ; 
expended  for  their  relief,  $293,734. 


210  NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


TABLE  OF  DISTANCES 


5  h 
£  « 
Si 

2& 
£  m 

>2;3 
~£ 

is- 

To 

! 

Prom  the 
Battery. 

Prom  the 
Exchange. 

From  tho 
City  Hall. 

To 

Miles. 

Miles 

Miles. 

Mites. 

Miles.  Miles. 

i  • 



Fulton-street 

5| 

5 

4i 

C5th-street. 

A 

1 

1 

4 

— 

Warren 

5* 

5i 

4| 

73d  " 

1* 

Leonard 

5* 

5* 

5 

7Sth     "  • 

1 

i 

Canal 

6 

&| 

5i 

S3d  " 

u 

1£ 
li 

% 

Spring 

6i 

e* 

6' 

5i 
5^ 

SSth  " 

if 

1 

Houston 

u 

3 

93d 

2 

1* 

H 

4th 

61 

o 

97th  " 

n 

2 

H 

9th 

7 

6* 

102d  " 

2i 

n 

It 

14th 

« 

& 

6* 

107th  " 

2 

17th 

u 

T| 

6| 

112th  " 

3 

»! 

2r 

24th 

II 

7? 

T* 

7 

117th  * 

3 

2i 

29th 

8 

7? 

121st  « 

4 

ft* 

Of 

3f 

2* 

34th 

II 

si- 

8 

u 

126th  « 

Si 

°4 

3" 

35th 

si 

81 

V 

131st  u 

4 

8J 

44th 

81 

Si 

8| 

136th  " 

4 

3i 

49th 

II 

9 

s\ 

140th  " 

11 

4* 

3| 

54th 

(C 

9i 

9 

H 

145th  " 

4* 

4f 

4 

55th 

9* 

9* 

31 

150th  " 

4i 

63d 

u  j 

9* 

9i 

9 

154th  " 

"A  Sabbath  day's  journey,"  1,155  yards;  which  is  13  yards  less 
than  two  thirds  of  a  mile."  "A  day's  journey,"  &3|  miles.  "A 
reed,"  10  feet  11 V  inches.  "  A  palm,"  3  inches.  "  A  fathom,"  6  feet. 
A  Greek  foot  is  12}  inches.  A  Hebrew  foot  is  1.212  of  an  English 
foot.  A  cubit  is  2  feet.  A  great  cubit  is  11  feet.  An  Egyptian 
cubit  is  21.SSS  inches.    A  span  is  10.944  inches. 

VALUE  OF  THE  WHALE  FISHERY. 

The  exports  of  oil,  bone,  and  candles  from  the  United  States  to 
foreign  countries  during  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1355, 
amounted  to  more  than  3,000,000  of  dollars :  namely, 

Ar*irle*  QnarvHtv.  Talne. 

Sperm  oil.  gallons   958,744  $1,593,882 

Whale  "    795.392  4*5.505  ■ 

Sperm  candles,  lbs.   489,326  136,463 

Spermaceti  candles,  lbs   177,354  45,411 

Whalebone,  lbs.  2,943,809  731,689 

Total  value   $3,042,891 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


211 


POPULATION  OF  CITIES, 

Showing  their  increase  in  half  a  century. 


Albany,  N.  Y  

Bangor,  Maine  

Boston,  Mass  

Brooklyn,  N.  Y  

Buffalo,  "   

Baltimore,  Md  

Charleston,  S.  C  

Cincinnati,  Ohio  

Columbus  "   

Cleveland  "   

Chicago,  111  

Detroit,  Mich  

Hartford,  Conn  

Lowell,  Mass  

Louisville,  Ky  

Manchester,  N.  H. . . 

Milwaukie,  "Wis  

New  Orleans,  La  

Nashville,  Tenn  

Newark,  N.  J  

New  York.  N.  Y. . . . . 
New  Haven,  Conn. . . 

Mobile,  Ala  

Portland,  Maine  

Paterson  

Philadelphia  City  I 

and  County  J 

Pittsburg,  Pa  

Rochester,  N.  Y  

Richmond,  Ya  

Springfield,  Mass  

Salem,  "   

Syracuse,  N.  Y  

Savannah,  Ga  

St  Louis,  Mo  

San  Francisco,  Cal. . . 

Troy,  N.  Y.  

Utica,  M   

Washington,  D.  C... 
Williamsburg,  N,  Y. . 
Worcester,  Mass  


5,349  9,356  12,630 

850!  1,221 

250  43,293 

402 1  7,175 

509  •  2,095 

555,  62,733 

,711  i  24,430 

540!  9,644 


24,027  32, 
3,298  4. 
% 

26.614  46. 
18,712  24, 
750  2, 


547 


606 


!  1,422 

3,955  4,726, 

1,357  4,012 

615  761 

17,242  27,176 


I  6,507 
60,489  96.373  128,706 
~  772  7,147 


3,677 


24,238 

2,687 
61,392 
12,042 

6,653 
80,625 
80,289 
24,831 

2,435! 

1,076 

2,222' 
7,074 
6,474! 
10.352 

877i 


46,310 
5,566 
10,953 
903,007 
10,180 
I  3,194 
7,169j    8,5S1  12,601 


70,2S7|96, 
1,565  4, 

5,537  9, 

9,45712. 


8,210 


664103,116 

7681  7,24s1 
1,502, 
735  12,046, 
,767  3,914 
,613(  12,721  i 

!  7,523 
I  4,598 


50.763 
14.432 
136,881 
96,838 
42,261 
169,054 
42,935 
115,436 
17.332 
17,034 
29,963 
21,019 
13,555 
33.853 
43,194 
13,932 
20,061 
116,375 
10,478 
38.894 
515,547 
20,345 
20,515 
20.815 
11,334 

167,1 3S  258,037  403,762 

12,542 
9,269 
16,060 
6,734 
18,536 


33.721 
8,627 
93,383 
36,233 
1S,213 
102.313 
29,261 
46,333 
6,048 
6,071 
4.479 
9,102 
12,793 
20,796 
21,210 
3,235 
1,700 
102,193 
6.929 
17*90 
312,710 
14,390 
12,672 
15,218 
7,596 


9,74S 
5,852 


21,115, 
20,191 1 
20.153 
lo;985 
15,082 
6,502 
11, 240 1 
10.469 


3,585 


5.264 
2  972 
,208  13^247, 


11,401  19,334! 

8,323  12,782, 

18,827  23.364 

1,620  5,680, 

1  7,497! 


46,601 
86,403 
27,570 
11,766 
20,264  1 
22,271 
15,312 
77,860  : 

15.000  ! 
2S785 
17,565 ! 

40.001  i 
30,780  I 
17,049  i 


212 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


MILITARY  ESTABLISHMENT  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW 
YORK  FOR  1857. 

*  Myron  H.  Clark,  Commander-in-chief,  Albany. 

Robert  H.  Pruyn,  Adjutant-general,  Albany. 

Benjaman  F.  Bruce,  Inspector-general,  New  York. 

J.  H.  H.  Ward,  Commissary-general,  New  York. 

O.  Vandenburgh,  Judge-advocate-general,  Syracuse. 

James  L.  Mitchell,  Quarter-master-general,  Albany. 

A.  H.  Hoff,  Surgeon-general,  Albany. 

Samuel  C.  Thompson,  Engineer-in-chief,  New  York. 

E.  E.  Kendrick,  Paymaster-general,  Albany. 

John  Sill,  Aide-de-camp,  Albany. 

R.  H.  Hinman,  do.,  Williamsburg. 

Lorenzo  E.  Clark,  do.,  New  York. 

William  E.  Mills,  Assistant-adjutant-general,  Clarence. 

Elbert  Birdsall,  Assistant-commissary-general,  New  Y'ork. 


COMMANDANTS  OF  DIVISIONS, 
Their  residences,  and  counties  embraced  in  each  Division. 

1st  Division — Major-general,  Charles  W.  Sandford,  New  York ;  New 
York  and  Richmond. 

2d  "  Major-general,  Aaron  Ward,  Sing  Sing  ;  Kings, 
Queens,  Suffolk,  Westchester,  Putnam,  Orange, 
Rockland,  Sullivan,  and  Ulster. 

3d  Major-general,  John  Taylor  Cooper,  Albany ;  Dutch- 

ess, Columbia,  Rensselaer,  Albany,  Schenectady, 
Greene,  and  Delaware, 

COMMANDANTS  OF  BRIGADE, 
And  where  assigned. 
1st  Brigade — Brigadier-general,  Chas.  B.  Spicer,  New  York. 

Chas.  Yates,  " 


2d 
3d 
4th 
5th 
6th 

7th 

8th 
9th 
10th 
11th 
12th 


Wm.  Hall, 

John  Ewen,  " 
EL  B.  Duryea,  Brooklyn. 
J.  A.  Herriman,  Jamaica, 
(  Munson  J.  Lockwood,  I  contested 
l  W.  W.  Scurgham.      f  in  courts. 
Henry  A.  Samson,  Samsonville. 
Vacant,  Tivoli. 
Darius  Allen,  Troy. 
Albert  T.  Dunham,  Watervliet. 
Benjaman  J.  Bassett,  Walton. 

*  Until  the  1st  of  January,  1S57,  the  Commander-in-chiefs  staff 
will  be  as  above.  After  that  date,  John  A.  King,  the  governor  elect, 
will  be  commander-in-chief,  and  will  probably  appoint  a  new  staff. 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


213 


13th  Brigade — Brigadier-gen' 1,  J.  T.  Blan chard,  Saratoga  Springs. 

14th  "  44  Thomas  S.  Gray,  Warrensburg. 

15th  "  44  Schuyler  F.  Judd,  Ogdensburg. 

16th  44  "  Albert  Rice,  North  Adams. 

17th  44  M  Amos  H.  Prescott,  Mohawk. 

ISth  "  44  George  E.  Danforth,  Middleburg. 

19th  "  **  Zadock  T.  Bentley,  Morrisville. 

20th  •*  44  Russell  W.  Humphrey,  Bain  bridge  - 

21st  44  44  Richard  W.  Sherman,  Utica. 

22d  "  44  Ranson  H.  Tylor,  Fulton. 

23d  44  41  Jesse  Segoin,  Auburn. 

24th.   "  44  Robt.  M.  Richardson,  Syracuse. 

25th  M  44  Lansing  B.  Swan,  Rochester. 

2Tth  44  44  (Vacant.) 

29th  44  44  S.  S.  Burroughs,  Medina. 

30th  44  44  C.  T.  Chamberlain,  Cuba. 

31st  41  44  G.  A.  Scroggs,  Buffalo. 

32d  44  44  Aaron  Riley,  Aurora. 


COMMANDANTS  OF  REGIMENTS. 

New  York. — 1st  Regt.,  Colonel,  John  B.  Ryer ;  Lieutenant-colonel, 
Wm.  Forsyth  ;  Major,  John  Hoey.  2d  Regt.,  Colonel,  J.  Augs.  Bo- 
gart ;  Lieutenant-colonel,  Jos.  Craig ;  Major,  J.  W.  Braisted.  3d 
Regt.,  Colonel,  S.  Brooke  Postley ;  Lieutenant-colonel,  Wm.  Meack  ; 
Major,  John  Betchell.  4th  Regt.,  Colonel,  Edward  Hineken ;  Lieu- 
tenant-colonel, Daniel  H.  Teller;  Major,  Nathaniel  Coles.  5th 
Regt.,  Colonel,  Christopher  Schwarzwalder ;  Lieutenant-colonel,  W. 
H.  Gunther ;  Major,  Jacob  Bom.  0th  Regt.,  Colonel,  Jos.  C.  Pinck- 
ney  ;  Lieutenant-colonel,  Colin  M.  Cordell.  Tth  Regt.,  Colonel, 
Abraham  Duryea ;  Lieutenant-colonel,  Marshall  Lefferts.  8th  Regt., 
Colonel,  George  Lyons;  Lieutenant-colonel,  Geo.  F.  Betts ;  Major, 
Chas.  Waterbury.  9th  Regt,  Colonel,  Lucius  Pitkin,  Lieutenant- 
colonel,  P.  Daniel  Kelly;  Major,  Richard  Barry.  10th  Regt.,  CoL, 
Wm.  Halsey ;  Lieutenant-colonel,  Thos.  Jones ;  Major,  G.J.  Smith. 
11th  Regt.,  Col,,  Michl.  M.  Van  Buren  ;  Lieutenant-colonel,  Homer 
Bostwick;  Major,  Geo.  E.  Marshall.  12th  Regt.,  Colonel  Richard 
French  ;  Major,  Henry  A.  Weeks. 

Brooklyn.— 13th  Regt.,  Colonel  Abel  Smith;  Lieutenant-coloneL 
John  J.  Wiseman;  Major,  Henry  W'elden.  14th  Regt.,  Colonel 
Jesse  C.  Smith;  Lieutenant-coloneL  Wm.  Mflford;  Major,  Alfred 
M.  Wood. 

Flushing. — 15th  Regt.,  Colonel,  Chas.  A.  Hamilton;  Lieutenant- 
colonel,  Wm.  A.  Mitchell ;  Major,  John  Rukey. 

Sag  Harbor.— 16th  Regt.,  Colonel  Philander  R.  Jennings  ;  Major. 
Roger  A.  Francis. 

Haverstraw. — 17th  Regt.,  Colonel,  Edward  Pye  ;  Lientenant-col., 
John  P.  Jenkins. 

South  East. — ISth  Regt.,  Colonel  Jas.  Ryder;  Lieutenant-colonel, 
John  H.  Hyatt ;  Major,  E.  Lockwood  Close. 

19 


214 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


Newburg. — 19th  Begt,  Colonel,  S.  C.  Parmenter;  Lieutenant- 
colonel,  Adam  Libbum ;  Major,  Wm.  R.  Brown. 

Clayville, — 20th  Begt,  Colonel,  Gideon  E.  Bushnell ;  Lieutenant- 
Colonel,  Hiram  Schoonmaker ;  Major,  Theo.  B.  Gates. 

Poughkeepsie. — 21st  Begt,  Colonel,  Jas  Wright ;  Lieutenant-coL, 
Henry  F.'Pultz;  Major,  James  Grant  Wilson. 

Bhinebeek.— 22d  Begt,  Colonel,  Wm  P.  Wainwright;  lieuten- 
ant-colonel, James  Mulford ;  Major,  James  Decker. 

Schodackc— 23d  Begt,  Colonel,  Nicholas  S.  Miller;  Lieutenant- 
colonel,  Hugh  W.  McClelland. 

Lansingburg. — 24th  Begt,  Colonel,  Henry  A.  Mercer ;  Lieuten- 
ant-colonel, Geo.  Brust ;  Major,  John  H.  Burns. 

Albany. — 25th  Begt,  Colonel,  Edward  Frisby ;  Lieutenant-colonel, 
John  W.  Harcourt ;  Major,  Richard  C.  Bentley. 

Schenectady. — 26th  Begt,  Colonel  Stephen  Yates;  Lieutenant- 
coloneL  John  A.  Barhydt ;  Major,  Nicholas  F.  Whitbeck. 

Franklin. — 27th  Begt,  Colonel,  Samuel  F.  Miller;  Lieutenant- 
colonel,  James  Oliver ;  Major,  Chaa  A.  Edgerton. 

Prattsville— 28th  Begt,  Colonel,  Geo.  W.  Pratt;  Lieutenant- 
colonel,  M.  B.  Mattice ;  Major,  Wm  E.  Leete. 

Saratoga  Springs. — 20th  Begt,  Colonel,  Calvin  T.  Peck ;  Lieuten- 
ant-colonel, M-  G.  Putnam. 

N.  White  Creek.— 30th  Begt,  Colonel,  John  S.  Crocker;  Lieu- 
tenant-colonel, N.  B.  MiUiman ;  Major,  John  McKie,  Jr. 

Westport — 31st  Begt,  Colonel,  Henry  J.  Person ;  Lieutenant- 
colonel,  John  J.  Meriam  ;  Major,  Lewis  C.  Hamilton. 

Plattsburg. — 32d  Begt.,  Colonel,  Buel  Palmer ;  Lieutenant-colonel, 
A.  L.  Wood  worth ;  Major,  John  W.  HubbelL 

Ogdcnsburg. — 33d  Begt,  Colonel,  E.  M.  Holbrook;  Lieutenant- 
colonel,  Wm  Stevenson;  Major,  Daniel  F.  Waid. 

Malone. — 34th  Begt,  Colonel  C.  F.  S.  Thorndike;  Lieutenant- 
colonel,  A.  W.  Cushman ;  Major,  F.  D.  Flanders. 

Limerick.— 35th  Begt,  Colonel  John  W.  Edwards;  Lieutenant- 
colonel,  Wm.  C.  Brown  ;  Major,  James  A.  Pierce. 

Rodman.— 36th  Begt,  Colonel,  Albert  B.  Ralph ;  Lieutenant-coL, 
L.  B.  Jenkins ;  Major,  Caleb  Henderson. 

Amsterdam. — 37th  Begt.,  Colonel,  John  McDonald,  Jr. 

Little  Falls.— 33th  Begt.,  Colonel,  George  A.  Feeter ;  Lieutenant- 
colonel,  Jeremy  Mvres ;  Major,  Wm  W.  Wadsworth. 

Springfield.— 39th  Begt,  Colonel,  John  D.  Shaul ;  Lieutenant- 
colonel,  A.  W.  Burneson ;  Major,  Jas,  E.  Dewey. 

Minaville. — 40th  Begt,  Colonel  FJias  A.  Brown;  Lieutenant- 
colonel,  John  Brooks ;  Major,  Th  s.  E.  Fen. 

Pittsfield. — ilst  Begt.,  Colonel,  Chester  Card ;  Lieutenant-colonel, 
Delos  W.  Dunbar ;  Major,  Israel  HubbelL 

Peterborough. — 42d  Begt,  Colonel,  Thomas  F.  Petrie  ;  Lieuten- 
ant-colonel, James  Whetford ;  Major,  Albert  S.  Morton. 

Oxford.— 43d  Begt,  Colonel,  John  B.  Wheeler ;  Lieutenant-coL, 
Seymour  L.  Judd ;  Major,  Bush  W.  Carrier. 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


215 


Owego. — 44th  Regt,  Colonel,  X.  W.  Davis;  Lieutenant-colonel. 
Win.  W.  Ross ;  Major,  Geo.  W.  Woodford. 

•4th  Division,  Major-general,  Orville  Clark ;  Sandy  Hill,  Washing- 
ton, Saratoga,  Warren,  Essex,  Clinton,  Franklin,  St.  Lawrence, 
Jefferson,  and  Lewis. 

5th  Division,  Major-general,  Samuel  S.  Burnside ;  Worcester,  Ot- 
sego, Herkimer,  Hamilton,  Fulton,  Montgomery,  Schoharie,  Mad- 
ison, Chenango,  Broome,  and  Tioga. 

6th  Division,  Major-general,  Wm.  C.  Brown ;  Syracuse,  Oneida, 
Oswego,  Cayuga,  Onondaga,  Cortland,  and  Tompkins. 

7th  Division,  Major-general,  Wm.  S.  Fullerton ;  Sparta,  Wayne, 
Monroe,  Ontario,  Seneca,  Yates,  Steuben,  Livingston,  Chemung,  and 
Schuyler. 

Oriskany. — 45 in  Regt,  Colonel,  Jeremiah  Palmer;  Lieutenant- 
colonel,  E.  W.  Perkins ;  Major,  Israel  J.  Gray. 

Rome. — 46th  Regt,  Colonel,  Richard  G.  SaVery;  Lieutenant-coL, 
Samuel  W.  Morton ;  Major,  Spencer  H.  Stafford. 

Pulaski. — 47th  Regt,  Colonel,  A.  Z.  McCarty ;  Lieutenant-col., 
G.  W.  Stallwea 

Oswego. — 43th  Regt,  Colonel,  Samuel  R.  Beardsley;  Lieutenant- 
colonel,  John  W.  Judson  ;  Major,  D.  B.  KimbalL 

Auburn. — 49th  Regt,  Colonel,  James  L.  Jenkins  ;  Lieutenant- 
colonel,  Wm.  H.  Carpenter. 

Ithaca  50th  Regt,  Colonel,  David  E.  Avery ;  Lieutenant-colonel, 

Theron  Seymour  ;  Major,  Daniel  K.  Houtz. 

Baldwinsville. — 51st  Regt.,  Colonel,  Isaac  T.  Minard ;  Major,  J. 
D.  Hawley. 

52d  Regt,  Colonel,  Lyman  Reynolds;  Lieutenant-colonel,  James 
A.  Carmichael ;  Major,  Judah  Pierce. 

Paris. — 53d  Regt,  Colonel,  J.  F.  L.  Addington;  Lieutenant -col., 
Alfred  S.  Taylor. 

Rochester. — 54th  Regt,  Colonel,  H.  S.  Fairchild;  Lieutenant- 
colonel,  B.  R.  Mc Alpine  ;  Major  Jas.  T.  Griffin. 

53th  Regt.,  Colonel,  E.  C.  Frost 

53  th  Regt.,  Colonel,  James  Wood,  Jr. 

Bath.— 60th  Regt.,  Colonel,  R.  B.  Valkenburg;  Lieutenant-colonel, 
Levi  C.  Whiting ;  Major,  Wm.  Smith. 

Colesville. — 61st  Regt,  Colonel,  John  B.  Folsom  ;  Lieutenant- 
colonel,  Robert  L.  Stevens ;  Major,  Augustus  Frank. 

Knowlesville.— 52d  Regt.,  Colonel,  Peter  Saxe;  Lieutenant-coL, 
R.  M.  Hill ;  Major,  Thomas  T.  Sprague. 

Cuba — 63d  Regt,  Colonel,  J.  O.  Spenser;  Lieutenant-colonel, 
Sumner  Davidson  ;  Major,  Wm.  Ennis. 

Gowanda — 54th  Regt,  Colonel,  Thos.  J.  Parker;  Lieutenant - 
colonel,  D.  G.  Bingham ;  Major,  Enos  C.  Brooks. 

Buffalo. — 65th  Regt,  Colonel,  Jacob  Kretner;  Lieutenant-colonel, 
Francis  Fisher ;  Major,  Michael  Wiederich. 

Lockport — 66th  Regt,  Colonel,  Adam  Brown  ;  Lieutenant-colonel, 
Solomon  B.  Moor ;  Major,  Peter  Greiner. 


216 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


East  Hamburg. — 67th  Regt.,  Colonel,  Chauncey  Abbot ;  Lieuten- 
ant-colonel, H.  S.  Clough ;  Major,  John  A.  Case. 

Fredonia. — 63th  Regt.,  Colonel,  David  S.  Forbes;  Lieutenant- 
colonel,  H.  A.  Pendegrast ;  Major,  Chas.  Kennedy. 

New  York. — 09th  Regt,  Colonel,  James  R.  Ryan;  Major,  Robert 
Nugent. 

Brooklyn. — 70th  Regt.,  Colonel,  Samuel  Graham  ;  Lieutenant- 
colonel,  J.  J.  Dillon ;  Major,  Arthur  Wellwood. 

New  Y'ork. — list  Regt,  Colonel,  A.  S.  Yosburg;  Lieutenant-coL , 
H.  P.  Martin ;  Major,  D.  S.  Butterfield. 

Brooklyn. — 72d  Regt.,  Colonel,  Edmund  Powers;  Major,  Michael 
Beimet 

Stapleton. — 73d  Regt,  Colonel,  Geo.  A.  Osgood ;  Lieutenant-col., 
Geo.  AY.  McClean ;  Major,  Francis  S.  Jones. 

Buffalo. — 74th  Regt,  Colonel,  John  If.  Griffith,  Lieutenant-coL, 
John  H.  Bliss;  Major,  Watson  A.  Fox. 

New  York — 75rh  Regt,  Colonel,  Michael  Dehoney ;  Lieutenant- 
colonel,  John  H.  McCann ;  Major,  James  Haggarty. 

55th  Regt,  Colonel,  H.  G.  Stebbins ;  Lieutenant-colonel,  Emanuel 
B.  Hart ;  Major,  Eugene  Le  Gall. 


CORRECT  RETURNS  OF  THE  MUSTER  OF  THE  FIRST 
DIVISION,  ON  THE  4th  JULY,  1S56. 

FESST  BRIGADE,  GENERAL  SPICES. 

1st  Regiment,  Major  Hocv. 

Privates,   122 

Music,  15 

Field,  &c,   20=157. 

42d  Regiment,  Lieutenant- colonel  Robertson. 

Privates,   204 

Music,  IS 

Field,  &c,   20=242. 

3d  Regiment,  Colonel  S.  B.  Postley. 

Privates,   204 

Music,      ...  .  20 

Field,  &c,   30=254. 

71st  Regiment 

Privates,  104 

Music,     .      .      .      .      .  .16 

Field,  &a,   22=142. 

SECOND  EE  I  GAPE,  GENERAL  C.  YATES. 

4th  Regiment,  Colonel  Hincken. 

Privates,  1S4 

Field,  &c  26=210. 


AXD  "WEATHER  BOOK. 


217 


5th  Regiment,  Colonel  SwartzTralder. 

Privates,   340 

Pioneers.   6 

Music,    '   24 

Field,  &c,   40=410. 

0th  Regiment,  Colonel  J.  C.  Pinckney. 

Privates,   180 

Music,   10 

Pioneers,   6 

Field,  &c,   35=237. 

75th  Regiment,  Colonel  S.  J.  McCann. 

Privates,   132 

Music,   16 

Field,  &c,   24=172. 

THIED  LEIGADE,  GENERAL  HALL. 

Tth  Regiment,  Colonel  A.  Duryea. 

Privates,   256 

En  Corps,   10 

Drums,   16 

Band,   40 

Troop,   26 

Field,  &c.,   50=398. 

8th  Regiment,  Colonel  Lyons. 

Privates,   166 

Troop,   24 

M     on  right  of  Division,    .      .  52 

Music,   20 

Field,  &c,   40  =302. 

Oth  Regiment,  Colonel  Lucius  Pitkin. 

Privates,   188 

Troop,   16 

Music,  .24 

Grenadiers,   18 

Field,  &c,      •  N  .      .      .      .  32=278. 

55th  Regiment,  Major  Le  Gall. 

Privates,   141 

Drums,   10 

Band   20 

Pioneers,   9 

Field,  &c,   24=204. 

FOUETII  I3RIGAPE,  COLONEL  VAN  BTJHEN,  COMMANDING. 

10th  Reeiment,  Major  G  W.  J.  Smith. 

Privates,   140 

Music,                   ....  16 

Pioneers,   6 

Field,  &c,   22=184. 

19* 


213 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


4th  Regiment,  Licutenant-c  Jonel  Bostwick. 

Privates,   195 

Lancers,  .      .       .      .      .  .24 

Music,     ......  26 

Field,  &c   20=274, 

12th.  Regiment,  Lieutenant-colonel  Stearns. 

Privates,   125 

E.  Corps,  10 

Band,  20 

Field,  &c,   20=175. 

C9th  Regiment,  Lieutenant-colonel  Butler. 

Privates,   202 

E.  Corps,  10 

Dragoons,  17 

Music,  2G 

Field,  &c,   30=294, 

About  two  thirds  of  the  division  turn  out  generally  at  a  parade. 

A  TABLE 

Showing  the  number  of  days  from  any  day  in  one  month  to  the 
same  day  in  another  month. 
(Very  useful  in  hanking  business.) 


From 

Jan. 

To 

Mar. 

April 

>. 

c3 

June 

>> 

jj 

Sept. 

O 

O 

o 

Dec. 

Jan. 

3G5 

31 

50 

90 

120 

151 

1S1 

212 

243 

273 

304 

334 

Feb. 

334 

365 

28 

59 

89 

120 

150 

181 

212 

242 

273 

303 

Mar. 

306 

337 

365 

31 

61 

92 

122 

153 

1S4 

214 

245 

275 

Apr. 

2T5 

306 

334 

365 

30 

01 

91 

122 

153 

1S3 

214 

244 

May 

245 

276 

304 

335 

365 

31 

61 

92 

123 

153 

184 

214 

June 

214 

245 

273 

304 

334 

365 

30 

61 

92 

122 

153 

1S3 

July 

1S4 

215 

243 

2T4 

304 

335 

365 

31 

62 

92 

123 

153 

Aug. 

153 

184 

212 

243 

273 

304  334 

365 

31 

61 

92 

122 

Sept. 

122 

153 

181 

212 

242 

273 

303 

334 

365 

30 

61 

91 

Oct 

92 

123 

151  182 

212 

243 

273 

304 

&35 

365 

31 

61 

Nov. 

61 

92 

120 

151 

1S1 

212 

242 

273 

334 

334 

365 

30 

Dec. 

3! 

62 

90  i  121 

151 

IS2 

212 

243 ! 

274 

304 

835  365 

Example. — How  many  days  from  the  2d  of  April  to  the  2d  of 
September  ?   Look  for  April  at  the  left  hand,  and  September  at  the 

ton*  in  tlir>  nnfrlr>  Is  1/»S. 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


219 


EEVENUE  AND  EXPENDITURES 

OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  GOVERNMENT,  FOR  THE 
YEAR  ENDING  JUNE  30,  1856. 

EECEIPTS. 

From  customs   $59,035,238  28 

From  lands,   8,000,000  00 

Miscellaneous  sources,  . ...   833,405  98 

Total  receipts,   $07,918,734  20 

Balance  in  Treasury,  July  1,  1855,.,    18,931,970  01 

$86,850,710  27 

Expenditures,   71,226,840  91 

Balance  in  Treasury,  July  1, 1S56,   15,623,S63  30 

EXPENDITURES. 

Civil  List,  Miscellaneous  and  Foreign  Intercourse,-  .  .$23,769,835  10 

Department  of  Interior    5,331,670  1 1 

Department  of  War..   13,915,634  G9 

Department  of  Navy,   15,238,323  30 

Redemption  of  Public  Debt,  and  interest  on.    10,302,009  71 

Deficiency  in  Post-office   2,669,368  00 

Total  expenditures,  $71,226,846  91 

UNITED  STATES  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES. 

LENGTH. 

3  barleycorns       .  .       make  1  inch, 
12  inches       .  "1  foot, 

3  feet    .  "1  yard, 

5$  yards  or  10£  feet  ..  "1  rod  or  pole, 

40  rods  or  220  yards  .  "1  furlong, 

8  furlongs  or  1760  yards        "      1  mile, 
CO  geographical  miles  "     1  degree, 

SURVEYOR'S  MEASURE. 
7.92  inches       .      .     make  1  link, 
100       links  or  22  yards       "     1  chain, 
80       chains       .      .        "1  mile, 
69.121  miles.  "     1  geographical  degrea. 

NAUTICAL  MEASURE. 

Ofeet     *      .  make    1  fathom, 

120  fathoms      .  *'       1  cable's  length, 

1  nautical  mile  equal  to  6082.66  feet, 

3  miles  .  11       1  league, 

20  leagues       .  "1  degree, 

S60  degrees       .  >*■       the  carttfs  circumference, 


220 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


CLOTH  MEASURE. 
t£  inches  make  1  nail, 

1  quarter, 
1  yard, 
1  Flemish  ell, 
1  English  ell, 
1  French  ell. 

The  standard  yard  for  the  State  of  New  York  is  a  brass  rod,  wlricii 
bears  to  a  pendulum  beating  seconds  in  vacuo,  in  Columbia  College, 
the  relation  of  1,000,000  to  1,086,141,  at  a  temperature  of  32s  Fahr- 
enheit ;  that  of  the  English  is  621. 


4  nails 
4  quarters 
3  " 
5 
6 


COMPARATIVE  MEASURE, 

5, 

280  feet  . 

make  1  Eng.  and  Am.  mile, 

l 

mile    224  yards 

44     1  Scottish  (ancient)  mile, 

1 

4S0  44 

"     1  Irish 

S 

"    1,570  " 

"     1  German  (short)  44 

5 

44    1,326  44 

4*     1      44      (long)  44 

G 

999  44 

44     1  Hanoveiisn  44 

1 

43  44 

44-    1  Tuscan  44 

4 

44    1,191  " 

44     1  Russian  4fc 

4 

"    1,204  " 

44     1  Danish 

4 

44    1,435  " 

44     1  Dantzie  4fc 

6 

313  44 

44     1  Hungarian  44 

K 

353  " 

44-     1  Swiss  u 

6 

»    1,140  « 

44     1  Swedish  4t 

1 

"    aso  " 

4t     1  Arabian  4t 

1,760  " 

44     1  Roman  (modern)  4i 

3 

miles . 

make  1  English  league, 

Q 

44     1  French  44 

2 

44      743  yards 
41    1,11&  44 

4t    1      44     posting  league, 

2 

44     1  Spanish  judicial  44 
4t    I      44      common  " 

5 

376  " 

8 

41    1,480-  44 

44     1  Portuguese  " 

o 

w    1,534  " 

44     1  Flemish  " 

1,1G7  44 

4fc    1  Russian  verst, 

1 

63  44 

44     1  Turkish  bein, 

806  *f 

44     1  Persian  parasang. 

SQUARE  MEASURE. 

144  square  inches 


9 

272^ 
30i 
40 
4 

640 


feet 

yards 

rods 

roods 

acres 

miles 


make  1  square  foot, 

44  1  yard, 

"  1  rod  or  pole 

44  1  pole, 

44  1  rood, 

44  1  acre, 

44  1  mile  or  govt,  section, 

44  1  govt,  township. 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


221 


CUBIC  MEASURE. 

1728  cubic  inches     .  •    .      .  make  1  eubic  foot, 
27     "feet        ...         "1     44  yard, 

50    w     "of  round  timber         "  1  ton, 

40    **      44  of  hewn     "  44  1  44 

40     "      "  of  shipping "  "  1  " 

16    44     44  of  "  "  1  cord  foot, 

8  cord  feet  or  12S  cubic  feet         "  1  cord  of  wood. 

LIQUID  MEASURE  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

6„X)12  cubie  inches  make  1  gill, 
27.648     44       44  "  lpint, 

55.296     44       u  44     1  quart, 

221.184     "       "  41     1  gallon. 

Tlie  wine  gallon  is  the  standard  for  all  liquid  measures,  and  is 
fixed  by  the  Legislature  at  S  lbs.  of  pure  water  at  its  maximum 
density. 

WINE  MEASURE. 

4  gills  make  1  pint, 

2  pints'  "      1  quart, 

4  quarts  44      1  gallon, 

31  i  gallons  44     1  barrel, 

42      44  44     1  tierce, 

63      44  44     1  hogshead, 

2  hogsheads        44     1  pipe  or  butt, 

2  pipes  14     1  tun. 

DRY  MEASURE. 

2  pints      make  1  quart, 

4  quarts       44     1  gallon, 

8     44  44     1  peck, 

4  peeks  44  1  bushcL 
The  legal  bushel  of  America  is  the  old  Winchester  measure,  IS} 
inclfes  in  diameter,  and  8  inches  deep,  containing  2150.42  cubic  inch- 
es. The  statute  bushel  of  the  State  of  New  York  contains  2211.84 
cubic  inches,  or  SO  lbs  ©f  pure  water  at  its  maximum  density.  The 
bushel  measure  varies  in  almost  every  State. 

TROY  WEIGHT. 
24  grains  make  1  pennyweight, 

20  pennyweights  *4  1  ounce, 
20  ounces  44     1  pound. 

AVOIRDUPOIS  WEIGHT. 

27  11-32  grains  Troy  make  1  dram, 
16  drams  .  44  1  ounce, 
16         ounces     .          44     1  pound, 

28  pounds    .  44      1  quarter, 
4         quarters  .          44     1  cwt 

20         cwt        .         44     1  ton. 


222 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


The  standard  avoirdupois  pound  of  the  State  of  New  York  is  the 
weight  of  2T.T015  cubic  inches  of  distilled  water,  weighed  in  air,  at 
a  maximum  density  (39°  S3'),  the  barometer  being  30  inches. 

In  Philadelphia  and  many  other  places,  2,240  lbs.  are  usually  con- 
sidered a  ton.  In  the  State  of  New  York,  unless  by  special  agree- 
ment, 2,000  lbs.  are  a  ton.  Sales  by  the  pound  are  most  common  ; 
nothing  is  sold  by  the  cwt.  or  112  lbs.  In  avoirdupois  7.  lbs.  make  1 
clove  of  wool,  and  14  lbs.  1  stone.  A  pack  of  wool  is  240  lbs.  Ia 
Ohio,  when  sales  are  made  by  the  bushel,  without  a  special  agree- 
ment, the  following  are  the  legal  weights  of  a  bushel :  wheat,  60  lbs. ; 
Indian  corn,  56  ;  barley,  43  ;  oats,  35) ;  rye,  56  ;  flaxseed,  56 ;  clover- 
seed,  64.  Corn  is  usually  sold  in  the  western  States  56  lbs.  to  the 
bushel.    In  Boston  53  lbs.  are  considered  a  bushel. 

In  freight,  by  the  rules  of  the  New  York  Chamber  of  Commerce, 
a  ton  is  composed  of  1,563  lbs.  of  coffee  in  casks,  1,830  lbs.  in  bags ; 
1,120  lbs.  of  cocoa' in  casks,  1,301  lbs.  in  bags;  952*lbs.  pimento  in 
casks,  1,110  in  bags ;  8  barrels  of  flour,  196  lbs.  each ;  6  barrels  of 
beef,  pork,  tallow,  pickled  fish,  pitch,  tar,  and  turpentine ;  2,000  lbs. 
of  pig  and  bar-iron,  potashes,  sugar,  logwood,  fustic,  Nicaragua 
wood,  and  all  heavy  dyewoods,  rice,  honey,  copper  ore,  and  all  oth- 
er heavy  goods ;  1,600  lbs.  of  coffee,  cocoa,  and  dried  codfish,  in 
bulk,  and  1,200  lbs.  of  dried  codfish  in  casks  of  any  size ;  600  lbs. 
of  ship  bread  in  casks,  700  in  bags,  and  800  in  bulk ;  200  gallons 
(.vine  measure),  reckoning  the  full  contents  of  the  casks,  oil,  wine, 
brandy,  or  any  kind  of  liquors ;  22  bushels  of  grain,  peas,  or  beans, 
in  casks ;  36  bushels  of  grain  in  bulk  ;  36  bushels  of  European  salt ; 
31  bushels  "West  India  salt ;  29  bushels  of  sea-coal ;  4*)  feet  (cubic 
measure)  of  mahogany,  square  timber,  oak,  plank,  pine,  and  other 
boards,  beavers,  furs,  peltry,  beeswax,  cotton,  wool,  and  bale  goods 
of  all  kinds;  1  hogshead  of  tobacco,  and  1,000  lbs.  of  dry  hides; 
800  lbs.  of  China  raw  silk,  1,000  of  net  bohea,  and  S00  green  tea. 

APOTHECARY1  S  WEIGHT. 
20  grains  make  1  scruple, 

3  scruples  "     1  dram, 

8  drams  "     1  ounce, 

12  ounces  "     1  pound. 

All  weights  now  used  by  apothecaries  above  grains  are  avoirdu- 
pois. 

METALS  IN  THEIR  ORDER  OF  DUCTILITY. 
Wire-drawing  Ductility. — Gold,  silver,  platinum,  wrought  iron, 
copper,  zinc,  tin,  lead.  Laminable  Ductility. — Gold,  silver,  copper, 
♦in,  platinum,  lead,  zinc,  wrought  iron. 

WEIGHT  OF  VARIOUS  SUBSTANCES  IN  POUNDS. 
Avoirdupois. — 1  cubic  foot  of  bricks  weighs  121  lbs.  ;  1  do.  of 
clay,  130 ;  1  do.  of  sand  or  loose  earth,  95 ;  1  do.  of  common  soil, 
124;  1  do.  of  cork,  15;  1  do.  of  clay  and  stones,  160;  1  do.  of 


AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


223 


marble,  166 ;  1  do.  of  granite,  160 ;  1  do.  of  cast  iron,  450.55 ;  1  do. 
of  wrought  iron,  480.65  ;  1  do.  of  steel,  489.8  ;  1  do.  of  copper,  555; 
1  do.  of  lead,  T08.75  ;  1  do.  of  brass,  537.75  ;  1  do.  of  tin,  456  ;  1  do. 
of  white  pine,  29.56  ;  1  do.  of  sea  water,  64.3  ;  1  do.  of  fresh  water, 
62.5;  1  do.  of  air,  .01529  ;  1  do.  of  steam,  .03689. 

Weight  of  1  Bushel  of  wheat,  60  lbs. ;  1  do.  of  beans  or  peas,  63  i 
1  do.  of  corn  or  rye,  56  ;  1  do.  of  hemp,  48  ;  1  do.  of  castor  oil  beans, 
or  Timothy  seed,  56. 

Gallons. — 1  gallon  of  oil  weighs  T.45  lbs.  ;  1  do.  of  water,  8.00; 
1  do.  of  proof  spirits,  7.40  ;  1  do.  of  vinegar,  8.64. 

FOREIGN  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES 

REDUCED  TO  THE  STANDARD  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
(The  two  right-hand  figures  are  the  hundredth  parts  of  a  whole  number.) 
FRANCE.  FRUSSIA. 

Metre   8*23  feet   1C0  lbs.  of  2  Cologne 

Decimetre  (l-10tli  me-  marks  each  103*11  lbs. 

tre)   8-94  inch.  Quintal,  110  lbs  113-42  lbs. 

Yelt   2-00  galls.  Sheffel  of  grain   1-56  bush. 

Hectolitre   26-42  galls.  Einiar  of  wine   1814  galls. 

Decalitre   2-64  galls.  Ell  of  cloth   2-19  feet. 

Litre   2'11  pints.  Foot   1-03  feet. 

Kilolitre  "...  35*32  feet.  Denmark 

Hectolitre   2*S4  bush.  100  ibs  1  centner. .110-28  lbs. 

Decalitre   9  0b  arts.  Barrel  or  toende  of  • 

Millier    22-05  bs.       corn   3.95  bush> 

Quintal  220-o4  bs.    Yiertcl  of  w*ue   2-04  sails. 

Kilogramme   2*21  lbs.    Copenhagen  or  Rhinc- 

.   Amsterdam.  j    land  foot   l-CSfcet 

100  lbs.  1  centner. . .  .108-98  lbs.    |  _ 

Last  of  grain   85-25  bush.  '  nn  »  a  ^  K  J!™" X  ~.~A  1T,C 

Aim  of  wine  41-00  galls.  W^^**™*' 

Amsterdam  foot   0-93  loot,  ^an  of  coin   7  42 


r-42  bush. 

,<  A,Af  Last   75-00  bush. 

Antwerp  loot   0  94  toot.  r,   xn   »  .  „  cn.ra  iio 

Dks—i-n,?  i.no  Cannofwine   69-09  calls. 

Rhineland  foot   1-03  feet.  F1]   f  ,  l-%fppt 

Amsterdam  eli   2-26  feet.        01  Cl0tl1 1  "°  teeU 

Ell  of  the  Hague....    2-28  feet.  I  .  *psiA. 

Ell  of  the  Brabant...    2-30  feet.  160  lbs.  of  32  laths 

NETHERLANDS.  :     Caclj   90'26  lbs- 

EH    3-28  feet.   Chert  wert  of  grain.  .  .    5*95  bush. 

Madde  of  Zak ! '. ! .' .' ! '.    2-84  bush.  Vedro  of  wine   3-25  galls. 

Vat  hectolitre   26-42  galls.  Petersburg  foot   118  feet. 

Kan  litre   2-11  pints.  Moscow  foot  - . .    110  feet. 

Pond  kilogramme. . .    2-21  lbs.    Pood   36-00  lbs. 

"  HAMBURG.  SPAIN. 

Last  of  grain   S9-64  bush.  Quintal  or  4  arrobas.  .101-44  lbs. 

Ahmof  wine   38-25  galls.  Arroba  25'36  lbs. 

Hamburg  foot   0*96  foot.  Arroba  of  wine   4*43  galls. 

E!l  .'   1-92  feet  Fancga  of  grain   1*60  bush. 


22i 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC 


POUTCGAL.  FLORENCE  AKI>  LEGBOKW. 

100  lbs  101 -19  lbs,    100  lbs.  or  1  cantaro..  74*S61bs. 

22  lbs.  (1  arroba)         22 -26  lbs.    Mogsio  of  grain  16-39  bush. 

4  arrobas  of  22  lbs.  (1  Barile  of  wine  12-01  sails. 

quintal)   89*05  lbs,   :  texice. 

Alquiere   4-75  bush.  ioo  lbs.  peso  groso . .  .10518  lbs. 

Mojo  of  grain  23;03  bush.  100  lb3.        fottile . .  64-04  lbs. 

Last  of  salt .  v   i  0  00  bush.  Moggto  of    o.^  bllslL> 

Almude  of  wine   43<  galls.  ^jiuItz  of  wine  137  00  galls. 

SICILY.   

Cantaro  groso  192-50  lbs.    \  teleste. 

Cantaro  tortile  175-00  lbs,    J?0.1^;  J*V 

100  lbs                      70-00  lbs.    SUy*  of  grain     .....  2-34  bush. 

Salma  grossa  of  grain .    9-77  bush,  "g™  or  e^er  <*  wiae  galjs, 

Salma  generale            7*35  bush.  £   *>r  T^en3   SIS  5*1" 

Salina  of  wine             23*06  galls.  Ell  for  silk   210  feet 

KAPLES. 

Cantaro  groso  196-50  lbs. 

Cantaro  picolo  106-00  lbs. 

Carro  of  grain   52*24  bush. 

Carro  of  wine  264-00  galls. 

BOMB. 

Eubbio  of  grain   8*36  bush. ,  -  - 

Barih  of  wine  15-31  galls.  Quillot  of  grain   1*46  bush. 

gexoa.  i  Quillot  of  wine  13*50  galls. 

100  lbs.  or  peso  groso  76*87  lbs.  china. 

100  lbs.  or  peso  sottile  69*89  lbs.    Tail   1*33  oz. 

Mina  of  grain   3*43  bush.  (16  tails  1  catty   1*33  lbs, 

Mezzarola  of  wine. . .  39*22  galls.  (100  catties  1  picul.  ...133-25  lbs. 

LENGTH  OF  DAY  AND  NIGHT. 

At  any  time  of  the  year,  add  12  hours  to  the  time  of  the  sun's 
setting,  and  from  the  snm  subs  tract  the  time  of  rising,  for  the 
length  of  the  day.  Substract  the  time  of  setting  from  12  hours,  and 
to  the  remainder  add  the  time  of  sun's  rising  next  morning,  for  the 
length  of  the  night.  These  rules  are  equally  true  for  apparent 
time. 

WIND  TABLE. 

Showing  the  frequency  of  various  winds  in  different  conn  trie?.  The  num- 
bers in  each  column  denote  the  number  of  days  of  each  wind  in  every  1000 
daj3. 


MALTA. 

100  lbs.  1  cantar  174*50  lbs. 

Salma  of  grain   8*22  bush. 

Foot   0*85  foot 

6MYBXA. 

100  lbs.  (1  quintal). .  .129*43 lbs. 
Oke   2-83  lbs. 


COUNTRIES. 

>~. 

jr.E. 

E. 

S.E. 

8. 

s.w. 

w. 

K.W. 

United  States  ! 

96 

115 

49 

108 

123 

~197~ 

10f 

210 

England 

82 

111 

99 

81 

111 

225 

171 

120 

France  .... 

125 

140 

84 

76 

117 

192 

155 

110 

Germany 

84 

93 

119 

87 

97 

1%5 

198 

131 

Denmark 

65 

98 

100 

129 

92 

198 

161 

156 

Sweden  ... 

102 

104 

SO 

110 

128 

210 

ir-9 

106 

Russia  .... 

99 

191 

81 

130 

98 

143 

166 

192 

AND  WEATHER  BOOK. 


225 


NEWSPAPERS. 

"We  are  indebted  for  the  following  statistics  of  the  newspaper 
press  of  the  United  States  to  4i  Lay's  Newspaper  Record,"  Although 
it  is  scarely  possible  for  snch  a  work  to  be  strictly  accurate,  we  ex- 
pect it  approximates  near  to  the  truth.  At  all  events  the li  Record" 
is  the  latest  publication  on  the  subject 


Alabama 

has     S3  newspapers 

of  all  kinds. 

Arkansas 

tt           21  M 

California 

t4        or  it 

Connecticut 

it        AQ  tt 

Delaware 

(4             Q  tt 

District  of  Columbia 

tt          If  M 

Florida 

"          13  44 

Georgia 

m      (J3  it 

Illinois 

ti       oat  ti 

Indiana 

44    178  44 

Iowa 

44      61  44 

Indian  Territory 

44         1  44 

Kansas  Territory 

|| 

Kentucky 

it       1A1  u 

Louisiana 

44      85  44 

Maine 

»i      65  14 

Maryland 

tt      (ji  tt 

Massachusetts 

4i     225  44 

Michigan 

tt      oa  tt 
•to 

Minnesota 

tt      on  tt 

Mississippi 

tt      jQ  tt 

Missouri 

44     103  44 

Nebraska  Territory 

New  Hampshire 

44      43  41 

New  Jersey 

tt      78  44 

New  York 

44     613  44 

North  Carolina 

tt          QK  ti 

Ohio 

44     393  44 

Oregon  Territory 

tt       g  tt 

„ 

Pennsylvania 

44  418 

Rhode  Island 

"  20 

tt 

South  Carolina 

tt      53  tt 

Tennessee 

tt      92  tt 

Texas 

56 

Utah 

tt  i 

Vermont 

33 

M 

Virginia 

tt  13S 

14 

Washington  Ter. 

tt       2  44 

ft 

Wisconsin 

44      87  44 

M 

"otal 

S.7M 

20 

226 


NEW  YORK  ALMANAC. 


A  TABLE 

By  which  to  ascertain  the  Number  of  Bricks  necessary  to  con- 
struct any  piece  of  building,  from  a  four-inch  wall  to  ticenty- 
four  inches  in  thickness. 


Superfi- 

Number of  Bricks  to  Thickness  of 

cial  feet 

of  wall. 

4-inch. 

8-inch. 

12-inch. 

16-inch. 

20-inch. 

24-inch. 

■ 

1 

8 

15 

23 

30 

33 

4a 

2 

15 

30 

45 

60 

75 

90 

3 

23 

45 

68 

90 

113 

135 

4 

30 

60 

90 

120 

15) 

130 

5 

33 

75 

113 

150 

•  133 

225 

6 

45 

90 

135 

180 

225 

270 

7 

53 

105 

153 

210 

263 

315 

8 

60 

120 

ISO 

240 

300 

360 

9 

63 

135 

203 

270 

333 

405 

10 

75 

150 

225 

300 

375 

450 

20 

150 

300 

450 

600 

750 

900 

30 

225 

450 

675 

.900 

1.125 

1,350 

40 

300 

600 

900 

1,200 

1.500 

1,800 

50 

375 

750 

1.1-25 

1,500 

l,8Td 

2,250 

60 

450 

900 

1,350 

1,800 

2,250 

2,700 

70 

525 

1,050 

1,575 

2,100 

2,625 

3,150 

80 

600 

1,200 

1,300 

2,400 

8,000 

3,600 

90 

675 

1  350 

2  025 

2  700 

3  375 

4,050 

100 

750 

1^500 

2,250 

3^000 

3J50 

4,500 

200 

1,500 

3,000 

4,500 

6,000 

7,500 

9,000 

300 

2,250 

4,500 

6,750 

9,000 

11,250 

13,500 

400 

3,000 

6,000 

9,000 

12,000 

15,000 

13,000 

500 

3,750 

7,500 

11,250 

15,000 

18.750 

22,500 

-  COO 

4,500 

9,000 

13,500 

18,000 

2-2*,500 

27,000 

700 

5,250 

10,500 

15,750 

21,000 

26,250 

31,500 

800 

6,000 

12,000 

18,000 

24,000 

30,000 

36,000 

900 

6,750 

13,500 

20,250 

27,000 

33,750 

40,500 

1,000 

7,500 

15,000 

22,500 

30,000 

37,500 

45,000 

Note. — 7S  bricks  equal  ono  superficial  foot.  Bricks  vary  in  sizo 
— 7£bricks~to  a  superficial  foot  is  about  the  average.  Aliowanco 
must  also,,  in  some  cases,  be  made  for  mortar. 


GREAT  DEPTH  OF  THE  OCEAN. 

The  following  account  of  the  depth  at  which  the  ocean  has  been 
sounded,  will  give  some  idea  of  the  vast  valleys  that  exist  in  its 
bed.  The  sounding  was  performed  in  the  Atlantic,  and  the  depth 
at  which  bottom  was  reached  was  7,706  fathoms,  or  15,412  yards, 
being  over  eight  miles.  The  time  required  for  this  immense  length 
of  line  to  run  out  was  about  nine  hours  and  a  half! 


MELODEONS,  OftGAN-MELODEONS,  AND 

NEW  ORG  AN- HARMONIUMS, 

MANUFACTURED  BY 

MASON   &  HAMLIN, 

Boston,  Massachusetts. 


During  the  months  of  September  and  October,  1S56,  (a  period 
of  less  than  eight  weeks),  the  above  Instruments  were  awarded 
no  less  than 

NINE  FIRST  PREMIUMS, 
consisting  of  .  Gold  and  Silveis  Medals  and  Diplomas,  from 
various  Institutes  and  Associations,  among  which  were  the 
American  Institute  of  New  York,  and  the  Massachusetts  Char. 
Mechanics'  Association,. of  Boston.  They  have  also  received  the 
First  Premium  over  all  competitors,  in  every  Fair  at  which  they 
have  teen  exhibited.  They  are  recommended  to  be  superior  to 
all  others  by  the  most  eminent  Musicians,  Organists,  and  Pianists 
in  the  country — among  whom  are  the  following : 

Sigismund  Thalberg,  Lowell  Mason,  Wm.  B.  Bradbury, 

William  Mason,  Geo.  F.  Root,  Geo.  Jas.  Webb, 

Gustave  Satter,  G.  W.  Morgan,  L.  II.  Southard, 

Jno.  H.  Wilcox,  Carl  Zerrahn,  S.  A.  Bancroft, 

H.  S.  Cutter,  W.  R.  Babcock,  E.  Bruce. 

The  ORGAN-HARMONIUM  is  a  new  Musical  Instrument, 
manufactured  only  by  the  Undersigned,  containing  two  rows  of 
Keys,  four  sets  of  Reeds,  and  eight  Stops.  It  is  equally  appro- 
priate for  use  of  Churches  and  in  Parlors,  being  alike  adapted  to 
the  performance  of  Secular  and  Sacred  Music. 

Price  of  Melodeons,  from  $G0  to  $150. 

Price  of  Organ-Melodeons,  $200. 

Price  of  Organ-Harmonium,  $350. 

Price  of  Organ-Harmonium,  Pedal  Bass,  $400. 

tPW^  Pamphlets,  containing  complete  description  of  each  style 
of  Instruments,  illustrated  with  accurate  likenesses,  etc.,  etc., 
will  be  sent  to  any  address,  free  of  expense,  on  application  to  the 
Undersigned. 

Mason  &  Hamlin. 

Cameeidge-steeet  (Corner  of  Charles-street), 
Boston,  Mass. 


BLANK  BOOKS  &  STATIONERY. 

SLOTE   &  JANES, 

STATIONERS,  PRINTERS,  &  BLANK  BOOK  MANUFAC- 
TURERS, Dealers  in  FOREIGN  &  DOMESTIC  STATIONERY 
of  every  Variety. 

93  FULTON  STEEET,  (Near  William  Street), 
Henry  L.  Slote.  ^T-»-tw-. 
Jonathan  Janes.  N  ll, W  YORK,  j 

Particular  attention  given  to  Orders. 
 Books  Buled  and  Bound  to  any  Pattern. 


/       CAMPBELL,  HALL  &  CO., 

COMMISSION  PAPER  WAREHOUSE, 
110  &  m  NASSAU  STREET, 
HEW  YORK. 

John  Campbell.  Geo.  W.  Dubtjisson. 

Augustine  Smith.  John  H.  Hall. 


w.  h.  parsons  &  CO., 
COMMISSION  PAPER  MERCHANTS, 
16  BEEKMAN  street, 

NEAR  NASSAU  STREET, 

W.  F.  Mott,  Jr. 

W.H.PAE80N8.  NEW  YORK. 

Books,  News,  and  Manilla  Papers,  always  on  hand,  or  Made  to 
Order,  of  any  Size  and  Weight. 


C  .    A  .    A  L  V  O  R  r>  , 

BOOK,  WOOD-CUT,  JOB  &  CARD  PRINTER, 
15  Vande  water  Street,  New  York. 
Particular  attention  paid  to  the  finest  kind  of  Wood-Cut  Work, 
with  extraordinary  facilities  for  doing  the  same 
in  the  best  manner. 


HERALDRY  OFFICE 

AND  COLLEGE  OF  ARMS,  327  Broadway,  New  York. 

HENRY  HAYS,  Proprietor, 
Family  Arms  Found  and  Painted.     Pedigrees  Traced,  Ar- 
ranged, and  Illustrated.    Official  and  other  Seals  Correctly  En- 
graved.   Diplomas,  Book  Plates,  with  Arms,  etc.,  and  Wedding. 
Cards  Engraved  in  the  Highest  Style  of  the  Art. 


308  BROADWAY, 


New  York. 

FOWLER    &  WELLS, 
PHRENOLOGISTS  AND  PUBLISHERS. 

A  Correct  Phrenological  Examination 

;  Teaches  us  scientifically — the  most  useful  of  all  knowledge — 
j  our  own  selves — OUR  defects,  and  how  to  obviate  them  ;  our 
!  natural  talents,  and  thereby  in  what  pursuits  we  can  and  can 
!  not  succeed  ;  discloses  to  parents  their  children's  innate  Capabili- 
[  ties,  callings,  dispositions,  defects,  and  means  of  improvement — 
(  nor  can  as"  little  money  be  spent  on  them  as  profitably  as  in 
j  learning  their  Phbenology — enables  business  men  to  choose 
i  reliable  partners  and  customers  ;  Merchants,  confidential  Clerks; 
Mechanics,  Apprentices  having  natural  gifts  for  particular 
branches ;  Shipmasters,  good  Crews ;  and  all  desirable  asso- 
ciates ;  guides  matrimonial  candidates  in  selecting  congenial 
life  companions;  shows  the  married  how  to  adapt  themselves  to 
;  each  other;  can  be  made  the  very  best  of  all  instrumentalities  of 
1  personal  perfection  and  iiAPPiNESS ;  and  can  be  obtained 
here  at  a  trifling  cost. 

FOWLER    db  WELLS, 
Phrenologists,  No.  308  Broadway,  New  York. 

Strangers  will  find  a  visit  to  our  Free  Museum  pleasant  and 
profitable. 


PRINCE    &  OO.'S 


ItttftfVti  ttlitttMt* 

THE  OLDEST  ESTABLISHMENT  IN  THE 
UNITED  STATES. 

Employing  Two  Hundred  Men,  and  Finishing  Eighty 
Instruments  per  Week. 

Nearly  twenty  thousand  of  onr  Instruments  hare  been  finished, 
and  are  now  in  use,  and  the  present  demand  is  greatest  where 
they  have  been  most  thoroughly  tested. 

The  latest  improvement  in  our  Melodeons  is  the  DIVIDED 
SWELL,  secured  to  us  by  Letters  Patent,  '/2d  May,  1855.  By 
means  of  this  Swell,  Solo  Passages  may  be  played  with  the  full 
power  of  the  Instrument,  while  the  accompaniment  is  soft  and 
subdued.  Hereafter,  all  Melodeons  made  by  us  will  be  furnished 
with  this  important  attachment  without  extra  charge. 

We  shall  sell  no  rights  to  other  Makers  to  use  this  Swell ;  and 
hence,  it  can  only  be  obtained  by  purchasing  Melodeons  of  our 
own  Manufacture. 

Peixce  &  Co.'s  Melodeons  have  received  the  FIRST  PRE- 
MIUMS wherever  exhibited  in  competition  with  others. 

Our  Instruments  are  all  in  Rosewood  Cases,  and  finished 
throughout  in  the  very  best  manner.  The  Style  and  Prices  are 
as  follows : 

m  PORTABLE  CASE. 

FOUR  OCTAVE  MELODEON,  $45 

FOUR  AND  A  HALF  OCTAVE  MELODEON,  .  .  60 
FIVE  OCTAVE  MELODEON,  T5 


FIVE  OCTAVE  MELODEON,  Double  Reed,    .      .  .130 

IK  PIANO  CASE. 

FIVE  OCTAVE  MELODEON  $100 

SIX  OCTAVE  MELODEON,  130 

FIVE  OCTAVE  MELODEON,  double  Reed,     ...  150 
ORGAN  MELODEON  (for  Churches),  Five  Octaves,  Eight 
Stops,  One  and  a  Half  Octave  Pedals,  Four  Sets  of 
Reeds,  Two  Banks  of  Keys,  350 


Orders  promptly  Filled,  and  each  Melodeon 
Warranted  Perfect 

GEORGE  A.  PRINCE  &,  CO., 

BUFFALO, 
And  87  Fulton-street,  New  York. 


;  THE  STUDENT  AND  SCHOOLMATE : 

A  MONTHLY  READER  FOR  SCHOOLS. 

Edited  by  N.  A.  Calkins.   Associate  Editor,  Rev.  A.  R.  Pope. 

School  or  Family  should  oe  without  it  " 

i  As  a  Monthly  Reader  for  Schools,  this  work  comes  with  some- 
!  thing  new  and  interesting  each  month,  to  awaken  a  fresh  interest 
:  in  the  reading  exercises.  Thus  it  supplies  wants  long  felt  by 
Teachers.  Besides  popular  articles  in  the  Natural  Sciences, 
History,  Biography,  Travels,  Stories,  Poetry,  Discoveries,  and 
the  Arts,  it  contains  Original  Dialogues  and  New  Speeches, 
with  marks  for  Emphasis,  Tones,  Inflections,  and  Gestures. 

It  is  published  monthly,  containing  36  octavo  pages  in  each 
number,  amply  illustrated,  forming  a  large  and  valuable  yearly 
:  volume  of  nearly  440  pages. 

Terms.— $1  a  vear,  in  advance ;  Five  Copies,  a  year,  $4  ;  Eight, 
•  ditto,  $G  ;  Fifteen,  ditto,  $10;  Twenty-five,  ditto,  $16. 


AMERICAN  JOURNAL  OF  EDUCATION 

AND  COL.LEGrE  REVIEW. 

Editor— Absalom  Peters,  D.D.  Associate  Editors— lion.  Sam. 
I    S.  R  andall,  Superintendent  of  Schools  for  the  City  of  New 
York;  Alex.  Wilder,  M.D.,  Late  Resident  Editor  of 
the  New  York  Teacher,  with  Corresponding 
Editors  in  the  several  States. 

This  Magazine  is  not  intended  to  occupy  the  field  of  State 
Journals  of  Education,  but  to  aid  them,  embracing  a  more  com- 
prehensive scope,  and  furnishing  a  medium  through  which 
practical  educators,  whether  professional  teachers  or  not,  can 
communicate  their  most  valuable  lessons,  and  the  fruits  of  a 
ripe  experience. 

Its  contributors  embrace  the  ablest  talent  in  the  country, 
i  The  American  Journal  of  Education  and  College  Review  v& 
published  monthly,  each  number  containing  06  octavo  pages ;  i 
making  two  semi-annual  volumes  of  nearly  600  pnges  each,  illus- 
trated "with  fine  steel-engraved  portraits  of  distinguished  edu- 
cators, and  with  views  of  institutions,  etc.  Volume  II.  com- 
menced with  July,  1S56. 

-  Terms. — Single  Copy,  one  year,  $3,  in  advance.  Five  Copies, 
i  $12,  ditto. 

|  One  copy  each  of  the  American  Journal  of  Education  and 
\  College  Review  and  the  Student  and  Schoolmate,  will  be  sent 
I  one  year  for  $3  50. 

!  Sample  copies  sent  gratis  to  persons  desiring  to  subscribe  or 
form  clubs.   NOW  IS  THE  TIME  TO  SUBSCRIBE.  Address 

I  CALKINS  &  STYLES,  Publishers,  348  Broadway,  K.  Y. 


|<MMD)IB8V  TOD©  BII(BIBiLVIIU(B 

ESTABLISHMENT  IN  NEW  YORK. 

COMMENCED  IN  1838 


Having  made  thorough  and  very  complete  arrange- 
ments for  the  prosecution  of  our  Business  on  a  larger 
and  more  perfect  Scale  than  heretofore,  we  respectfully 
call  your  attention  to  the  fact.  We  are  prepared  to 
execute  Orders  of  every  kind,  for 

pesfffns,  23uaumt0s,  aim  Enjrrabfnfl*  0ix  Btfeot, 

6UCII  AS 

Illustrations  for  Books,  Magazines,  &  Circulars ; 

Drawings  of  Machinery,  for  Manufacturers ; 
Views  of  Stores,  Workshops,  &  other  Buildings ; 
Vignettes  for  Diplomas,  and 
Certificates  of  Societies  j 
Designs  for  Cards,  Bill-Heads,  and  Checks  j 
Borders  &  Labels  for  Druggist3  &  Manufacturers ; 

i  and  every  other  kind  of  Illustration  adapted  to  the  Art  i 
The  large  experience  of  the  Senior  Partner  (Author  of 
the  "  PICTORIAL  FIELD-BOOK  OF  THE  REVO- 
LUTION "  ILLUSTRATED  HISTORY  OF  THE 
UNITED  STATES,''  "  LIVES  OF  EMINENT  AMER- 
ICANS," and  i:  SCHOOL  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED 

;  STATES"),  in  the  Illustration  of  Ms  own  "Works,  gives 
us  special  facilities  in'that  Department  This,  with  the 
long  practice  of  both  in  the  higher  branches  of  the  Art  of 

WOOD  ENGRAVING, 

affords  us  economical  advantages,  in  which  Publishers 
and  others  may  find  benefit 

BENSON  J.  LOSSING. 
WILLIAM  BARRITT. 

71  Xassau-street,  corner  of  John, 
New  Y02K, 


CHICKERING  k  SONS. 

(SUCCE6S028  TO  JO>*AS  CHICKEEING,) 

PIANO-FORTE  MANUFACTURERS, 

MASOHIC  TEMPLE, 
TREMONT-STEEET, 


Ix  again  presenting  onrselves  before  the  pnblic  of  Boston,  and 
our  friends  in  general  throughout  the  country,  we  take  much 
pleasure  in  being  able  to  advise  them  of  our  increased  facilities 
I  for  the  manufacture  of  those  instruments  which  have  for  so  Ions 
;  a  period  been  celebrated  for  their  excellence.    Possessing  in  our 

NEW  FACTORY, 

upon  Tremont-street,  even  more  advantages  than  heretofore  j 
:  for  the  perfecting  of  our  manufacture,  as  well  as  increased  ability  I 
to  supplv  the  numerous  demands  with  which  we  are  honored, 
we  shall,  with  sincere  thanks  for  former  patronage,  exert  our- 
'  selves  to  continue  to  merit  it 

As  an  evidence  that  we  still  continue  to  hold  that  rank  among 
Piano-forte  Makers  which  for  so  many  years  it  has  been  our 
pride  to  do,  we  would  take  the  liberty  of  calling  the  attention  of 
the  readers  of  this  advertisement  to  the  recent  awards  made 
by  the  Mass.  Mechanic  Association,  the  American  Institute  at 
New  York,  the  State  Fair  of  Pennsvlvania  at  Pittsburg,  and  the 
State  Fair  of  Illinois  at  Alton,  for  the  best  Grand,  Semi-Grand. 
Parlor  Grand,  and  Square  Pianos.  At  all  of  these  places  it  will 
be  perceived  that  we  have  taken  the  highest  Premium  for 
superiority. 

Grateful  for  past  favors,  we  solicit  a  continuance  of  them, 
which  we  shall  endeavor  to  deserve  by  the  closest  attention  to 
the  wishes  of  our  friends,  and  a  determination  to  please  and 
satisfy  them. 

WAEEROOMS, 

MASONIC  TEMPLE,  TREMONT-STREET, 
BOSTON. 


MASON  BROTHERS, 
108  &  110  DUANE-STREET, 
NEW  YORK, 


OUR  LIST  EMBRACES 

©(DM 

AND 

MISCELLANEOUS  BOOKS, 

MUSIC  BOOKS. 

This  Department  is  a  speciality  in  our  Business.  Nearly  aU 
the  popular  Music  Books  of  the  Country  are  Published  by  us,  and 
we  are  constantly  issuing  new  Books  for  the  best  authors.  Those 
wishing  Music  Books  for  Churches,  Singing-Schools,  Musical 
Societies,  the  Social  Circle,  or  for  Musical  Instruction  in  any  of  its 
Departments,  wiU  find  at  our  Establishment  the  best  assortment 
in  the  country,  from  which  to  select. 

SCHOOL  BOOKS. 

We  are  the  Sole  Publishers  of  Webster's  School  Dictionaries, 
Jewett's  Spiers1  s  French  Dictionaries,  Pinney's  French  Series, 
Lincoln's  Botanies,  Burritt's  and  Mattison's  Astronomical  Series, 
Lossing's  Histories,  and  other  Works,  which  are  standard  Text- 
books in  the  best  Colleges  and  Schools. 

MISCELLANEOUS  BOOKS. 

Our  List  already  embraces*  many  important  Works  in  this 
Department ;  and  we  arc  from  time  to  time  making  additions  of  : 
such  as  promise  to  be  of  standard  value.  On  the  following  page 
will  be  found  announcements  of  several  Books  just  Published. 

BOOKS   FOR   AGE  NTS. 

We  are  just  about  issuing  some  New  and  Superbly-Illustrated 
Works,  designed  to  be  sold  by  Agents  only,  to  whom  exclusive 
territory  will  be  given. 


MASON  BROTHERS 

HAVE  RECENTLY  PUBLISHED 

THE  POETICAL  WORKS  OF  HORACE  SMITH  AND 
JAMES  SMITH, 

Authors  of  the  "Rejected  Addresses/'  With  Portraits  and  a 
Biographical  Sketch.  Edited  by  Epes  Saegent.  414  pp., 
12mo,  cloth.    Price,  $1  25. 

THE  PLAY-DAY  BOOK: 

NEW  STORIES  FOR  YOUNG  FOLKS.  With  ten  full-page  Il- 
lustrations. By  Fanny  Feen.  2SG  pp.,  16mo,  cloth.  Price, 
75  cents ;  full  gilt,  $1  25. 

Triumphant  as  has  been  the  success  of  this  favorite  American  . 

authoress  in  every  department  of  literature  which  she  has  at- 
;  tempted,  her  genius  yet  shines  with  most  peculiar  luster  in  her  j 
|  writings  for  the  young.    Here  is  her  forte,  and  here  she  stands 

indisputably  at  the  head  of  living  authors. 

'MASONS'  LIBRARY  OF  STANDARD  tales.; 

'  Under  this  head  we  propose  Publishing,  in  Uniform  Style,  a  . 
j  series  of  volumes  of  those  Tales  which  have  become  Standards  in  I 
English  Literature.  None  but  those  of  established  reputation  j 
j  will  be  included.    The  volumes  now  ready  are 

HARRIET  LEE'S  CANTERBURY  TALES. 

2  Vols.  12mo.    Cloth.    Price  $1  75. 
j    Of  these  striking  and  remarkable  novels  the  Spectator  said : 

"  There  is  scarcely  any  educated  person  of  this  century  who  has 
!  not  at  some  time  or  other  drawn  a  sincere  pleasure  from  these 
!  pages."    It  is  believed  that  they  will  not  fail  to  ,be  appreciated  j 

by  American  readers. 

THE  HUMOROUS  POETRY  OF  THE  ENGLISH  LAN- 1 
GUAGE  FROM  CHAUCER  TO  SAXE. 

By  James  Paeton.  GOO  pp.,  12mo,  cloth.  Price,  $1  50.  Gilt 
sides  and  edges,  $2  25.  Also,  an  Octavo  Edition  of  the  same 
work,  bound  in  the  following  styles ;  Sheep  Library,  $3  50 ; 
Imitation  Morocco,  $4  00 ;  Half  Calf  and  Morocco,  Ant.  and 
Extra,  $4  50 ;  Full  Calf,  Gilt  Extra,  $G  00 ;  Full  Morocco,  Gilt 
and  Antique,  $6  00.  This  Volume  contains  the  greatest  mass  I 
of  humorous  verse  ever  collected,  and  is  pronounced  the  most 
amusing  book  in  existence. 

CONFIDENTIAL  CORRESPONDENCE  OF  THE  EMPEROR  ! 
NAPOLEON  AND  THE  EMPRESS  JOSEPHINE. 

With  numerous  Illustrative  Notes  and  Anecdotes.  By  John  S. 
C.  Am>OTT.    One  Volume,  12mo.    Price,  $1  25. 

THE  INDIAN  FAERY  BOOK. 

i  From  the  Original  Legends.   With  Illustrations  by  McLenan. 

Engraved  by  Anthony.    3G8  pp.,  12mo,  plain.    Price,  $1  00 ; 
I    Full  Gilt,  $1  50. 

i  


